Movatterモバイル変換

Hyginus, Fabulae

§ 0.2  Preface: FromCaligine (Mist) (was born)Chaos; fromChaos andCaligine:Night,Day,Erebus,Aether. FromNight andErebus:Fate,Old Age,Death,Dissolution, Continence,Sleep, Dreams,Love — that is, Lysimeles,Epiphron, dumiles [?}Porphyrion,Epaphus, Discord, Wretchedness, Wantonness,Nemesis,Euphrosyne,Friendship, Compassion,Styx; the threeFates, namely,Clotho,Lachesis, andAtropos; theHesperides,Aegle,Hesperie, aerica.

§ p.2  FromAether andDay,Earth,Heaven Sea.
FromAether andEarth: Dolor, Deceit (Dolus), Wrath (Ira), Lamentation (Luctus), Falsehood Mendacium, Oath Iusiurandum, Vengeance, Intemperance, Altercation, Oblivion, Sloth, Fear, Pride, Incest, Combat,Ocean,Themis,Tartarus,Pontus; and theTitans,Briareus,Gyges,Steropes,Atlas,Hyperion, andPolus,Saturn,Ops,Moneta,Dione; and threeFuries — namely,Alecto,Megaera,Tisiphone.

§ p.4  FromEarth andTartarus,Giants:Enceladus,Coeus, Elentes, Mophius,Astraeus,Pelorus,Pallas, Emphytus,Rhoecus, Ienios,Agrius, Alemone,Ephialtes,Eurytus, Effracorydon, Themoises,Theodamas,Otus,Typhon,Polyboetes, Menephriarus, Abesus,Colophonus,Iapetus.

§ p.5  FromPontus and Sea, the tribes of fishes. FromOcean andTethys theOceanides — namely yaeaMelite,Ianthe,Admete, Stilbo,Pasiphae,Polyxo,Eurynome,Euagoreis,Rhodope, Lyris,Clytie, Teschinoeno, Clitenneste,Metis,Menippe,Argia. Of the same descent Rivers:Strymon,Nilus,Euphrates,Tanais,Indus,Cephisus,Ismenus,Axenus,Achelous,Simois,Inachus,Alpheus, Therodoon,Scamandrus,Tigris,Maeandrus,Orontes.

§ p.7  FromPontos andEarth,Thaumas, tusciuersus, cepheus. FromNereus andDoris fiftyNereids:Glauce,Thalia,Cymodoce,Nesaea,Spio,Thoe,Cymothoe[a],Actaea,Limnoria,Melite,Iaera,Amphithoe,Agaue,Doto,Protho,Pherusa,Dynamene,Dexamene,Amphinome,Callianassa,Doris,Panope,Galathea,Nemertes,Apseudes,Clymene,Ianira, [Panopea],Ianassa,Maera,Orithyia,Amathia,Drymo, Xantho,Ligea,Phyllodoce,Cydippe,Lycorias,Cleio,Beroe,Ephyre,Opis,Asia,Deiopea,Arethusa, [Clymene],Creneis,Eurydice,Leucothea.

§ p.9  FromPhorcus andCeto:PhorcidesPemphredo,Enyo andPersis (for this last others sayDino). FromGorgon andCeto,Sthenno,Euryale,Medusa. FromPolus andPhoebe,Latone,Asterie, aphirape . . .Perses,Pallas. FromIapetus andClymene,Atlas,Epimetheus,Prometheus. FromHyperion andAethra,Sol,Luna,Aurora. FromSaturn andOps,Vesta,Ceres,Iuno,Jupiter,Pluto,Neptune. FromSaturn andPhilyra,Chiron,Dolops. FromAstraeus andAurora,Zephyrus,Boreas,Notus,Favonius. FromAtlas andPleione,Maia,Calypso,Alcyone,Merope,Electra,Celaeno. FromPallas the giant andStyx,Scylla,Force,Envy,Power,Victory, Fountains, Lakes.

§ p.19  FromNeptune andAmphitrite,Triton. FromDione andJove,Venus. FromJove andJuno,Mars. FromJove's head,Minerva. FromJuno without father,Vulcan. FromJove andEurynome,Graces. Again fromJove andJuno,Youth, Liberty. FromJove andThemis, theHorae. FromJove andCeres,Proserpina. FromJove andMoneta, theMuses. FromJove andLuna,Pandia. FromVenus andMars,Harmonia, andFormido.

§ p.30  FromAcheloos andMelpomene, theSirens,Thelxiepe,Molpe andPisinoe. FromJove andClymene,Mnemosyne. FromJove andMaia,Mercury. FromJove andLatona,Apollo andDiana. FromEarth,Python, a divine (prophetic)snake.

