Likud (ivritcha:הַלִּיכּוּד), rasmanLikud Milliy Liberal harakati (ivritcha:הַלִּיכּוּד – תנועה לאומית ליברלית) nomi bilan tanilgan,Isroildagi asosiy oʻng qanotsiyosiy partiyasi[17][18][19].1973-yildaMenahem Begin vaAriel Sharon tomonidan bir nechta oʻng qanot partiyalari bilan ittifoqda tashkil etilgan.1977-yilgi saylovlarda Likudning gʻalaba qozonishi mamlakat siyosiy tarixida katta burilish nuqtasi boʻlib, birinchi marta soʻl kuchlar hokimiyatni qoʻldan boy beradi. Bundan tashqari, Isroilda birinchi marta oʻng qanot partiya koʻp ovozni qoʻlga kiritadi[20].1980-yillarning asosiy qismida mamlakatni boshqarganidan keyin partiya1992-yildaKnesset saylovlarida magʻlub boʻlgan. Likud nomzodiBenyamin Netanyahu1996-yilda Bosh vazir saylovida gʻalaba qozonadi va 1996-yilgi saylovlardan soʻng hukumatni shakllantirish vazifasi topshiriladi. Netanyahu hukumati ishonchsizlik votumidan soʻng parchalanib ketgan, bu esa1999-yilda saylovlar eʼlon qilinishiga olib kelib, Likud Ehud Barak boshchiligidagi Yagona Isroil koalitsiyasiga hokimiyatni boy bergan.
2001-yilda 1999-yilgi saylovdan keyin Netanyahu oʻrniga kelgan Likud partiyasi vakiliAriel Sharon Barak isteʼfoga chiqqanidan keyin Bosh vazir tomonidan oʻtkazilgan saylovda uni magʻlub etgan. Partiya2003-yilgi saylovlarda ishonchli gʻalaba qozonganidan soʻng, Likud2005-yilda Sharon Kadima partiyasini tuzish uchun ketgach bu yerda katta boʻlinish yuz bergan. Bu Likudning2006-yilgi saylovlarda toʻrtinchi oʻringa tushib ketishiga va Knessetdagi 28 oʻrindan mahrum boʻlishiga olib kelgan.2009-yilgi saylovlardan soʻng Likud 15 oʻringa ega boʻlgan. Netanyahu partiyani nazoratga olib, boshqa oʻng qanot partiyalari Yisrael Bayteynu va Shas bilan ittifoq tuzib, hukumatni Kadima nazoratidan qaytarib olgan. Netanyahu oʻsha yildan to 2021-yilgacha bosh vazir boʻlib ishlagan. Likud 2020[21] va 2021-yillardagi saylovlarda eng koʻp oʻrinlarni qoʻlga kiritadi, biroq Netanyahu 2021-yil iyun oyidaYair Lapid vaNaftali Bennett boshchiligidagi misli koʻrilmagan koalitsiya tomonidan hokimiyatdan chetlashtirilgan[22][23]. Keyinchalik 2022-yilgi saylovda gʻalaba qozonib, Bosh vazir lavozimiga qaytadi[24].
Partiya aʼzosi Likudnik (ivritcha:לִכּוּדְנִיק) deb ataladi[25].
- ↑
- Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce. Principles of International Politics. SAGE, 2013 — 69-bet.
- Utter, Glenn. Conservative Christians and Political Participation. ABC-CLIO, 2004 — 29-bet.
- El-Gendy, Karim. The Process of Israeli Decision Making. Al-Zaytouna Centre, 2018 — 192-bet.
- Neack, Laura. Studying Foreign Policy Comparatively. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2018 — 43-bet.ISBN 978-1-5381-0963-2.
- The Middle East: From Transition to Development. Brill, 2022 — 64-bet.ISBN 978-90-04-47667-7.
- ↑
- Daniel Tauber. „Ze'ev Jabotinsky (1880-1940)“. Likud Anglos (2010-yil 13-avgust). — „Jabotinsky's movement and teachings, which can be characterized as national-liberalism, form the foundation of the Likud party.“. 2011-yil 22-fevralda asl nusxadanarxivlangan.
- McGann, James G.; Johnson, Erik C.. Comparative Think Tanks, Politics and Public Policy. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2005 — 241-bet.ISBN 978-1-78195-899-5. „The Likud Party, the party of Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, is a national-liberal party, while the Labor Party, led by Shimon Peres, is more left-wing and identified as social-democratic.“
- „Meet the parties – Likud“ (2015). 2019-yil 16-mayda asl nusxadanarxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2015-yil 1-mart. „A national-liberal political movement (center-right, in Israeli terms) that was established as an alliance of parties that united into a single party in 1984.“.
- ↑Watzal, Ludwig. Peace Enemies The Past and Present Conflict Between Israel and Palestine. PASSIA, 1999 — 28-bet.
- ↑Grübel, Monika. Judaism. Barron's, 1997 — 191-bet.ISBN 978-0-7641-0051-2.
- ↑„Israel: Cracks in the Facade“. Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung (2023-yil 23-yanvar). — „Benjamin Netanyahu’s national-conservative party Likud“.
- ↑„Israel election: Who are the key candidates?“.BBC News (2015-yil 14-mart). Qaraldi: 2022-yil 3-sentyabr.
- ↑
- Shafir, Gershon. Being Israeli: The Dynamics of Multiple Citizenship. Cambridge University Press, 2002 — 30-bet.
- Moghadam, Valentine. Globalization and Social Movements. Rowman & Littlefield, 2020 — 201-bet.
- Langford, Barry. All Together Now. Biteback Publishing, 2017. „Netanyahu, leader of the right-wing populist party Likud, ran for re-election“
- ↑„Guide to Israel's political parties“.BBC News (2013-yil 21-yanvar). Qaraldi: 2015-yil 28-iyun.
