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Books by Cristian Ioan Popa

Research paper thumbnail of Cristian I. Popa, Alin P. Toderescu, Cugirul la 1885. Răspunsurile la chestionarul lui B. P. Hasdeu, Cluj-Napoca, Ed. Mega, 2023.
acest mod, 17000 de pagini cuprinse ulterior în XIX volume, in folio. Dintre răspunsuri, cele mai... moreacest mod, 17000 de pagini cuprinse ulterior în XIX volume, in folio. Dintre răspunsuri, cele mai multe provin din regatul României şi doar un număr redus, aproape 50, au fost trimise din sudul Transilvaniei, din Banat şi din Ungaria 11. Strânse dintr-un spaţiu vast, locuit de români, Hasdeu a reuşit să compare astfel cuvinte, expresii, credinţe, datini şi obiceiuri caracterizate prin unitatea în diversitate. Efortul Academiei Române, privit în context mai larg era unul notabil. În Europa, începând cu inchiesta napoleoniană din anul 1811 şi cu "circularele" din anii 1812, 1815 şi 1822, cu întrebările folclorico-etnografice ale lui Jakob Grimm, pentru spaţiul germanofon, ideea unui "chestionar" se născuse, însă nu fusese încă pusă în practică; acest fapt se ve împlini abia la mijlocul veacului, prin contribuţiile lui Jean-Jaques Ampère şi Wilhelm Mannhardt 12. Această metodă de investigare, deşi aflată la început, s-a dovedit ulterior esenţială în sondarea culturii populare şi fusese practicată înainte şi de alți români, precum Timotei Cipariu, Ioan Micu Moldovan sau Ion Pop-Reteganul 13. Între anii 1872 şi 1876 vedeau lumina tiparului volumele Dicţionarului limbii române, lucrare trudită timp de cinci ani de August Treboniu Laurian şi Ion C. Massim 14. Experienţa chestionarelor nu îi lipsea nici lui Hasdeu. La 1877, fusese deja solicitat de ministrul Învăţământului, D. G. Chiţu, să cerceteze tema Obiceiurile juridice ale poporului român, pentru care eruditul academician găsea utilă întocmirea unui "chestionar juridic şi unul limbistico-mitologic". Având la îndemână modele apărute deja, privitoare la germani ori la slavi, Hasdeu a realizat un prim chestionar, juridic, ce conţinea 400 de întrebări (structurate pe domenii mari de interes: satul, casa şi lucrurile) 15. După acest prim chestionar-fără mare succes, şi din cauza numărului mare de întrebări-Hasdeu a conceput şi trimis în acelaşi an (1884) un al doilea chestionar, lingvistico-mitologic, cu 206 întrebări, despre care vom discuta şi noi. În răspunsurile primite de Hasdeu în anii 1884 şi 1885 se regăseau două componente noi, care îi completau cunoştinţele sale filologice: fonetica populară şi folclorul 16 , dorind să cunoască modul în care a apreciat că numărul acestor localităţi poate fi ridicat la un număr mult mai mare, de 773
Research paper thumbnail of Cristian I. Popa, Fl. Gogâltan, Locuirea Coţofeni de pe grindul de la Gligoreşti-Holoame (jud. Cluj). Un studiu arheologic al aşezărilor de la cumpăna mileniilor 4–3 BC, Ed. Mega, Cluj-Napoca, 2014
Capitolul II Istoricul cercetărilor privind descoperirile arheologice din hotarul localităţii Gli... moreCapitolul II Istoricul cercetărilor privind descoperirile arheologice din hotarul localităţii Gligoreşti Începând cu cea de-a doua jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea, odată cu intensificarea preocupărilor în domeniul arheologiei transilvănene, apar şi primele menţiuni referitoare la unele vestigii descoperite în diferite puncte ale satului Gligoreşti 35. Aceste prime consemnări, din anul 1871, datorate lui Balazs Orbán, ne oferă informaţii privind epoca romană, între siturile amintite figurând şi cel de la Holoame ("Halom"), căruia îi lasă şi o sumară descriere, singura înainte ca locul să fie transformat în carieră de nisip 36. Între anii 1895 şi 1912, István Téglás va întreprinde cu regularitate o serie de cercetări la Gligoreşti, concretizate prin descoperirea unor importante vestigii romane (cărămizi ştampilate sau cu graffiti, alte materiale de construcţii, ceramică, piese de sticlă, monumente din piatră, monede), cartate pe două schiţe-hărţi elaborate în anii 1889/1890 şi 1904 (fig. 7-8). Rezultatele acestor periegheze, provenind inclusiv de pe Holoame, au rămas până de curând necunoscute în întregime 37 , astfel încât, cel puţin raportările la descoperirile romane ce au urmat s-au redus la câteva informaţii destul de lipsite de însemnătate. Aici putem alătura şi consemnarea unei "cetăţi" la Gligoreşti, amintită la József Könyöki şi Géza Nagy 38 , nuanţată ulterior de către Márton Roska prin identificarea toponimului Cetatea Păgânilor (Pogányvár), pe care auto
Research paper thumbnail of "Beyond the Veil. Spirituality in Pre- and Protohistory." Proceedings of the 1st International Archaeology Student Conference 2009
""FOREWORDThis volume brings a part of the papers presented at the international student co... more""FOREWORD


This volume brings a part of the papers presented at the international student conference “Beyond the Veil. Spirituality in Pre- and Prehistory” which took place between 3 5 April 2009 in Alba Iulia, Romania. This scientific event was held by the Ancient History and Archaeology Association (Cercului de Istorie Veche şi Arheologie - C.I.V.A.) within the framework of the Department of History, Archaeology and Museology at “1 Decembrie 1918” University of Alba Iulia. On this occasion 14 students from Romania, Poland, Georgia, Macedonia and Canada participated.
Between 24-26 November 2006, the Department of History, Archaeology and Museology organised the 14th edition of the National Conference of Student Scholastic Organizations in Archaeology, History and Museology. The student conference was comprised of the following sections: 1. Archaeology, prehistory, ancient history and auxiliary sciences; 2. Medieval, modern and contemporary history and the history of art; 3. Museum sciences, conservation, restoration and public education.
With this occasion, the scholastic organization C.I.V.A. (comprised of students of Archaeology from the University of Alba Iulia) organized the first international student meeting at the university on the topic of archaeological research. The conference focused specifically on the topic of Globalisation and Studies of the Past, and gathered students from Romania, United States of America, Canada, Hungary, England, Russia, Slovakia and the Republic of Moldova.


THE EDITORS""
ed by: Cristian loan Popa, Daniel Marius Tentis, Otis Crand«
Fig. 2. Das Verzeichnis der dekorativen Hauptmotive der friihzeitiger neolitischen Kultaltarchen aus dem stid-westlichen Teil Siebenbiirgens und die arheologische Statte wo sie entdeckt wurden: 1. (Ocna Sibiului-Triguri, Seusa-L« Cararea Morii, nach Ciuta 2005, Taf. XCIII/2c); 2. (Ocna Sibiului-Triguri, nach Ciuta 2005, Taf. XCI/2c); 3. (Ocna Sibiului-Triguri, nach Ciuta 2005, Taf. XCII/1c); 4 (Ocna Sibiului-Triguri, nach Ciuta 2005, Taf. XCIII/3); 5. (Seusa-La Cararea Mori nach Ciuta 2000, S. 101, Abb. 25/8); 6. (Seusa-La Cararea Morii, nach Ciuta 2000,5 96, Abb. 20/2); 7. (Ocna Sibiului-Triguri, nach Ciuta 2005, Taf. XLIV/3); 8. (Rapoltu Mare-Seghi); 9. (Uioara de Jos-Gura Fanatelor, nach Lazarovici, Cristea 1979,S. 435 Abb. 3/1); 10. (Limba-Bordane, nach Ciuta 2002, S. 29, Abb. 17/3, Orastie-Dealu Pemilor Xs, Tartaria-Valea Rea); 11. (Limba-Bordane, nach Ciuta 2002, S. 29, Abb 17/4); 12. (Lunca Tarnavei-lerdas, nach Barbat 2008, S. 23, Taf. VII/2)
Fig. 1. Map of the Wietenberg funerary discoveries (after N. Borrofka)
Fig. 2. Dumbravita. Funerary inventory: M.14b (2-3); M.6 (4-5); M.2 (6-7) (after I. Andritoiu)
Fig. 3. Deva. Wietenberg necropolis: I - The plan of the necropolis; II - Funerar Inventory: M.16 (1-2); M.15 (3); M.17 (4-6); M.10 (7,11); M.9 (8-10) (after I. Andritoiu)
Fig. 1. Reconstruction of Zurtaketi barrow Ne6 (after G. Narimanishvili)
Fig. 2. Battle axes with discs and spikes: the deposit from Horoatu Cehului (1-4); Ieuc (5); Iba (6) (after Mircea Petrescu-Dimbovita)
Fig. 5. Different types of shields and weapons in Mycenaean iconography (after R. Osgood)
Fig. 9. Pieces of battle chariots: Futak (1-2); Tarcal (3); Vistea (4) (after Mircea Rusu)
Pl. I. Fragments of deer antler, species Cervus elaphus, discovered at Suceag settlement (after Opreanu 1992) Palade 2004

Papers by Cristian Ioan Popa

Research paper thumbnail of Cristian I. Popa, Arheologia artei și istoriile unui monument: o pictură inedită de Hermann Meuselbach (1888) cu turnul cetății din Săsciori, in Terra Sebus, 16, 2024, p. 71-166
The painter Hermann Meuselbach (1858-1924) worked for more than four decades in Sebeș, many of hi... moreThe painter Hermann Meuselbach (1858-1924) worked for more than four decades in Sebeș, many of his works illustrating a heritage that today is of interest for the accuracy of his drawings. A favourite subject of Meuselbach's paintings was the medieval fortress of Săsciori. A new painting from 1888 of the recently discovered Gothic tower of the citadel is the pretext for a foray into the "archaeology of art". Also presented is a history of the medieval monument, with the stories and legends surrounding it, a fortress datable to the thirteenth to sixteenth centuries, identified with castrum Petri and probably Saxobanya in medieval documents. Today a large courtyard with two towers, one with a gate, is preserved. The fortress has not benefited from archaeological excavations, but neither has there been any interest in its preservation.