§ p.35  FromThaumas andElectra:Iris,Harpies,Celaeno,Ocypete,Podarce. FromSol andPersa,Circe,Pasiphae,Aeeta,Perses. FromAeeta andClytia,Medea. FromSol andClymene,Phaethon and the Phaethontides,Merope,Helie, Aetherie,Dioxippe. FromTyphon andEchidna:Gorgon,Cerberus, the dragon which guarded theGolden Fleece atColchis,Scylla who was woman above butdog-forms below [whomHercules killed];Chimaera,Sphinx who was inBoeotia,Hydraserpent which had nine heads whichHercules killed, and the dragon of theHesperides.

§ p.40  FromNeptune andMedusa, thehorsePegasus. FromChrysaor andCallirhoe,: three-formedGeryon.

§ 1  1 THEMISTO:Athamas, son ofAeolus, had by his wifeNebula a sonPhrixus and a daughterHelle, and byThemisto, daughter ofHypseus, two son, Sphincius andOrchomenus, and byIno, daughter ofCadmus, two sons,Learchus andMelicertes.Themisto, robbed of her marriage byIno, wished to killIno's children. She hid, therefore, in the palace, and when an opportunity presented itself, thinking she was killing the sons of her rival, unwittingly killed her own, deceived by the nurse who had put the wrong garments on them. WhenThemisto discovered this, she killed herself.

§ 2  2 INO:Ino, daughter ofCadmus andHarmonia, wishing to killPhrixus andHelle,Nebula's children, formed a plan with the women of the entire tribe, and conspired to parch the seed grain to make it unfertile, so that, when the sterility and scarcity of grain resulted, the whole state should perish, some by starvation, others by sickness. With regard to this situationAthamas sent a servant toDelphi, butIno instructed him to bring back a false reply that the pestilence would end if he sacrificedPhrixus toJove. WhenAthamas refused to do this,Phrixus voluntarily and readily promised that he alone would free the state from its distress. Accordingly he was led to the altar, wearing fillets (of sacrifice), but the servant, out of pity for the youth, revealedIno's plans toAthamas. The king, thus informed of the crime, gave over his wifeIno and her sonMelicertes to be put to death, butFather Liber cast mist around her, and savedIno his nurse. Later,Athamas, driven mad byJove, slew his sonLearchus. ButIno, withMelicertes her son, threw herself into the sea.Liber would have her calledLeucothea, andMelicertes, her son the godPalaemon, but we call herMater Matuta, and himPortunus. In his honor every fifth year gymnastic contests are held, which are calledIsthmian.

§ 3  3 PHRIXUS: WhilePhrixus andHelle under madness sent byLiber were wandering in a forest,Nebula their mother is said to have come there bringing a gilded ram, offspring ofNeptune andTheophane. She bade her children to mount it, and journey toColchis to KingAeetes, son ofSol, and there sacrifice the ram toMars. This they were said to have done, but when they had mounted, and the ram had carried them over the sea,Helle fell from the ram; from this sea was calledHellespont.Phrixus, however, was carried toColchis, where, as his mother had bidden, he sacrificed the ram, and placed its gilded fleece in the temple ofMars — the very fleece which, guarded by a dragon, it is saidJason, son ofAeson andAlcimede, came to secure. ButAeetes gladly welcomedPhrixus, and gave him his daughterChalciope in marriage. She later bore him children, butAeetes feared that they would drive him from his kingdom, because he had been warned by prodigies to beware of death at the hands of a foreigner, a son ofAeolus. Therefore he killedPhrixus. ButPhrixus' sons —Argus,Melas, andCylindrus — took ship to go to their grandfatherAthamas. They were shipwrecked, however, andJason, on his trip for the fleece, rescued them from the island of Dia, and took them back to their motherChalciope. By her favour he was recommended to her sisterMedea.

§ 4  4 INO OF EURIPIDES: WhenAthamas, king inThessaly, thought that his wifeIno, by whom he begat two sons, had perished, he marriedThemisto, the daughter of a nymph, and had twin sons by her. Later he discovered thatIno was onParnassus, where she had gone for the Bacchic revels. He sent someone to bring her home, and concealed her when she came.Themisto discovered she had been found, but didn't know her identity. She conceived the desire of killingIno's sons, and madeIno herself, whom she believed to be a captive, a confidant in the plan, telling her to cover her children with white garments, butIno's with black.Ino covered her own with white, andThemisto's with dark; thenThemisto mistakenly slew her own sons. When she discovered this, she killed herself. Moreover,Athamas, while hunting, in a fit of madness killed his older sonLearchus; butIno with the younger,Melicertes, cast herself into the sea and was made a goddess.