- ↑Amnon Rapoport. Experimental Studies of Interactive Decisions. Kluwer Academic, 1990 — 413-bet.ISBN 978-0-7923-0685-6. „Likud is a liberal-conservative party that gains much of its support from the lower and middle classes, and promotes free enterprise, nationalism, and expansionism.“
- ↑Joel Greenberg.. „The World: Pursuing Peace; Netanyahu and His Party Turn Away from 'Greater Israel'“ (1998-yil 22-noyabr). Qaraldi: 2015-yil 30-iyun. „Likud, despite defections, had joined Labor in accepting the inevitability of territorial compromise.... Revolutionary as it may seem, Likud's abandonment of its maximalist vision has in fact been evolving for years.“.
- ↑Ethan Bronner.. „Netanyahu, Once Hawkish, Now Touts Pragmatism“ (2009-yil 20-fevral). Qaraldi: 2015-yil 30-iyun. „Likud as a party has made a major transformation in the last 15 years from being rigidly committed to retaining all the land of Israel to looking pragmatically at how to retain for Israel defensible borders in a very uncertain Middle East....“.
- ↑
- Karsh, Efraim. Israel: The First Hundred Years: Politics and Society since 1948. Routledge, 2013 — 141-bet.ISBN 978-1-135-26278-5.
- „Likud – political party, Israel“. Britannica.com. Qaraldi: 2017-yil 5-noyabr.
- „Guide to Israel's political parties“. Bbc.com (2017-yil 4-noyabr). Qaraldi: 2017-yil 5-noyabr.
- Ishaan Tharoor.. „A guide to the political parties battling for Israel's future“ (2015-yil 14-mart). Qaraldi: 2015-yil 28-iyun.
- „Israel: New Netanyahu government vows to expand settlements“ (2022-yil 28-dekabr). Qaraldi: 2023-yil 19-mart. „Benjamin Netanyahu's right-wing Likud Party announced its key policy priorities for the new Israeli government on Wednesday, with settlement expansion at the top of the list.“.
- „Israel chooses Knesset speaker as forming new government looms“ (2022-yil 13-dekabr). Qaraldi: 2023-yil 19-mart. „Yariv Levin, a senior member of Netanyahu's right-wing Likud party, was chosen on Tuesday to replace Mickey Levy.“.
- „Benjamin Netanyahu Fast Facts“ (2022-yil 29-dekabr). Qaraldi: 2023-yil 19-mart. „Leader of the right-wing Likud Party.“.
- „With most votes now counted, Netanyahu seems poised to return as Israel's leader“ (2022-yil 2-noyabr). Qaraldi: 2023-yil 19-mart. „His right-wing Likud Party is the clear frontrunner. His main ally, the far-right Religious Zionism party, made historic gains in Tuesday's vote,“.
- „Senior member of Netanyahu's party breaks away as Israeli election beckons“ (2020-yil 9-dekabr). Qaraldi: 2023-yil 19-mart. „A prominent rival of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in the right-wing Likud party announced on Tuesday a breakaway bid aimed at defeating the Israeli leader in a looming early national election.,“.
- ↑
- ↑Aʼzo partiyalar (Wayback Machine saytida 2017-10-12 sanasidaarxivlangan) Yevropa konservatorlari va islohotchilar partiyasi
- ↑„הג'ינגל של הליכוד: רק שרון יביא שלום שישמור עלינו“. news.walla.co.il (2001-yil 8-yanvar). Qaraldi: 2018-yil 8-avgust.
- ↑„הליכוד בהנהגת בנימין נתניהו לראשות הממשלה“. Central Election Committee for the Knesset. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 14-iyun.
- ↑Galanti, S. B.-R.; Aaronson, W. E.; Schnell, I. (2001). "Power and changes in the balance between ideology and pragmatism in the right wing Likud Party". GeoJournal 53 (3): 263–272. doi:10.1023/A:1019585912714. https://archive.org/details/sim_geojournal_2001_53_3/page/263.
- ↑The Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture. Cambridge University Press, 2010 — 304-bet.ISBN 978-0-521-82597-9. Qaraldi: 2015-yil 30-iyun. „To overcome Labor Party dominance, the bulk of center-right parties formed Likud.... In the early twenty-first century, Likud remains a major factor in the center-right political bloc.“
- ↑A Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East David Seddon:. Taylor & Francis, 2013.ISBN 978-1-135-35561-6. „Likud is centre-right, strongly nationalistic and assertive in foreign policy.“
- ↑Bsisu, Naji (Spring 2012). "Israeli Domestic Politics and the War in Lebanon". Lights: The MESSA Journal (University of Chicago) 1 (3): 29-38. http://lucian.uchicago.edu/blogs/messa/files/2012/07/Lights-S2012-Template-FINAL.pdf#page=34. Qaraldi: 23 March 2013. Likud]]
- ↑„Final Election Results: Netanyahu Bloc Short of Majority With 58 Seats“ (en).Haaretz. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 17-fevral.
- ↑„Netanyahu: A shrewd leader who reshaped Israel“ (en-GB).BBC News (2021-yil 13-iyun). Qaraldi: 2023-yil 17-fevral.
- ↑„Naftali Bennett: The rise of Israel's new PM“ (en-GB).BBC News (2021-yil 31-may). Qaraldi: 2023-yil 17-fevral.
- ↑Williams, Dan. „Israel's Netanyahu returns with hard-right cabinet set to expand settlements“ (en).Reuters (2022-yil 29-dekabr). Qaraldi: 2023-yil 17-fevral.
- ↑„Likudnik“. Milon Morfix. Qaraldi: 2010-yil 25-aprel.