Research paper thumbnail of Cristian Ioan Popa, Valentin Todescu, Restitutio (II): tezaurul medieval de la Laz (jud. Alba), in Terra Sebus, 16, 2024, p. 167-187
Around 1879, a hoard was discovered in the village of Laz (Alba). The pieces were found under a r... moreAround 1879, a hoard was discovered in the village of Laz (Alba). The pieces were found under a rock near the village, in a hole covered with a slab and consisted of gold (a chain and rings), silver (two signet rings, a silver "crown" decorated with crosses, silver beads with flowers, a fibula, a bracelet, a belt, pearl-shaped beads) and coins. The discovery was described in detail by Albert Amlacher in 1889. On the basis of the Agnus Dei ring, we believe that the hoard is from the Middle Ages and was part of a Saxon female ceremonial garment worn by the elite of the Sebeș area. The hoard could have been hidden in the context of the Turkish raids in either 1438 or 1479.
Research paper thumbnail of This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 UK: Scotland License. The chert quarrying and processing industry at the Piatra
Fieldwalking surveys in 2007 and 2008 revealed a moderate sized settlement on Piatra Tomii Hill (... moreFieldwalking surveys in 2007 and 2008 revealed a moderate sized settlement on Piatra Tomii Hill (Alba County, Romania) which was considered of interest because of its location on top of a natural source of chert, and the large amount of chert artefacts found on the surface. In 2009 the site was excavated during which one of the objectives was to learn more about the chert mining and processing at the site. The ratio of artefact types and lack of use-wear suggests that not only was raw material being extracted at the site, but tools were also being produced locally before being exported. The 2009 excavations also revealed what appear to be the remains of pit quarrying and possibly fire cracked limestone and debris. These finds provide technical insight into potential chert extraction techniques utilised in the Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age. As well, this is as yet the only reported settlement in the Transylvanian basin involved in chert extraction (either quarrying or mining...
Research paper thumbnail of Cristinel Plantos, Vitalie Bârcă, Cristian I. Popa, At the Border. The Rescue Archaeological Research of Cămin (Satu Mare County), in JAHA, 4, 2024, p. 240-336
This study presents the results of the rescue archaeological excavationsconducted during 2024 at... moreThis study presents the results of the rescue archaeological excavations
conducted during 2024 at Cămin (Satu Mare county), in site Via Căminuluinord,
preceded by an intrusive diagnostic performed in 2022. In the occasion,
thirty-six features have been identified, the majority clustering on the edge of
the Papirgyár river terrace. According to the analysis of the identified inventories,
most date to the 3rd century AD, respectively fourteen features. These are
followed, quantitatively, by features framed archaeologically to the Second Iron
Age, of Celtic origin (3), to the Modern period (2), respectively prehistory (1). A
feature dates to the chronological frame comprised between the second half of
the 4th century – early 5th century AD. Other features have not yielded relevant
archaeological materials (Cx 2/P1, Cx 6/P1; Cx 1/P4, Cx 3/P4, Cx 5/P4, Cx 6/
P4 and Cx 1/P5).
The oldest find belongs to the late Bronze, respectively a Gàva II type pit-house.
The following time sequence includes two Celtic features, large in size, of which
one may be interpreted as workshop. It is worth noting that among the recovered
objects are constantly present situlae with graphite in paste, some discovered
in 2022 exhibiting repair traces. Best documented chronological sequence
belongs to the 3rd century AD. In all cases we are dealing with sunken features,
most likely related to clay extraction, like for instance Cx 11, composed of
numerous adjoining pits. Among particular artefacts counts a handled decorated
antler comb (Cx 2/P2), respectively two fragments of stamped pottery
imported from the empire.
We believe that all archaeologically identified chronological sequences should
be related to occupational activities like clay extraction, its diverse working,
even as building material, or activities in connection with bog iron extraction.
Research paper thumbnail of Cristian I. Popa, O reprezentare a unei case palafite eneolitice din Transilvania, in ActaMP, XLV, 2023, p. 135-145
From the collection of the archaeologist IuliuPaul in Alba Iulia comes a agment of a vessel, on... moreFrom the collection of the archaeologist Iuliu
Paul in Alba Iulia comes a agment of a vessel, on the
boom of which is engraved a schematic representation.
In our opinion the drawing reproduces a pile dwelling,
the large number of pillars at the boom suggesting this.
e roof is gabled and supported on the sides directly on
the ground, suggesting the lack of walls on the long sides.
is type of dwelling, without side walls, was also intuited
by Iuliu Paul, who observed their presence in excavations
of Petreti culture selements. e vessel, unfortunately
without any nds, we believe belongs to an early phase of
the Petreti culture ( for some specialists the Foeni group).
Such very rare representations, which join a painting,
also of pile dwellings, on a Petreti vessel om the Turda
site, support the existence of an architecture present in
some Transylvanian sites of the late Neolithic and early
Eneolithic, which will have to be followed carefully in
archaeological research: the pile dwelling without side
walls and the gable roof.
Research paper thumbnail of Cristian I. Popa, Cristinel Plantos, O incursiune în patrimoniul arheologic al comunei Gura Râului, județul Sibiu (II), în Transilvania, 9, 2024, p. 84-96
If in the first part of the research the archaeological heritage of Gura Râului was presented,on... moreIf in the first part of the research the archaeological heritage of Gura Râului was presented,
on this occasion data are given on the religious buildings from the medieval (“Cuvioasa Paraschiva”)
and modern („Sts. Archangels Michael and Gabriel”) periods, respectively on the disappeared medieval
monastery (Schwarzen Klosters). The presentation of the medieval, pre-modern and modern heritage
of Gura Râului revealed a different potential from the one found by classification. On the one hand,
the well known one, of which the “old church” is not missing, on the other hand, a known but ignored
heritage. Particular attention is drawn to the two 18th-century objectives whose existence, although
proven, has not aroused sufficient interest or a coherent effort to map, classify and protect them: the
stone quarry and the Gura Râului - Sibiu navigable canal, part of a project dating from 1702-1703. Their
identification in the field, aerial photographic documentation and cartographic recovery of the period
have been the preoccupations of the last years, materialized in this article.
Research paper thumbnail of Sceptrul în formă de topor din epoca bronzului de la Pălatca (Transilvania) și legăturile sale răsăritene, în Terra Sebus, 15, 2023, p. 11-24
In the Pălatca Commune (Cluj County), a prehistoric (probably elk) antler axe was discovered acci... moreIn the Pălatca Commune (Cluj County), a prehistoric (probably elk) antler axe was discovered accidentally. It later came into the possession of a collector. e item is extremely rare, which is why we subjected it to analysis in the present paper. e best analogies found are among the Bronze Age items from the current space of Ukraine and Russia. We believe that the closest analogy is the famous sceptre-axe discovered in Dudarkov, which is particularly remarkable due to the numerous zoomorphic, phytoform and geometric motifs incised on its surface, attributed to the Mnogovalikovaja culture. Based on these correspondences, our assessment is that the axe from Pălatca can be interpreted as a sceptre, similar to other antler items already discovered in the Mid-and Late Bronze Age in Transylvania or neighbouring regions.