§ 5  5 ATHAMAS: BecauseSemele had lain withJove,Juno was hostile to her whole race; and soAthamas, son ofAeolus, through madness killed his son with arrows while hunting.

§ 6  6 CADMUS:Cadmus, son ofAgenor andArgiope, along withHarmonia his wife, daughter ofVenus andMars, after their children had been killed, were turned intosnakes in the region ofIllyria by the wrath ofMars, becauseCadmus had slain the dragon, guardian of the fountain ofCastalia.

§ 7  7 ANTIOPA:Antiopa, daughter ofNycteus, was by a trick violated byEpaphus, and as a consequence was cast off by her husbandLycus. Thus widowed,Jupiter embraced her. ButLycus marriedDirce. She, suspecting that her husband had secretly lain withAntiopa, ordered her servants to keep her bound in darkness. When her time was approaching, by the will ofJove she escaped from her chains to MountCithaeron, and when birth was imminent and she sought for a place to bear her child, pain compelled her to give birth at the very crossroads. Shepherds reared her sons as their own, and called oneZetos, from "seeking a place," and the otherAmphion, because "she gave birth at the crossroads, or by the road." When the sons found out who their mother was, they putDirce to death by binding her to an untamedbull; by the kindness ofLiber, whose votary she was, on MountCithaeron a spring was formed from her body, which was calledDirce.

§ 8  8 ANTIOPA OF EURIPIDES (WHICH ENNIUS WROTE):Antiopa was the daughter ofNycteus, king inBoeotia; entranced by her great beauty,Jupiter made her pregnant. When her father wished to punish her on account of her disgrace, and threatened harm,Antiopa fled. By chanceEpaphus, aSikyonian, was staying in the place to which she came, and he brought the woman to his house and married her.Nycteus took this hard, and as he was dying, bound by oath his brotherLycus, to whom he left his kingdom, not to leaveAntiopa unpunished. After his death,Lycus came toSikyon, and slayingEpaphus, broughtAntiopa bound toCithaeron. She bore sons, and left them there, but a shepherd reared them, naming themZetus andAmphion.Antiopa had been given over toDirce,Lycus' wife, for punishment. When opportunity presented itself, she fled, and came to her sons. ButZetus, thinking her a runaway, did not accept her.Dirce, in the revels ofLiber, was brought to the same place. There she foundAntiopa and was dragging her to death. But the youths, informed by the shepherd who had reared them that she was their mother, quickly pursued and rescued their mother, but slewDirce, binding her by the hair to abull. When they were about to killLycus,Mercurius forbade them, and at the same time orderedLycus to yield the kingdom toAmphion.

§ 9  9 NIOBE:Amphion andZetus, sons ofJove andAntiopa, daughter ofNycteus, by the command ofApollo surroundedThebes with a wall up to [corrupt], and drivingLaius, son of KingLabdacus, into exile, themselves held the royal power there.Amphion took in marriageNiobe, daughter ofTantalus andDione, by whom he had seven sons and as many daughters. These childrenNiobe placed above those ofLatona, and spoke rather contemptuously againstApollo andDiana becauseDiana was girt in man's attire, andApollo wore long hair and a woman's gown. She said, too, that she surpassedLatona in number of children. Because of thisApollo slew her sons with arrows as they were hunting in the woods, andDiana shot and killed the daughters in the palace, all exceptChloris. But the mother, bereft if her children, is said to have been turned into stone by weeping on MountSipylus, and her tears today are said to trickle down.Amphion, however, tried to storm the temple ofApollo, and was slain by the arrows ofApollo.

§ 10  CHLORIS:Chloris was the only daughter ofNiobe andAmphion who survived.Neleus,Hippocoon's son, married her, and she bore to him twelve sons. WhenHercules was besiegingPylus he slewNeleus and ten of his sons, but the eleventh,Periclymenus, was changed to aneagle by the favour ofNeptune, his grandfather, and escaped death. Now the twelfth,Nestor, was the one atIlium. He is said to have lived three generations by favour ofApollo, for the years whichApollo had taken fromChloris and her brothers he granted toNestor.

§ 11  CHILDREN OF NIOBE:Tantalus,Ismenus,Eupinytus,Phaedimus,Sipylus,Damasichthon,Archenor;Neara,Phthia,Astycratia,Chloris, [corrupt], Eudoxa,Ogygia. These are the sons and daughters ofNiobe, wife ofAmphion.

§ 12  PELIAS: An oracle badePelias, son ofCretheus andTyro, sacrifice toNeptune, and told him his death was drawing near if a monocrepis, that is, a man wearing only one sandal, arrived. While he was making the yearly offerings toNeptune,Jason, son ofAeson,Pelias' brother, himself eager to make sacrifice, lost his sandal as he was crossing the riverEvenus, and in order to arrive promptly at the ceremonies, failed to recover it. WhenPelias noticed this, remembering the warning of the oracle, he bade him procure from KingAeetes, his enemy, theGolden Fleece of the ram whichPhrixus had dedicated toMars atColchis.Jason, calling together the leaders of the Greeks, set out forColchis.

§ 13  JUNO: WhenJuno, near the riverEvenus, had changed her form to that of an old woman, and was waiting to test men's minds to se if they would carry her across the riverEvenus, no one offered tillJason, son ofAeson andAlcimede, took her across. But, angry atPelias for failing to sacrifice to her, she causedJason to leave one sandal in the mud.

§ 14  ARGONAUTS ASSEMBLED:Jason, son ofAeson andAlcimede,Clymene's daughter, leader of theThessalians.Orpheus, son ofOiagrus and theMuseCalliope, Thracian, from the city [corrupt] which is on MountOlympus near the riverEnipeus, prophet, player on the lyre.Asterion, son of [corrupt] byAntigona, daughter ofPheres, from the cityPellene. Others call him son ofHyperasius, from the cityPiresia, which is at the foot of MountPhylleus inThessaly, a place where two rivers, flowing separately, theApidanus and theEnipeus, join into one.Polyphemus, son ofElatus byHippea, daughter ofAntippus, aThessalian from the cityLarissa, lame of foot.Iphiclus, son ofPhylacus, byPericlymene, daughter ofMinyas, fromThessaly,Jason's maternal uncle.Admetus, son ofPheres, byPericlymene, daughter ofMinyas, from Mount Chalcodonius, whence both town and river derive their names. His flocks they sayApollo pastured.Eurytus andEchion, sons ofMercury andAntianira, daughter ofMenetus, from the cityAlope, which is now calledEphesus; some authors think themThessalians.Aethalides, son ofMercury andEupolemia, daughter ofMyrmidon; he was aLarissaean.Coronus, son ofCaeneus, from the city ofGyrton, which is inThessaly. ThisCaeneus, son ofElatus, aMagnesian, proved that in no way could theCentaurs wound him with steel, but they did so with trunks of trees sharpened to a point. Some say that he was once a woman, and in answer to her petition,Neptune for her favors granted that she be turned into a man, and be invulnerable to any blow. This has never been done, nor is it possible for any mortal by invulnerability to escape death by steel, or be changed from a woman into a man.

§ 14.2  Mopsus, son ofAmpycus andChloris; taught augury byApollo, he came fromOichalia, or, as some think, he was a Titarensian.Eurydamas, son ofIrus andDemonassa; others call him son ofCtimenus, who dwelt in the city [Ktimenai]Dolopeis nearLake Xynius.Theseus, son ofAegeus andAethra, daughter ofPittheus, fromTroezene; others say fromAthens.Perithous, son ofIxion, brother ofCentaurus, aThessalian.Menoetius, son ofActor, anOpuntian.Eribotes, son ofTeleon,Eurytion, son ofIrus andDemonassa. ixition from the townCerinthus.Oileus, son ofHodoedocus andAgrianome, daughter of Perseon, from the cityNarycea.Clytius andIphitus, sons ofEurytus andAntiope, daughter of Pylo, kings ofOichalia. Others say they came fromEuboea.Eurytus, taught archery byApollo, is said to have contended with the granter of the gift. His sonClytius was killed byAeetes.Peleus andTelamon, sons ofAeacus andEndeis, daughter ofChiron, from the island ofAigina. These left their country because of the slaughter ofPhocus their brother, and sought different homes —Peleus,Phthia, andTelamon,Salamis, whichApollonius ofRhodes callsAtthis.Butes, son ofTeleon andZeuxippe, daughter of the riverEridanus, fromAthens.Phaleros, son ofAlcon, fromAthens.Tiphys, son ofPhorbas andHyrmine, aBoeotian; he was steersman of the shipArgo.Argus, son ofPolybus andArgia; some say son ofDanaus. He was anArgive, wearing a black-hairedbull's hide. He was the builder of the shipArgo.Phliasus, son ofFather Liber andAriadne, daughter ofMinos, from the cityPhlious, which is in thePeloponnesus. Others call him aTheban.Hylas, son ofTheodamas and the nymphMenodice, daughter ofOrion, a youth, fromOichalia; others say fromArgos, a companion ofHercules.Nauplius, son ofNeptune andAmymone, daughter ofDanaus, anArgive.Idmon, son ofApollo, and the nymphCyrene; some say ofAbas, anArgive. He was skilled in augury, and though he knew of his coming death by birds that foretold it, he did not shun the fatal expedition.