Research paper thumbnail of Cristian I. Popa, Alin P. Toderescu, Cugirul la 1885. Răspunsurile la chestionarul lui B. P. Hasdeu, Cluj-Napoca, Ed. Mega, 2023.
acest mod, 17000 de pagini cuprinse ulterior în XIX volume, in folio. Dintre răspunsuri, cele mai... moreacest mod, 17000 de pagini cuprinse ulterior în XIX volume, in folio. Dintre răspunsuri, cele mai multe provin din regatul României şi doar un număr redus, aproape 50, au fost trimise din sudul Transilvaniei, din Banat şi din Ungaria 11. Strânse dintr-un spaţiu vast, locuit de români, Hasdeu a reuşit să compare astfel cuvinte, expresii, credinţe, datini şi obiceiuri caracterizate prin unitatea în diversitate. Efortul Academiei Române, privit în context mai larg era unul notabil. În Europa, începând cu inchiesta napoleoniană din anul 1811 şi cu "circularele" din anii 1812, 1815 şi 1822, cu întrebările folclorico-etnografice ale lui Jakob Grimm, pentru spaţiul germanofon, ideea unui "chestionar" se născuse, însă nu fusese încă pusă în practică; acest fapt se ve împlini abia la mijlocul veacului, prin contribuţiile lui Jean-Jaques Ampère şi Wilhelm Mannhardt 12. Această metodă de investigare, deşi aflată la început, s-a dovedit ulterior esenţială în sondarea culturii populare şi fusese practicată înainte şi de alți români, precum Timotei Cipariu, Ioan Micu Moldovan sau Ion Pop-Reteganul 13. Între anii 1872 şi 1876 vedeau lumina tiparului volumele Dicţionarului limbii române, lucrare trudită timp de cinci ani de August Treboniu Laurian şi Ion C. Massim 14. Experienţa chestionarelor nu îi lipsea nici lui Hasdeu. La 1877, fusese deja solicitat de ministrul Învăţământului, D. G. Chiţu, să cerceteze tema Obiceiurile juridice ale poporului român, pentru care eruditul academician găsea utilă întocmirea unui "chestionar juridic şi unul limbistico-mitologic". Având la îndemână modele apărute deja, privitoare la germani ori la slavi, Hasdeu a realizat un prim chestionar, juridic, ce conţinea 400 de întrebări (structurate pe domenii mari de interes: satul, casa şi lucrurile) 15. După acest prim chestionar-fără mare succes, şi din cauza numărului mare de întrebări-Hasdeu a conceput şi trimis în acelaşi an (1884) un al doilea chestionar, lingvistico-mitologic, cu 206 întrebări, despre care vom discuta şi noi. În răspunsurile primite de Hasdeu în anii 1884 şi 1885 se regăseau două componente noi, care îi completau cunoştinţele sale filologice: fonetica populară şi folclorul 16 , dorind să cunoască modul în care a apreciat că numărul acestor localităţi poate fi ridicat la un număr mult mai mare, de 773
Research paper thumbnail of Cristian I. Popa, Fl. Gogâltan, Locuirea Coţofeni de pe grindul de la Gligoreşti-Holoame (jud. Cluj). Un studiu arheologic al aşezărilor de la cumpăna mileniilor 4–3 BC, Ed. Mega, Cluj-Napoca, 2014
Capitolul II Istoricul cercetărilor privind descoperirile arheologice din hotarul localităţii Gli... moreCapitolul II Istoricul cercetărilor privind descoperirile arheologice din hotarul localităţii Gligoreşti Începând cu cea de-a doua jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea, odată cu intensificarea preocupărilor în domeniul arheologiei transilvănene, apar şi primele menţiuni referitoare la unele vestigii descoperite în diferite puncte ale satului Gligoreşti 35. Aceste prime consemnări, din anul 1871, datorate lui Balazs Orbán, ne oferă informaţii privind epoca romană, între siturile amintite figurând şi cel de la Holoame ("Halom"), căruia îi lasă şi o sumară descriere, singura înainte ca locul să fie transformat în carieră de nisip 36. Între anii 1895 şi 1912, István Téglás va întreprinde cu regularitate o serie de cercetări la Gligoreşti, concretizate prin descoperirea unor importante vestigii romane (cărămizi ştampilate sau cu graffiti, alte materiale de construcţii, ceramică, piese de sticlă, monumente din piatră, monede), cartate pe două schiţe-hărţi elaborate în anii 1889/1890 şi 1904 (fig. 7-8). Rezultatele acestor periegheze, provenind inclusiv de pe Holoame, au rămas până de curând necunoscute în întregime 37 , astfel încât, cel puţin raportările la descoperirile romane ce au urmat s-au redus la câteva informaţii destul de lipsite de însemnătate. Aici putem alătura şi consemnarea unei "cetăţi" la Gligoreşti, amintită la József Könyöki şi Géza Nagy 38 , nuanţată ulterior de către Márton Roska prin identificarea toponimului Cetatea Păgânilor (Pogányvár), pe care auto
Research paper thumbnail of "Beyond the Veil. Spirituality in Pre- and Protohistory." Proceedings of the 1st International Archaeology Student Conference 2009
""FOREWORDThis volume brings a part of the papers presented at the international student co... more""FOREWORD


This volume brings a part of the papers presented at the international student conference “Beyond the Veil. Spirituality in Pre- and Prehistory” which took place between 3 5 April 2009 in Alba Iulia, Romania. This scientific event was held by the Ancient History and Archaeology Association (Cercului de Istorie Veche şi Arheologie - C.I.V.A.) within the framework of the Department of History, Archaeology and Museology at “1 Decembrie 1918” University of Alba Iulia. On this occasion 14 students from Romania, Poland, Georgia, Macedonia and Canada participated.
Between 24-26 November 2006, the Department of History, Archaeology and Museology organised the 14th edition of the National Conference of Student Scholastic Organizations in Archaeology, History and Museology. The student conference was comprised of the following sections: 1. Archaeology, prehistory, ancient history and auxiliary sciences; 2. Medieval, modern and contemporary history and the history of art; 3. Museum sciences, conservation, restoration and public education.
With this occasion, the scholastic organization C.I.V.A. (comprised of students of Archaeology from the University of Alba Iulia) organized the first international student meeting at the university on the topic of archaeological research. The conference focused specifically on the topic of Globalisation and Studies of the Past, and gathered students from Romania, United States of America, Canada, Hungary, England, Russia, Slovakia and the Republic of Moldova.


THE EDITORS""
ed by: Cristian loan Popa, Daniel Marius Tentis, Otis Crand«
Fig. 2. Das Verzeichnis der dekorativen Hauptmotive der friihzeitiger neolitischen Kultaltarchen aus dem stid-westlichen Teil Siebenbiirgens und die arheologische Statte wo sie entdeckt wurden: 1. (Ocna Sibiului-Triguri, Seusa-L« Cararea Morii, nach Ciuta 2005, Taf. XCIII/2c); 2. (Ocna Sibiului-Triguri, nach Ciuta 2005, Taf. XCI/2c); 3. (Ocna Sibiului-Triguri, nach Ciuta 2005, Taf. XCII/1c); 4 (Ocna Sibiului-Triguri, nach Ciuta 2005, Taf. XCIII/3); 5. (Seusa-La Cararea Mori nach Ciuta 2000, S. 101, Abb. 25/8); 6. (Seusa-La Cararea Morii, nach Ciuta 2000,5 96, Abb. 20/2); 7. (Ocna Sibiului-Triguri, nach Ciuta 2005, Taf. XLIV/3); 8. (Rapoltu Mare-Seghi); 9. (Uioara de Jos-Gura Fanatelor, nach Lazarovici, Cristea 1979,S. 435 Abb. 3/1); 10. (Limba-Bordane, nach Ciuta 2002, S. 29, Abb. 17/3, Orastie-Dealu Pemilor Xs, Tartaria-Valea Rea); 11. (Limba-Bordane, nach Ciuta 2002, S. 29, Abb 17/4); 12. (Lunca Tarnavei-lerdas, nach Barbat 2008, S. 23, Taf. VII/2)
Fig. 1. Map of the Wietenberg funerary discoveries (after N. Borrofka)
Fig. 2. Dumbravita. Funerary inventory: M.14b (2-3); M.6 (4-5); M.2 (6-7) (after I. Andritoiu)
Fig. 3. Deva. Wietenberg necropolis: I - The plan of the necropolis; II - Funerar Inventory: M.16 (1-2); M.15 (3); M.17 (4-6); M.10 (7,11); M.9 (8-10) (after I. Andritoiu)
Fig. 1. Reconstruction of Zurtaketi barrow Ne6 (after G. Narimanishvili)
Fig. 2. Battle axes with discs and spikes: the deposit from Horoatu Cehului (1-4); Ieuc (5); Iba (6) (after Mircea Petrescu-Dimbovita)
Fig. 5. Different types of shields and weapons in Mycenaean iconography (after R. Osgood)
Fig. 9. Pieces of battle chariots: Futak (1-2); Tarcal (3); Vistea (4) (after Mircea Rusu)
Pl. I. Fragments of deer antler, species Cervus elaphus, discovered at Suceag settlement (after Opreanu 1992) Palade 2004
Research paper thumbnail of Cristian I. Popa, Arheologia artei și istoriile unui monument: o pictură inedită de Hermann Meuselbach (1888) cu turnul cetății din Săsciori, in Terra Sebus, 16, 2024, p. 71-166
The painter Hermann Meuselbach (1858-1924) worked for more than four decades in Sebeș, many of hi... moreThe painter Hermann Meuselbach (1858-1924) worked for more than four decades in Sebeș, many of his works illustrating a heritage that today is of interest for the accuracy of his drawings. A favourite subject of Meuselbach's paintings was the medieval fortress of Săsciori. A new painting from 1888 of the recently discovered Gothic tower of the citadel is the pretext for a foray into the "archaeology of art". Also presented is a history of the medieval monument, with the stories and legends surrounding it, a fortress datable to the thirteenth to sixteenth centuries, identified with castrum Petri and probably Saxobanya in medieval documents. Today a large courtyard with two towers, one with a gate, is preserved. The fortress has not benefited from archaeological excavations, but neither has there been any interest in its preservation.