§ 14.3  Castor andPollux, sons ofJove andLeda, daughter ofThestius,Lacedemonians; others call themSpartans, both beardless youths. It is written that at the same time stars appeared on their heads, seeming to have fallen there.Lynceus andIdas, sons ofAphareus andArena, daughter ofOibalus,Messenians from thePeloponnesus. They say that one of these,Lynceus, saw things hidden underground, not hindered by any darkness. Others say thatLynceus saw nothing by night. He was said to see underground because he knew gold mines; when he went down and suddenly showed gold the rumor spread that he could see beneath the earth.Idas, too, was keen and spirited.Periclymenus, son ofNeleus andChloris, daughter ofAmphion andNiobe; he was fromPylos.Amphidamas andCepheus, sons ofAleus andCleobule, fromArcadia.Ancaeus, son ofLycurgus; others say grandson, fromTegea.Augeas, son ofSol andNausidame, daughter ofAmphidamas; he was anElean.Asterion andAmphion, sons ofHyperasius, others say ofHippasus, fromPellene.Euphemus, son ofNeptune and Europe, daughter ofTityus, aTaenarian. It is said he could run over water with dry feet. A secondAncaeus, son ofNeptune byAlthaea, daughter ofThestius, from the islandImbrasus, which was calledParthenia but is now calledSamos.Erginus, son ofNeptune, fromMiletus; some say son ofPericlymenus, fromOrchomenus.Meleager, son ofOineus andAlthaea, daughter ofThestius; some think son ofMars, aCalydonian.Laocoon, son ofPorthaon, brother ofOineus, aCalydonian. A secondIphiclus, son ofThestus byLeucippe, brother ofAlthaea by the same mother, aLacedemonian; he was, a runner and javelin-thrower.Iphitus, son ofNaubolus, fromPhocis; others say that he was the son ofHippasus from thePeloponnesus.Zetes andCalais, sons of the windAquilo andOrithyia, daughter ofErechtheus. These are said to have had wings on head and feet and dark-blue locks, and travelled by air. They drove away the threeHarpies,Aellopous,Celaeno, andOcypete, daughter ofThaumas and Oxomene, fromPhineus, son ofAgenor, whenJason's comrades were going toColchis. They are said to have been feathered, with cocks' heads, wings, and human arms, with great claws; breasts, bellies, and female parts human.Zetes andCalais, however, were slain by the weapons ofHercules. The stones placed over their tombs are moved by their father's blasts. These, too, are said to be fromThrace.

§ 14.4  Phocus and Priasus, son ofCaeneus, fromMagnesia.Eurymedon, son ofFather Liber andAriadne, daughter ofMinos, fromPhlious. Palaemonius, son ofLernus, aCalydonian.Actor, son ofHippasus, from thePeloponnesus. Thersanon, son ofSol andLeucothoe, fromAndros.Hippalcimus, son ofPelops andHippodamia, daughter ofOinomaus, from thePeloponnesus., fromPisa.Asclepius, son ofApollo andCoronis, fromTricca.. . .Thestius' daughter, anArgive.Neleus, son ofHippocoon, fromPylos.Iolaus, son ofIphiclus, anArgive.Deucalion, son ofMinos andPasiphae, daughter ofSol, fromCrete.Philoctetes, son ofPoeas, fromMeliboea. AnotherCaeneus, son ofCoronus, fromGortyn.Acastus, son ofPelias andAnaxibia, daughter ofBias, fromIolchus, clad in a double mantle. He joined theArgonauts as a volunteer, a comrade ofJason of his own accord. Moreover, all these were calledMinyae, either because daughters ofMinyas bore most of them, or becauseJason's mother was a daughter ofClymene, daughter ofMinyas. But neither did all reachColchis nor all return to their country. For inMoesia nearCios and the riverAscaniusHylas was snatched away by nymphs. WhileHercules andPolyphemus were seeking him, they were left behind, a wind carrying the ship on.Polyphemus, too, was left byHercules. After founding a city inMoesia, he perished among theChalybes. Again,Tiphys became ill and died among theMariandyni inPropontis whereLycus was king; in his placeAncaeus,Neptune's son, steered the ship toColchis.Idmon, too, son ofApollo, died there atLycus' court, wounded a wildboar, when he had gone out to fetch straw. His avenger wasIdas, son ofAphareus, who killed theboar.Butes, son ofTeleon, though diverted by the singing and lyre ofOrpheus, nevertheless was overcome by the sweetness of theSirens' song, and in an effort to swim to them threw himself into the sea.Venus saved him atLilybaion, as he was borne along by the waves. These are the ones who did not reachColchis.