Research paper thumbnail of Cristian Ioan Popa, Valentin Todescu, Restitutio (II): tezaurul medieval de la Laz (jud. Alba), in Terra Sebus, 16, 2024, p. 167-187
Around 1879, a hoard was discovered in the village of Laz (Alba). The pieces were found under a r... moreAround 1879, a hoard was discovered in the village of Laz (Alba). The pieces were found under a rock near the village, in a hole covered with a slab and consisted of gold (a chain and rings), silver (two signet rings, a silver "crown" decorated with crosses, silver beads with flowers, a fibula, a bracelet, a belt, pearl-shaped beads) and coins. The discovery was described in detail by Albert Amlacher in 1889. On the basis of the Agnus Dei ring, we believe that the hoard is from the Middle Ages and was part of a Saxon female ceremonial garment worn by the elite of the Sebeș area. The hoard could have been hidden in the context of the Turkish raids in either 1438 or 1479.
Research paper thumbnail of This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 UK: Scotland License. The chert quarrying and processing industry at the Piatra
Fieldwalking surveys in 2007 and 2008 revealed a moderate sized settlement on Piatra Tomii Hill (... moreFieldwalking surveys in 2007 and 2008 revealed a moderate sized settlement on Piatra Tomii Hill (Alba County, Romania) which was considered of interest because of its location on top of a natural source of chert, and the large amount of chert artefacts found on the surface. In 2009 the site was excavated during which one of the objectives was to learn more about the chert mining and processing at the site. The ratio of artefact types and lack of use-wear suggests that not only was raw material being extracted at the site, but tools were also being produced locally before being exported. The 2009 excavations also revealed what appear to be the remains of pit quarrying and possibly fire cracked limestone and debris. These finds provide technical insight into potential chert extraction techniques utilised in the Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age. As well, this is as yet the only reported settlement in the Transylvanian basin involved in chert extraction (either quarrying or mining...
Research paper thumbnail of Cristinel Plantos, Vitalie Bârcă, Cristian I. Popa, At the Border. The Rescue Archaeological Research of Cămin (Satu Mare County), in JAHA, 4, 2024, p. 240-336
This study presents the results of the rescue archaeological excavationsconducted during 2024 at... moreThis study presents the results of the rescue archaeological excavations
conducted during 2024 at Cămin (Satu Mare county), in site Via Căminuluinord,
preceded by an intrusive diagnostic performed in 2022. In the occasion,
thirty-six features have been identified, the majority clustering on the edge of
the Papirgyár river terrace. According to the analysis of the identified inventories,
most date to the 3rd century AD, respectively fourteen features. These are
followed, quantitatively, by features framed archaeologically to the Second Iron
Age, of Celtic origin (3), to the Modern period (2), respectively prehistory (1). A
feature dates to the chronological frame comprised between the second half of
the 4th century – early 5th century AD. Other features have not yielded relevant
archaeological materials (Cx 2/P1, Cx 6/P1; Cx 1/P4, Cx 3/P4, Cx 5/P4, Cx 6/
P4 and Cx 1/P5).
The oldest find belongs to the late Bronze, respectively a Gàva II type pit-house.
The following time sequence includes two Celtic features, large in size, of which
one may be interpreted as workshop. It is worth noting that among the recovered
objects are constantly present situlae with graphite in paste, some discovered
in 2022 exhibiting repair traces. Best documented chronological sequence
belongs to the 3rd century AD. In all cases we are dealing with sunken features,
most likely related to clay extraction, like for instance Cx 11, composed of
numerous adjoining pits. Among particular artefacts counts a handled decorated
antler comb (Cx 2/P2), respectively two fragments of stamped pottery
imported from the empire.
We believe that all archaeologically identified chronological sequences should
be related to occupational activities like clay extraction, its diverse working,
even as building material, or activities in connection with bog iron extraction.
Research paper thumbnail of Cristian I. Popa, O reprezentare a unei case palafite eneolitice din Transilvania, in ActaMP, XLV, 2023, p. 135-145
From the collection of the archaeologist IuliuPaul in Alba Iulia comes a agment of a vessel, on... moreFrom the collection of the archaeologist Iuliu
Paul in Alba Iulia comes a agment of a vessel, on the
boom of which is engraved a schematic representation.
In our opinion the drawing reproduces a pile dwelling,
the large number of pillars at the boom suggesting this.
e roof is gabled and supported on the sides directly on
the ground, suggesting the lack of walls on the long sides.
is type of dwelling, without side walls, was also intuited
by Iuliu Paul, who observed their presence in excavations
of Petreti culture selements. e vessel, unfortunately
without any nds, we believe belongs to an early phase of
the Petreti culture ( for some specialists the Foeni group).
Such very rare representations, which join a painting,
also of pile dwellings, on a Petreti vessel om the Turda
site, support the existence of an architecture present in
some Transylvanian sites of the late Neolithic and early
Eneolithic, which will have to be followed carefully in
archaeological research: the pile dwelling without side
walls and the gable roof.
Research paper thumbnail of Cristian I. Popa, Cristinel Plantos, O incursiune în patrimoniul arheologic al comunei Gura Râului, județul Sibiu (II), în Transilvania, 9, 2024, p. 84-96
If in the first part of the research the archaeological heritage of Gura Râului was presented,on... moreIf in the first part of the research the archaeological heritage of Gura Râului was presented,
on this occasion data are given on the religious buildings from the medieval (“Cuvioasa Paraschiva”)
and modern („Sts. Archangels Michael and Gabriel”) periods, respectively on the disappeared medieval
monastery (Schwarzen Klosters). The presentation of the medieval, pre-modern and modern heritage
of Gura Râului revealed a different potential from the one found by classification. On the one hand,
the well known one, of which the “old church” is not missing, on the other hand, a known but ignored
heritage. Particular attention is drawn to the two 18th-century objectives whose existence, although
proven, has not aroused sufficient interest or a coherent effort to map, classify and protect them: the
stone quarry and the Gura Râului - Sibiu navigable canal, part of a project dating from 1702-1703. Their
identification in the field, aerial photographic documentation and cartographic recovery of the period
have been the preoccupations of the last years, materialized in this article.
Research paper thumbnail of Sceptrul în formă de topor din epoca bronzului de la Pălatca (Transilvania) și legăturile sale răsăritene, în Terra Sebus, 15, 2023, p. 11-24
In the Pălatca Commune (Cluj County), a prehistoric (probably elk) antler axe was discovered acci... moreIn the Pălatca Commune (Cluj County), a prehistoric (probably elk) antler axe was discovered accidentally. It later came into the possession of a collector. e item is extremely rare, which is why we subjected it to analysis in the present paper. e best analogies found are among the Bronze Age items from the current space of Ukraine and Russia. We believe that the closest analogy is the famous sceptre-axe discovered in Dudarkov, which is particularly remarkable due to the numerous zoomorphic, phytoform and geometric motifs incised on its surface, attributed to the Mnogovalikovaja culture. Based on these correspondences, our assessment is that the axe from Pălatca can be interpreted as a sceptre, similar to other antler items already discovered in the Mid-and Late Bronze Age in Transylvania or neighbouring regions.
Research paper thumbnail of Cristian I. POPA, The Bronze Axe from Mihalţ (Romania) and Some Problems Related to Hybrid „Larga” Type Axes, in JAHA, 10.4, 2023, p. 86-113.
Along with the well-known metal artefacts produced in seriesspecific to the Bronze Age, unique, ... moreAlong with the well-known metal artefacts produced in series
specific to the Bronze Age, unique, prestige products were also manufactured
in the Carpathian area. Among them the Larga type axes stand out both by
their very small number and by their beauty. Summing up specific elements,
found individually and in the case of other axes (semi-calotte flat, curved
blade, decoration on the sleeve and so on), the use of the term hybrid axes is
justified. Their similarity with Drajna-type axes is obvious, supporting their
symbolic value. The last known axe, discovered in Mihalţ, in a gravel pit, is also
the only Transylvanian piece, the rest of the discoveries being known from
Maramureş and Ukraine. Their dating is relative, with no specific context,
but they can be dated in the Late Bronze and associated / contemporary with
Wietenberg, Gligoreşti or Komarow manifestations.
Fig. 7. Typology of Drajna, type B axes, after T. Bader (BADER 1996).
Fig. 8. Bronze axe from Silisteni (Tei culture) (after COMSA 1967).
Fig. 9. Kiténov -type axe from Gemeinlebarn (after GRIGORIEV 2018).
Fig. 11. Bronze axes discovered at Tarsolt (1), Bicaz I (2), Ciceu Corabia (3), unknown (4), ,Somes county” (5); Targu Lapus (6); Kispalad (7); Lapus (8); Prelipce (9); Sant (10) (after KACSO 2003 - 1-4; ILKIV 2012 - 9; VULPE 1970 - 5-6, 8, 10).
Fig. 12. The bronze axes from Cernavoda (1), Nehoiu (2), Cajvana (5), Oarta de Sus (4), Hajdthadhaz (6), Brzezno (7), Raknes (8), Gemzse (9), Csongrad (10), Dodona (11), unknown (,,Hun gary ”) and mould from Dabaca (3) (after SOROCEANU et alii 2019 - 1; VULPE 1970 — 2a; MOISIL 1911a - 2b; GOGALTAN 2017 - 3; KACSO 1977a — 4; IGNAT 2000 - 5; MOZSOLICS 1973 - 6; GEDL 1980 — 7; ENGEDAL 2010 - 8; LASZLO 2006b — 11; MOZSOLICS 1967 - 10, 12).
Fig. 13. Bronze axes from Jabenita (1), Malye Geevcy (2-3), Tibucani (4) (after SOROCEANU 2016 - 1; KOBAL 2000 - 2-3; DIACONU 2019 - 4).
Fig. 14. Spiral blade axes (1-6) and moulding patterns (7-8): Drajna (1), Lozova (2), Susa (3-5); Perse (6) Pobit Kamak (7-8) (after VULPE 1970 — 1; www.nationalmuseum.md — 2; BUCHHOLZ 1999 - 6; BUCHHOLZ/WEISGERBER 2005 - 3, 5, 7-8).
Fig. 15. The spread of Bronze Age spiral-headed axes (after BUCHHOLZ/WEISGERBER 2005)
Fig. 16. Bronze Age stone axes-sceptres: Uluburun (1), Ljulin (2), Pantelimonu de Sus (3), »Biertan” (4), Haskovo (5), Elhovo (6), Palota (7 Toboliu (8), Naum (9) (after BUCHHOLZ 1999 - 1-2; IRIMIA 2007 — 3; STOICOVICI/BLAJAN 1979 — 4; IRIMIA 2008 - 5-6; LUCA/ILIE 2000 - 7; GHEMIS 2001 - 8; NIKOLOV 2013 - 9).
Fig. 17. Map of the spread area of hybrid Larga-type axes: 1 — Larga, 2 - Ortata, 3 - Mihalt, 4 — Ivanija, 5 - Nehoiu, 6 - Troieshchyna (Kiev).
Fig. 18. The place of discovery of the bronze axe from the Mihalt gravel pit.
Fig. 19. Bronze spearhead discovered in the Mihalt gravel pit (drawing and photo C. I. Popa).
Cernavoda: Troieshchyna:
Larga: Regarding the Kyténov-type, it must be said that its flat is not hemispherical but has the profile resembling an axe-blade. The presence of these axes, specific to the Middle Bronze, in the area of the Northern Carpathians,’™ leaves open the possibility of influences on axes of the Larga or Dragna types. The earlier chronological position of Kiténov- type axes (dated in the Early and Middle Bronze), supports a possible source of inspiration for the manufacturers of future Larga or Drajna-type axes. This is even more so as some artefacts (from the Széreg variant), from Széreg, Banov or Donau bei Dunanjvaros,'®’ do not have a flat axe flat, but well thickened, rather close to the semi-calotte flats. Some axes develop their flat in their own semi-calottes, as are the specimens from Brzezno and Slany.'"° In the evolutionary scheme to Larga type axes, it is probable that the artefact 111 from Kamyk u Prilep'" represents the connecting link to the axes of the Larga type. Metallographic analyses performed on Larga type hybrid axes indicate high percentages of tin alloyed with copper, placing them at the limit of becoming brittle, an aspect that we believe supports the interpretation of these pieces as having rather a symbolic utility. The best example is the Nehoiu axe, with 13.81% Sn, a percentage that “makes the artefact unique.”"? The axe found near Kiyv, from Troieshchyna, with 12,68% Sn’ has similar percentages. Next follow the axes from Cernavoda (10.99% Sn)** and Mihalt (8.2-9% Sn). At the opposite end is the axe from Larga, with only 4.3% Sn.1"6
Research paper thumbnail of Cristian I. Popa, Two Bronze Socketed Axes Discovered in Alba and their Contexts, în Sargetia, XIII, s.n., 2022, p. 27-42.
The present article considers two socketed axes discovered in Transylvania, dated to the end of t... moreThe present article considers two socketed axes discovered in Transylvania, dated to the end of the Bronze Age, as well as several particular aspects regarding their context and decorations. One socketed axe, from Ciugud, found on the Mureş River bank, opened a discussion on the aquatic contexts of certain bronze items, most of which had been found in this riverbed around the town of Alba Iulia. The second socketed axe, previously considered to have been lost, originated from the hoard from Pănade (Pănade I) – its contents are readdressed in the present paper. The decoration on the socketed axe depicts Y-shaped ribs and it is discussed within the context of several similar items.
Two Bronze Socketed Axes Discovered in Alba and their Contexts Pl. HI. 1. The location of the discovery of the socketed axe from Ciugud; 2. The map of the Bronze Age metallic discoveries from the proximity of Alba Iulia (processing after Google Earth) (Accessed: 25.09.2022)
Research paper thumbnail of Cristian I. Popa, Cristinel Plantos, O incursiune în patrimoniul arheologic al comunei Gura Râului, județul Sibiu (I), în Transilvania, 9, 2023, p. 86-96
The knowledge of the archaeological heritage of the Gura Râului commune is tributary to actual st... moreThe knowledge of the archaeological heritage of the Gura Râului commune is tributary to actual stage,
suggestive by the inclusion of a single site on the RAN and LMI lists. The initiation of some field research in 2019,
occasioned by the preparation of the PUG of the locality, led to the discovery of new sites (Gura Râului-Sub Teiş),
but also the precise location of other already known sites (Crucea lui Ivoniş). The materials found allowed the
identification of an unknown site belonging to the Wietenberg culture (Sub Teiş), but also the specification of the
stages of habitation (Petreşti culture?, Coţofeni culture, Early Bronze Age, Wietenberg culture, Late Bronze Age) from
the Crucea lui Ivoniş site. The work includes two parts, the present one dedicated to archaeological discoveries and
the second part, which will deal with churches, but also other technical objectives from the Modern Era.
Research paper thumbnail of Cristian Ioan Popa, Concerning Bronze Age Funerary Finds from Mediaş, în Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology, 10.3, 2023, p. 65-74
The paper discusses certain funerary finds, especially some possible ones, belonging to the Bron... moreThe paper discusses certain funerary finds, especially some possible
ones, belonging to the Bronze Age, from the Mediaş-“Hăşmaş” site. Besides
a Wietenberg cremation grave, there are arguments for including other
finds among those with a Wietenberg funerary character, including a vessel
conserved in the Mediaş museum, which outlines a group of graves in the
respective site. Another discovery, kept in the same museum, may belong to
a funerary discovery, namely a quadrilobed vessel with a perforated bottom,
which documents burials during the Late Bronze, at the level of the Gligoreşti
group, or the Noua culture. As we are talking about ancient finds, some
without a precise context, certain information is missing, but those that could
be recovered indicate some burials during the Middle and Late Bronze.
Research paper thumbnail of C. I. POPA, C. PLANTOS, A. TEODORESCU, D. DOBREAN, Din patrimoniul tehnic al Cugirului: Castelul de Apă, în C. Anghel, C. I. Popa (ed.), Istorie şi patrimoniu. In honorem Volker Wollmann, Sebeş, 2022, p. 317-367
This study presents a technical heritage object: the so-called "Water Castle" in Cugir. It was bu... moreThis study presents a technical heritage object: the so-called "Water Castle" in Cugir. It was built as part of an investment of more than one million crowns, between 1911 and 1912, as part of a larger complex, consisting of a reservoir dam and pipes to transport water to the tower, indispensable for producing the energy needed to power not only the machinery, but also the ironworks and the town, both of which were undergoing modernisation works. The purpose of the tower was to balance the pressure of the water on its route from the dam to the endpoints. The now-decommissioned tower has been renovated and it is proposed to classify it as a technical heritage site of local value, as well as to integrate it into a walking route along the water line (Wasserleitung).
Research paper thumbnail of C. I. POPA, C. PLANTOS, Edificiul bisericii Romano-Catolice cu hramul „Prea Sfântul Sânge al Lui Isus” din Cugir. Reperele unei clasări, în C. Anghel, C. I. Popa (ed.), Istorie şi patrimoniu. In honorem Volker Wollmann, Sebeş, 2022, p. 247-300
The Building of the Roman Catholic Church in Cugir Dedicated to the "Most Holy Blood of Jesus": L... moreThe Building of the Roman Catholic Church in Cugir Dedicated to the "Most Holy Blood of Jesus": Landmarks of a Classification Abstract. The authors present the main coordinates of a file for the heritage classification of a church in Cugir, namely, the church of the Roman Catholic community, built between 1824 and 1926. It belongs to a settlement (Scăunel) formed by colonists of various origins (Hungarians, Zipsers, Slovaks) upon the establishment of the Ironworks in 1799. The church building is austere in appearance, with a nave, apse and a small bell tower and its external appearance can be reconstructed from period photographs from a century ago. The movable inventory inside is well preserved (altar, altar painting, old organ, etc.). Outside the church, the crucifix on a brick base and the parish cemetery, with some 19th-century tombstones, stand out. In 2020, the elevation and crosssection drawings referenced in the study were made.