§ 14.5  One the return tripEurybates, son ofTeleon, died, andCanthus, son of Cerion. They were slain inLibya by the shepherdCephalion, brother ofNasamon, son of the nymphTritonis andAmphithemis, whose flocks they were plundering.Mopsus, too, son ofAmpycus, died of aserpent's bite in Africa. He had joined theArgonauts on the trip after his fatherAmpycus had been slain. There likewise joined them on the island ofDia the sons ofPhrixus andChalciope,Medea's sister —Argus,Melas,Phrontides, andCylindrus. Others say they were namedPhronius,Demoleon,Autolycus, andPhlogius. WhenHercules took them as companions when he went after the Girdle of theAmazons, he left them terror-struck [corrupt]. When theArgonauts started forColchis, they wanted to haveHercules as leader. He declined, saying thatJason, at whose instigation they all were going, should be the leader.Jason, therefore, directed them.Argus, son ofDanaus, was shipbuilder;Tiphys was pilot. After his deathAncaeus, son ofNeptune, steered.Lynceus, son ofAphareus, who had keen sight, was the lookout man at the prow; helmsmen wereZetes andCalais, sons ofAquilo, who had wings on head and feet. At prow and oars satPeleus andTelamon; at the centre [?]Hercules andIdas. The rest kept their positions.Orpheus, son ofOiagrus, gave the calls. Later, whenHercules left his place,Peleus, son ofAeacus, sat there. This is the shipArgo, whichMinerva had put in the circle of stars because she built it. When first he ship was launched into the sea, it appeared among the stars from rudder to sail.Cicero in hisPhaenomena described its appearance and beauty in the following verses: "Moving slowly near the tail of theDog, theArgo glides along, bearing her stern first, with its light; not as other ships are wont to move their prows on the deep cleaving the Neptunian meadows with their beaks, but she bears herself backward through the turning[?] spaces of the sky just as when sailors approach safe harbors, they turn their ship with its great burden and drag the stern backward to the longed-for shore; so oldArgo glides beyond[?] the turning heavens, and her rudder, hanging from the moving stern, touches the rear foot-tracks of the shiningDog." This ship has four stars on her stern; on the right of the rudder, five; on the left, four — all alive; in all, thirteen.

§ 15  WOMEN OF LEMNOS: On the island ofLemnos the women for several years did not make offerings toVenus, and because of her anger their husbands married Thracian wives and scorned their former ones. But theLemnian women (all exceptHypsipyle), instigated by the sameVenus, conspired to kill the whole tribe of men who were there.Hypsipyle secretly put her fatherThoas on board a ship which a storm carried to the island Taurica. In the meantime, theArgonauts, sailing along, came toLemnos. WhenIphinoe, guardian of the harbour, saw them, she announced their coming toHypsipyle the queen, to whomPolyxo, by virtue of her middle age, gave advice that she should put them under obligation to the gods of hospitality and invite them to a friendly reception.Hypsipyle bore sons toJason,Euneus andDeipylus. Delayed many days there, they were chided byHercules, and departed. Now when theLemnian women learned thatHypsipyle had saved her father, they tried to kill her. She fled, butpirates captured her, took her toThebes, and sold her as a slave to KingLycus. TheLemnian women gave the names of theArgonauts to the children they had conceived by them.

§ 16  CYZICUS:Cyzicus, son ofEusorus, king in an island of thePropontis, received theArgonauts with generous hospitality, but when they had left him, and had sailed a whole day, by a storm that arose in the night they were brought unaware to the same island.Cyzicus, thinking they were Pelasgian enemies attacked them on the shore at night, and was slain byJason. On the next day, when he had come near the shore and saw that he had killed the king, he gave him burial and handed over the kingdom to his sons.

§ 17  AMYCUS:Amycus, son ofNeptune andMelie, king ofBebrycia, compelled whoever came to his kingdom to contend with him in boxing, and slew the vanquished. When he had challenged theArgonauts to a boxing match,Pollux fought with him and killed him.

§ 18  LYCUS:Lycus, king of an island of thePropontis, received theArgonauts hospitably, grateful because they had killedAmycus, who had often attacked[?] him. While theArgonauts were staying withLycus, and had gone out to gather straw,Idmon, son ofApollo, was wounded by a wildboar and died.