Research paper thumbnail of R. ZĂGREANU, C. PLANTOS, C. I. POPA, Leii funerari de epocă romană de la castelul Apaffi din Dumbrăveni (jud. Sibiu), în C. Anghel, C. I. Popa (ed.), Istorie şi patrimoniu. In honorem Volker Wollmann, Sebeş, 2022, p. 71-80
The Apaffi Castle in Dumbrăveni (Sibiu County) was adorned with Roman spoils, the preference for ... moreThe Apaffi Castle in Dumbrăveni (Sibiu County) was adorned with Roman spoils, the preference for the same type-the Roman funerary lion-being somewhat surprising. There were three such lions, whose location we know at the end of the nineteenth century: one lion was above the main entrance to the castle (but has since disappeared), another was embedded in a hole in the building's exterior masonry, on the northeast side, and the third, the most massive, was in the inner courtyard. Those three Roman funerary lions embedded in the walls of the castle, in visible areas, could be related to the heraldry of the family of Elisabeta Gerendi, the wife of Grigore Apaffi, in whose coat of arms we find the lion.
Research paper thumbnail of Cristian I. Popa, Dan G. Anghel, The Anthropomorphic Plastics of Petreşti Culture. New Data, în Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology, vol. 9, nr. 4, 2022, p. 91-132
he recent discovery of some Petreşti anthropomorphic statuettes allows us to publish them and di... morehe recent discovery of some Petreşti anthropomorphic statuettes
allows us to publish them and discuss again the topic of human plastic in the
Petresti area, which is so poorly known. The authors proposed a classification
of the artefacts, based on individual elements (head, hands, buttocks, legs),
a way that allowed to distinguish some details, easily comparable with the
plastic of other neighboring cultures. The ornamentation that reproduces in
particular, elements of clothing, which allow the partial reconstruction of the
port of the era was also part of the study.
It should be noted that the study included not only the anthropomorphic
statuettes considered Petreşti, but also those attributed to different cultural
groups (Foeni, Foeni-Mintia, Hunedoara), which we consider part of the
early phase of Petreşti culture (Petreşti A after Iuliu Paul). The lack of new
studies regarding the periodization of the culture on stratigraphic bases
also reverberates on the chronological classification of plastics, which is
why a three-way periodization was chosen (Petreşti A, Petreşti A-B and B
respectively). There were found numerous Vinča C heritages in the early
stages and specific canons, transferred to the Transylvanian space, where the
Petreşti plastic is actually defined. We observe connections with the cultures
of Gumelniţa, Precucuteni, Herpály and Suplacu de Barcău, but also Lengyel
traditions.
Research paper thumbnail of Cristian I. Popa, Were there any Tells in the Coţofeni Culture Area?, in Bulgarian e-Journal of Archaeology, 12.1, 2022, p. 29–59
10.57573/be-ja.12.29-59
The approach to the topic of tells in the North-Danube area, between 3500 and 2800 BC, correspond... moreThe approach to the topic of tells in the North-Danube area, between 3500 and 2800 BC, corresponding to the Coţofeni culture (in Bulgaria, Magura-Coţofeni, Tărnava culture) has been inconsistent. This study aims to clarify a series of archaeological and terminological aspects in direct relation to those Coţofeni sites that may or may not be included in the category of tell settlements. The so-called tell settlements are also discussed and the term pseudo-tell is proposed. Sites at very high altitudes (over 1000 m) or others related to salt exploitation have generated complex stratigraphies, consisting of successive Coţofeni levels, but completely different from the types of sediments that led to the formation of "classic" tells from the lowlands. The lack of fortifications is another feature of these settlements, which takes them away from the classic definition of a tell. Following this analysis, it can be summarized that the terminological problems or the established conventions are not sufficient to define certain Coţofeni sites, such as those from Ostrovu Corbului, Basarabi or Moldova Veche. However, there are arguments to speak of tell or pseudo-tell settlements in the Coţofeni area. Compared to the impressive number of known sites in the area (over 1500), their percentage is only around 1%.
Were There Any Tells in the Cotofeni Culture Area? Oprinescu 1989, 243; Tasi¢ 1995, 79; Nikoli¢ 2000, 96). Within the settlement, the remains of metal- lurgical activity were also discovered, consisting of pieces of slag and cuprite boulders which, to- gether with a finished object (a chisel) and other metal items found in different contexts, attest to the existence of copper metallurgy among the members of this community (Roman 1976, 16; Oprinescu 1987, 192; Ciugudean 2000, 33).
Fig. 10. The tell settlement at Seusa—Gorgan (source Google Earth) O6p. 10. CenuuHama moeuna npu HJeywa—Topean. (uzmounuK Google Earth)
Fig. 13. Sincai—Cetatea Pdgdnilor. 1. The layout of dwellings L 8-11 and pits G 16-20; 2. An aerial image of the Cotofeni settlement (after Baldsz 2010, 9, fig. 2.1; 16, pl. 1-2) O6p. 13. Lunxati-Yemama Taeenunop. nan na scunuya L 8—-11u amu G 16-20; 2. Be30ywiHa CHumka Ha uoyoqeucKomo cenuyye (no Baldsz 20109, fig. 2.1;. 16, pl. 1-2)
Table 1. Summary data for the Cotofeni tell settlements. ‘a6auya 1. O6o6weHuU OaHHU 3a KOYOdeHcKumMe CeNULHU MO2U/
Research paper thumbnail of Cristian Ioan POPA, Antic – modern, urban – rural. Casele cu lei din arhitectura saşilor transilvăneni, în Terra Sebus, 13, 2021, p. 429-475
In the present paper, we wish to discuss a unique heritage: the houses with lions which exist in ... moreIn the present paper, we wish to discuss a unique heritage: the houses with lions which exist in a narrow area in southern Transylvania, between Sibiu and Mediaş. These houses stand out due to the mortar lion figures which appear on both sides of the roadway gates, crafted by local masons and painted in various colours (yellow, green, brown). The houses in question belonged to the Saxons, a community that has since emmigrated to Germany. The present study aimed to (re)identify this heritage, 40 years after the research conducted by G. Schuster. It approaches the origins, the contributions made by certain transfers and influences that occurred throughout the years, beginning with the Roman period and up to the modern era. The oldest houses with lions are 150 years old, while the newer ones were built at the end of the twentieth century.
Research paper thumbnail of Cristian Ioan POPA, Viorel ŞTEF, Arheologia post factum. Consideraţii în urma supravegherii arheologice din satul Ighişu Nou (mun. Mediaş, jud. Sibiu), în Terra Sebus, 13, 2021, p. 137-160
The article capitalizes on the results of an archaeological investigation from 2015 in the villag... moreThe article capitalizes on the results of an archaeological investigation from 2015 in the village of Ighişu Nou, necessitated by the introduction of utilities in the locality, which affects the protection area of the medieval fortified church. Unfortunately, existing legislation in this field was not observed, in that before the team of archaeologists was present, the historical area had already been crossed by water and sewage pipes, introduced at a depth of 5-6 m, immediately next to the medieval church and parish house. The archaeological investigations, which proved to be late, could only be followed by the construction of the main road ditches, interventions that did not affect archaeological deposits but did reveal artefacts disturbed by previous works (pottery, bones, building materials, tombstones), dating either from the Middle Ages or the Premodern Era.
Research paper thumbnail of Cristian I. Popa, The Bronze-Age Axe-shaped Sceptre from Pălatca (Transylvania) and its Eastern connections, in Skhidnoievropeiskyi istorychnyi visnyk [East European Historical Bulletin], 21, 2021, p. 8-17
In the Pălatca Commune (Cluj County) in Transylvania, a prehistoric (probably elk) antler axe was... moreIn the Pălatca Commune (Cluj County) in Transylvania, a prehistoric (probably elk) antler axe was discovered accidentally and it later came into the possession of a collector. The item is extremely rare, which is why we subjected it to analysis in the present paper. The axe has an arched, but very blunt, blade and a round edge. The shaft was made through an oval perforation, inside which there are numerous traces of a tool. The outer surface of the axe is polished, particularly the circular edge, with edges in the form of a border which was decorated with short, regular indentations. It can be seen that the item was used intensely, in a phase in which its function was probably that of a tool. Upon a closer look, two groups of markings were also identified: one above the blade, made of two "stirrups", and another between the hole and the edge, consisting of oblique stirrups, a cross and several punctures. The shape presents several antecedents until the Neolithic and the Eneolithic in the eastern part of Europe, both in items made of antler and those made of metal or stone. However, the best analogies found among the Bronze Age items from the current space of Ukraine and Russia. In the Ingul-catacomb culture, there were stone items that have similar edges, including some with notched decorations. However, we believe that the closest analogy is the famous sceptre-axe discovered in Dudarkov, which is particularly remarkable due to then numerous zoomorphic, phytoform and geometric motifs incised on its surface, attributed to the Mnogovalikovaja culture. In the same eastern area of Europe, the best analogies are given by stone axes from the Borodino hoard, or Suvorovskaja-type ones, dating from the first half of the 1 st millennium BC. Based on these correspondences, our assessment is that the axe from Pălatca can be interpreted as a sceptre, similar to other antler items already discovered in the Mid-and Late Bronze Age in Transylvania or neighbouring regions. Regarding the item's dating and context, it is highly likely that it came from the site surveyed in Pălatca-"TogulluiMândruşcă", where a settlement dated to the beginning of the Late Bronze Age was discovered and from which other eastern type items originated, such as a bronze needle with four protuberances and Noua culture ceramics.