§ 19  PHINEUS:Phineus, a Thracian, son ofAgenor, had two sons byCleopatra. Because of their stepmother's charges, these two were blinded by their father. Now to thisPhineus,Apollo is said to have given the gift of prophecy. But he, since he revealed the deliberations of the gods, was blinded byJove, andJove set over him theHarpies, who are called thehounds ofJove, to take the food from his lips. When theArgonauts came there and asked him to show them the way, he said he would show them if they would free him from the punishment. ThenZetes andCalais, sons of theNorth Wind andOrithyia, who are said to have had wings on head and feet, drove theHarpies to theStrophades Islands, and freedPhineus from the punishment. He showed them how to pass theSymplegades by sending out a dove; when the rocks rushed together, in their rebound . . . [they would pass through if the dove went through, and they exerted all their strength in rowing. But if she perished, ] they should turn back. By the help ofPhineus theArgonauts passed theSymplegades.

§ 20  STYMPHALIDES: When theArgonauts had come to the island ofDia, and the birds were wounding them, using their feathers as arrows, they were not able to cope with the great numbers of birds. FollowingPhineus' advice they seized shields and spears, and dispersed them by the noise, after the manner of theCuretes.

§ 21  SONS OF PHRIXUS: When theArgonauts had entered the sea calledEuxine through theCyanean Cliffs, which are called Rocks of theSymplegades, and were wandering there, by the will ofJuno they were borne to the island ofDia. There they found shipwrecked men, naked and helpless — the sons ofPhrixus andChalciope —Argus,Phrontides,Melas, andCylindrus. These told their misfortunes toJason, how they had suffered shipwreck and been cast there when they were hastening to go to their grandfatherAthamas, andJason welcomed and aided them. They ledJason toColchis, bade theArgonauts conceal the ship. They themselves went to their motherChalciope,Medea's sister, and made known the kindness ofJason, and why the had come. ThenChalciope told aboutMedea, and brought her with her sons toJason. When she saw him, she recognized him as the one whom in dreams she had loved deeply byJuno's urging, and promised him everything. They brought him to the temple.

§ 22  AEETES: An oracle toldAeetes, son ofSol, that he would keep his kingdom as long as the fleece whichPhrixus had dedicated should remain the shrine ofMars. And soAeetes appointed this task forJason, if he wished to take away theGolden Fleece — to yoke with yoke of adamant the bronze-footedbulls which breathed flames from their nostrils, and plow, and sow from a helmet the dragon's teeth, from which a tribe of armed men should arise and slay each other.Juno, however, whished to saveJason, because once when she had come to a river and wished to test the minds of men, she assumed an old woman's form, and asked to be carried across. He had carried her across when others who had passed over despised her. And so since she knew thatJason could not perform the commands without help ofMedea, she askedVenus to inspireMedea with love. AtVenus' instigation,Jason was loved byMedea. By her aid he as freed from all danger, for when he had plowed with thebulls, and the armed men had been born, byMedea's advice he threw a stone among them. They then fought among themselves and slew each other. When the dragon was lulled to sleep with drugs he took the fleece from the shrine, and set off for his country withMedea.

§ 23  ABSYRTUS: WhenAeetes knew thatMedea had fled withJason, he made ready a ship and sentAbsyrtus, his son, with armed guards after her. When he had caught up with her in theAdriatic Sea inHistria at KingAlcinous' court, and would fight for her,Alcinous intervened to prevent their fighting. They took him as arbiter, and he put them off till the next day. When he seemed depressed andArete, his wife, asked him the cause of his sadness, he said he had been made arbiter by two different states, to judge betweenColchians andArgives. WhenArete asked him what judgment he would give,Alcinous replied that ifMedea were a virgin, he would give her to her father, but if not, to her husband. WhenArete heard this from her husband, she sent word toJason, and he lay withMedea by night in a cave. Then next day when they came to court, andMedea was found to be a wife she was given to her husband. Nevertheless, when they had left,Absyrtus, fearing his father's commands, pursued them to the island ofMinerva. WhenJason was sacrificing there toMinerva, andAbsyrtus came upon him, he was killed byJason.Medea gave him burial, and they departed. TheColchians who had come withAbsyrtus, fearingAeetes, remained there and founded a town which fromAbsyrtus' name they calledAbsoros. Now this island is located inHistria, oppositePola, joined[?] to the island.

§ 24  JASON. DAUGHTERS OF PELIAS: SinceJason has faced so many perils at the command of his unclePelias, he began to think how he might kill him without suspicion. ThisMedea proposed to do. And so, when they were now far fromColchis, she bade the ship be hidden in a secret place, and she herself in the guise of a priestess ofDiana came to the daughters ofPelias. She promised to make their fatherPelias a youth again instead of an old man, but this the eldest daughterAlcestis said could not be done. In order more easily to bend her to her will,Medea cast mist before them, and by means of drugs formed many strange things which seemed to be like reality, putting an old ram in a brazen vessel, from which a very fine younglamb seemed to spring. So in the same way the daughters ofPelias — namely,Alcestis,Pelopia,Medusa,Pisidice, andHippothoe — atMedea's instigation slew their father and cooked him in a brazen caldron. When they realized they had been deceived, they fled from the country. ButJason, at a given signal ofMedea, made himself the master of the palace, and handed over the rule toAcastus, son ofPelias, brother of thePeliades, because he had gone with him toColchis. He himself withMedea departed forCorinth.