Symbolism and significance
Fig. 2. The horn axe—sceptre from Palatca (Transylvania) photo Stefan Lipot
Fig. 3. Axes (1, 3) and sceptre—axes (2, 6-9) made of horn (1-2, 4-6), bronze (3) and stone (7-9) Aruchlo (1), Luhansk (2), Klady (3), Dudarkov (4); Piliny (5); Teleac (6); Salusinskoe (7); “The Mikolaiiv Malia region” (8); Malia (9) (after Hansen, Mirtshulava, 2013 — 1; Govedarica, 2004 — 2; Rezepkin, 2000 — 3; Lichardus, 2001 — 4; Baro, 1909 — 5; Vasiliev et al. 1991 — 6; Kaiser 1997 — 7; http://neolitica.ru/lot. php?lot_id=2241 — 8; https://heraklionmuseum.gr/ - 9)
The Bronze-Age Axe-shaped Sceptre from Palatca (Transylvania) and its Eastern connections Baro, N.A. (1909). A piliny-varhegy 1 ostelep [The old settlement on thePilinyCastle Hill]. Archaeologiai Ertesité [Archaeological Bulletin], XXIX, 415-432. [in Hungarian] Benea, M., Sasaran, L. & Rotea, M. (2011). Palatca—Togul lui Mandrusca. Analysis of a part of thelithic material fromthebronze workshop. Acta Musei Napocensis, 45—46/I, 75-80. [in English] Choyke, A. M. (2005). BronzeAge bone andantlerworking at theJaszdozsa—Kapolnahalom tell. Ed. H. Luik — A. Choyke — C. Batey — L. Lougas. From Hooves to Horns, from Molluscto Mammoth:
Research paper thumbnail of Cristian Ioan Popa, Andrei Stavilă, Adrian Ardelean, Cimitirele recente ale Vinţului de Jos. O contribuţie arheologică, în Apulum, LVIII, 2021, p. 337-375
Cristian Ioan Popa, Andrei Stavilă, Adrian Ardelean, Cimitirele recente ale Vinţului de Jos. O contribuţie arheologică, în Apulum, LVIII, 2021, p. 337-375
The rehabilitation works of the railways in the area of CFR Vințu de Jos station carried out star... moreThe rehabilitation works of the railways in the area of CFR Vințu de Jos station carried out starting with the autumn of 2014 entailed the preventive archaeological research of the objectives identified as sites in this perimeter. Based on this information, the “Site 8” (“Deasupra Satului”) was conventionally delimited between km. 428+700-429+500. Two cemeteries from the 20th century were researched here: one Reformed, another Greek Catholic. The coins found in two tombs (M1 and M17) were issued in 1924. Some tombs also retain traces of textiles, but most preserve the iron nails of the coffin. Archaeological research has allowed the re-identification of the Greek Catholic cemetery (disbanded in 1948), the capture of the foundation of a fence, but also the recovery of data on burials from that period, such as throwing money into the grave. Following the investigation, the graves were exhumed by local churches and reburied in today’s cemeteries.
Research paper thumbnail of Viorel Gheorghe Codrea, Maria Basarab, Parohia Română Unită cu Roma, Greco-Catolică, Cugir. Restitutio, fără editură, Deva, 2011, 336 p., în Terra Sebus, 4, 2012, p. 478-489
Recenzii şi note de lectură 478 Cartea mai cuprinde: anexe (p. 197-213), surse (p. 215), bibliogr... moreRecenzii şi note de lectură 478 Cartea mai cuprinde: anexe (p. 197-213), surse (p. 215), bibliografie (p. 217-220), indice de localităţi (p. 221-223) şi indice de nume (p. 225-228).
Research paper thumbnail of Valeriu Sîrbu, Credinţe şi practici funerare, religioase şi magice în lumea geto-dacilor, „Biblioteca Istros”, 3, Ed. Porto-Franco, Galati, 1993, în Buletinul Cercurilor Ştiinţifice Studenţeşti, 2, 1996, p. 297-298
Credinţe şi praclici funerare. religioase şi magice În lumea geto-dacilor, "Biblioteca Istros", 3... moreCredinţe şi praclici funerare. religioase şi magice În lumea geto-dacilor, "Biblioteca Istros", 3, editura Porto-I'ranco, Galati, 1993,253 p., 64 fig., 17 anexe şi alte 7 pliate, plus traducerea în limba francez.ă a explicaţiilor figurilor şi anexelor.
Research paper thumbnail of In memoriam Valentin Vasiliev (1934-2021), în Terra Sebus, 14/I, 2022, p. 309-210
S-a stins în toamna anului 2021, într-o discreţie totală, unul dintre cei mai reputaţi specialişt... moreS-a stins în toamna anului 2021, într-o discreţie totală, unul dintre cei mai reputaţi specialişti în preistoria târzie a României şi a Europei Central-Răsăritene: prof. univ. dr. Valentin Vasiliev. Numele său nu va putea fi disociat de două subiecte majore, care l-au preocupat îndeaproape şi asupra cărora a revenit constant: problema "sciţilor agatârşi" intracarpatici şi cea complexă a aşezărilor fortificate Gáva. Născut la 22 februarie 1934 la Bolgrad (azi în Ucraina), este nevoit să se refugieze la Buzău, la vârsta de doar 10 ani, după ocuparea Basarabiei de către armata sovietică, în urma căreia o parte a familiei sale a fost deportată în Siberia, îndurând privaţiunile cumplite ale lagărului. După studiile liceale şi-a urmat pasiunea, absolvind în anul 1968 cursurile de istorie ale universităţii clujene. De altfel, prin activitatea sa a reprezentat cu cinste mediul academic clujean, căruia îi aparţine prin aproape întreaga sa activitate formatoare şi ştiinţifică. A fost preparator al Catedrei de istorie universală veche a Facultăţii de Istorie şi Filosofie a Universităţii "Babeş-Bolyai" din Cluj (1963-1968) şi profesor invitat (1997-2000), angajat al Institutului de Arheologie şi Istoria Artei din aceeaşi urbe (1968-1993), ulterior în cadrul Institutului Român de Tracologie din Bucureşti (1993-2003), ca preşedinte al filialei din Cluj-Napoca. În ultimii ani ai activităţii sale şi-a legat destinul de mediul academic albaiulian, începând din anul 2000 şi până în 2010, perioadă în care a făcut parte din corpul profesorilor Universităţii "1 Decembrie 1918" din Alba Iulia, sprijinind generaţii de
Research paper thumbnail of In memoriam Ioan Andriţoiu (24 decembrie 1940-13 aprilie 2008), în Annales Universitatis Apulensis, Series Historica, 11/I, 2007, p. 454-455
In memoriam IOAN ANDRIŢOIU (24 decembrie 1940-13 aprilie 2008) * A sosit, mult prea devreme, mome... moreIn memoriam IOAN ANDRIŢOIU (24 decembrie 1940-13 aprilie 2008) * A sosit, mult prea devreme, momentul despărţirii şi purtării amintirii celui care ne-a fost coleg, dascăl, sfătuitor, prieten: Prof. Univ. Dr. IOAN ANDRIŢOIU. S-a stins un om. Orice cuvinte nu ar putea exprima această grea pierdere.
Research paper thumbnail of V. Rusu-Bolindeţ, C. Inel, M. Drâmbărean, C. I. Popa, R. Varga, L. Grumeza, C. M. Turcu, R. Horvath, S. D. Popa, M. Bica, T. Muntean, Alba Iulia, jud. Alba [Apulum] Punct: str. Munteniei nr. 15-17 – Sediul guvernatorului consular al celor trei Dacii, în CCA. Campania 2009, Iaşi, 2010, p. 30-32
In the summer of 2009, we proposed to excavate entirely a Dacian house identified in 2004. We mar... moreIn the summer of 2009, we proposed to excavate entirely a Dacian house identified in 2004. We marked a surface of 5x4 sqm oriented parallel to S5A section. The excavation proved the presence of a workshop for making and repairing iron, bronze, bones and horn objects.
Research paper thumbnail of Cristian Ioan Popa, Cristinel Plantos, Elena Kolbe, Thorsten Rabsilber, Valentin Deleanu, Radu Totoianu, Viorel Ştefu, Raport de cercetare arheologică pe şantierul Cetea-La Pietri. Campania 2005 [Report of archaeological research], în Patrimonium Apulense, V-VI, 2006, p. 181-191
Campania de săpături arheologice în complexul de situri de la Cetea-La Pietri au vizat, În cursul... moreCampania de săpături arheologice în complexul de situri de la Cetea-La Pietri au vizat, În cursul anului 2005', continuarea cercetărilor ce au debutat cu un an Înainte, în cadrul unor proiect cu colaborarea mai multor instituţii de profil din România şi Germania. După identificarea potenţialului arheologic al zonei cercetarea s-a concentrat, în acest stadiu al proiectului, asupra a trei obiective principale, în locurile numite de localnici Măriuţa, Picuiata şi Jerboasa.
Research paper thumbnail of Vasile Moga, Cristinel Plantos, Cristian Ioan Popa, Cetea, com. Galda, jud. Alba. Punct: La Pietri, în Cronica cercetărilor arheologice. Campania 2004, Jupiter-Mangalia, 2005, p. 120-121
Cronica cercetărilor arheologice din România-campania 2004 cert par double rainurage) et de decel... moreCronica cercetărilor arheologice din România-campania 2004 cert par double rainurage) et de deceler l'utilisation combinee des plusieurs solutions technique de fabrication. Toute a la fois, on a pu envisager le deroulement hypothetique de quelques activites domestiques routinieres dans une habitation en grotte pendant des occupations saisonnieres ou permanentes. 72. Cetea, corn. Galda, jud. Alba Punct: La Pietri Cod sit: 4393.01 Colectiv: Vasile Moga -responsabil, Cristinel Plantos (MNUAI), Cristian 1. Popa (Univ. Alba Iulia) Localitatea Cetea se află situată la 20 km N de municipiul Alba Iulia, fiind un sat de munte cu vatra dezvoltată de-a lungul cursului superior al Văii Cetea. Locul numit La Pietri cuprinde trei formaţiuni calcaroase învecinate, ce domină, începând cu locul numit Băile Romane (La Cascadă) în aval, malul stâng al Văii Cetea.
Research paper thumbnail of Cristian Ioan Popa, George Bounegru, Raport asupra săpăturii de salvare de la Alba Iulia-Str. Oborului, nr. 12 a, în Patrimonium Apulense, IV, 2004, p. 165-170
Terenul supus descărcării de sarcină istorică este situat în zona centrală a municipiului Alba Iu... moreTerenul supus descărcării de sarcină istorică este situat în zona centrală a municipiului Alba Iulia, aproape de sediul actual al Băncii Comerciale Române .
Research paper thumbnail of Cristian Ioan Popa, George Bounegru, Paul A. Mihai, Raport asupra săpăturii de salvare de la Alba Iulia-Str. Brânduşei, f. n., în Patrimonium Apulense, IV, 2004, p. 150-155
Proprietatea Alin Moşneag, se află situată pe str. Brânduşei, f. n., pe dreapta drumului ce leagă... moreProprietatea Alin Moşneag, se află situată pe str. Brânduşei, f. n., pe dreapta drumului ce leagă localitatea Alba Iulia de suburbia sa Pâclişa .
Research paper thumbnail of Cristian Ioan Popa, Iosif Vasile Ferencz, Peşteana-„Măgureauă”, jud. Hunedoara, în Cronica cercetărilor arheologice. Campania 1998, Vaslui, 1999, p. 84-85
În perimetrul cercetat nu am găsit urmele unei construcţii mai vechi, care poate fi pusă in legăt... moreÎn perimetrul cercetat nu am găsit urmele unei construcţii mai vechi, care poate fi pusă in legătură cu mănăstirea care funcţiona în secolul al XIV-lea. Cu ocazia perieghezelor din jurul punctului cercetat, am identificat numeroase terase, având condiţii bune pentru a adăposti o mănăstire. Pentru a găsi această construcţie trebuie intreprinsă o campanie de cercetare, pentru verificarea locurilor posibile unde poate fi amplasată mănăstirea veche.
Research paper thumbnail of Ioan Andriţoiu, Cristian Ioan Popa, Sibişeni-„Deasupra Satului” (jud. Alba), în Cronica cercetărilor arheologice. Campania 1998, Vaslui, 1999, p. 105-107
În cadrul � ampaniei din anul 1998 s·a continuat cercetarea locuinţei nr. 9. detectată încă din 1... moreÎn cadrul � ampaniei din anul 1998 s·a continuat cercetarea locuinţei nr. 9. detectată încă din 1995 cu Jcaz1a prospecţiunilor micro-magneiice din asezare.
Research paper thumbnail of Cristian Ioan Popa, Daniel Marius Tentiş, Otis Crandell (Eds.), Beyond the Veil. International Archaeology Student Conference on "Spirituality in Pre- and Protohistory”. 3-5 April 2010, Alba Iulia, Romania, BCŞS, special issue, Editura Aeternitas, Alba Iulia, 2011, 132 p. (ISSN 1454-8097)
Computer editing and design: Cristian Ioan POPA Cover: Călin Achim ŞUTEU; drawing of a Bronze Age... moreComputer editing and design: Cristian Ioan POPA Cover: Călin Achim ŞUTEU; drawing of a Bronze Age Wietenberg culture spiral décor from a ritual hearth, Sighişoara (Romania)
ed by: Cristian loan Popa, Daniel Marius Tentis, Otis Crande
Fig. 2. Das Verzeichnis der dekorativen Hauptmotive der friihzeitiger neolitischen Kultaltarchen aus dem stid-westlichen Teil Siebenbiirgens und die arheologische Statte wo sie entdeckt wurden: 1. (Ocna Sibiului-Triguri, Seusa-L« Cararea Morii, nach Ciuta 2005, Taf. XCII/2c); 2. (Ocna Sibiului-Triguri, nach Ciuta 2005, Taf. XCI/2c); 3. (Ocna Sibiului-Triguri, nach Ciuta 2005, Taf. XCII/1c); 4 (Ocna Sibiului-Triguri, nach Ciuta 2005, Taf. XCIII/3); 5. (Seusa-La Cararea Moriti nach Ciuta 2000, S. 101, Abb. 25/8); 6. (Seusa-La Cararea Morii, nach Ciuta 2000,5 96, Abb. 20/2); 7. (Ocna Sibiului-Triguri, nach Ciuta 2005, Taf. XLIV/3); 8. (Rapoltv Mare-Seghi); 9. (Uioara de Jos-Gura Fanatelor, nach Lazarovici, Cristea 1979,S. 435 Abb. 3/1); 10. (Limba-Bordane, nach Ciuta 2002, S. 29, Abb. 17/3, Orastie-Dealu Pemilor Xs, Tartaria-Valea Rea); 11. (Limba-Bordane, nach Ciuta 2002, S. 29, Abb 17/4); 12. (Lunca Tarnavei-lerdas, nach Barbat 2008, S. 23, Taf. VII/2)
Fig. 1. Map of the Wietenberg funerary discoveries (after N. Borrofka)
Fig. 2. Dumbravita. Funerary inventory: M.14b (2-3); M.6 (4-5); M.2 (6-7) (after I. Andritoiu)
Fig. 3. Deva. Wietenberg necropolis: I- The plan of the necropolis; II - Funerar Inventory: M.16 (1-2); M.15 (3); M.17 (4-6); M.10 (7,11); M.9 (8-10) (after I. Andritoiu)
Fig. 1. Reconstruction of Zurtaketi barrow Ne6 (after G. Narimanishvili)
Fig. 2. Battle axes with discs and spikes: the deposit from Horoatu Cehului (1-4); Ieuc (5); Iba (6) (after Mircea Petrescu-Dimbovita)
Fig. 5. Different types of shields and weapons in Mycenaean iconography (after R. Osgood)
Fig. 9. Pieces of battle chariots: Futak (1-2); Tarcal (3); Vistea (4) (after Mircea Rusu)
Pl. I. Fragments of deer antler, species Cervus elaphus, discovered at Suceag settlement (after Opreanu 1992) Palade 2004
Research paper thumbnail of Equipment and Quarrying Techniques Used at the Chalcolithic Mining Settlement at Piatra Tomii, Romania.
Equipment and Quarrying Techniques Used at the Chalcolithic Mining Settlement at Piatra Tomii, Romania.
The Piatra Tomii archaeological site is located in the south-eastern part of the Apuseni Mts near... moreThe Piatra Tomii archaeological site is located in the south-eastern part of the Apuseni Mts near to Racatau village, Romania. The site is named after the Piatra Tomii hill, which is a large limestone outcrop of late Jurassic origin. The limestone outcrops in and around the site contain nodules and lenses of chert. This material is very well suited to knapping artefacts. This site has a late Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age mining settlement of the Cotofeni culture (phase 3). This presentation will examine the types of mining tools found at this site and some descriptions of the probable mining methods used to extract the chert.

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