§ 25  MEDEA: WhenMedea, daughter ofAeetes andIdyia, had already borne toJason sons —Mermerus andPheres — and they were living in great harmony, it was cast in his teeth that a man so brave and handsome and noble should have as wife a foreigner and sorceress. To him,Creon, son ofMenoecus, King ofCorinth, gave his younger daughterGlauce as wife. WhenMedea saw that she, who had beenJason's benefactress, was treated with scorn, with the help of poisonous drugs she made a golden crown, and she bade her sons give it as a gift to their stepmother.Creusa took the gift, and was burned to death along withJason andCreon. WhenMedea saw that the palace was on fire, she slewMermerus andPheres, her sons byJason, and fled fromCorinth.

§ 26  MEDEA IN EXILE:Medea, an exile fromCorinth, came toAthens to the hospitality ofAegeus, son ofPandion, and married him; to himMedus was born. Later the priestess ofDiana began to censureMedea, and tell the king that she could not perform sacrifices piously because there was a woman in that state who was a sorceress and criminal. She was exiled then for the second time.Medea, however, with her yoked dragons, returned toColchis fromAthens. On the way she came toAbsoros where her brotherAbsyrtus was buried. There the people ofAbsoros could not cope with a great number ofsnakes. At their entreatiesMedea gathered them up and put them in her brother's tomb. They still remain there, and if any goes outside the tomb, it pays the debt to nature.

§ 27  MEDUS: An oracle toldPerses, son ofSol,Aeetes' brother, that he should beware of death fromAeetes' descendants.Medus, following his mother, was brought to him by a storm, and guards seized him and brought him to KingPerses. WhenMedus, son ofAegeus andMedea, saw that he had come into the power of his enemy, he falsely asserted he wasHippotes, son ofCreon. The king carefully investigated, and ordered him cast into prison. There sterility and scarcity of crops are said to have occurred. WhenMedea had come there in her chariot with the yoked dragons, she falsely claimed before the king to be a priestess ofDiana. She said she could make atonement for the sterility, and when she heard from the king thatHippotes, son ofCreon, was held in custody, thinking he had come to avenge the injury to his father . . . there, unknowingly, she betrayed her son. For she persuaded the king that he was notHippotes, butMedus, son ofAegeus, sent by his father to dispatch the king, and begged that he be handed over to her to kill, convinced that he wasHippotes. And so whenMedus was brought out to pay for his deceit by death, when she saw that things were otherwise than she had thought, she said she wished to talk with him, and gave him a sword, and bade him avenge the wrongs of his grandfather.Medus, at this news, killedPerses, and gained his grandfather's kingdom; from his name he called the countryMedia.

§ 28  OTOS AND EPHIALTES:Otos andEphialtes, sons ofAloeus andIphimede, . . . daughter [ofNeptune], are said to have been of extraordinary size. They each grew nine inches every month, and so when they were nine years old, they tried to climb into heaven. They began this way: they placed MountOssa onPelion (from this MountOssa is also called Pelion), and were piling up other mountains. But they were discovered byApollo and killed. Other writers, however, say that they were invulnerable sons ofNeptune andIphimede. When they wished to assaultDiana, she could not resist their strength, andApollo sent a deer between them. Driven mad by anger in trying to kill it with javelins, they killed each other. In the Land of the Dead they are said to suffer this punishment: they are bound byserpents to a column, back to back. Between them is a screech-owl, sitting on the column to which they are bound.

§ 29  ALCIMENA: WhenAmphitryon was away subduingOichalia,Alcimena, thinkingJove was her husband, received him in her chamber. When he had entered her room, and told her what he had done inOichalia, she lay with him, thinking he was her husband. He lay with her with so much pleasure that he spent one day and doubled two nights, so thatAlcimena wondered at such a long night. Later when the word came to her that her husband was at hand, a victor, she showed no concern, because she thought she had already seen her husband. WhenAmphitryon came into the palace, and saw her carelessly unconcerned, he began to wonder and to complain that she did not welcome him when he appeared.Alcimena replied: You already came and lay with me, and told me what you had done inOichalia. When she had given him all the evidence,Amphitryon realized that some divinity had assumed his form, and from that day did not lie with her. But she, from the embrace ofJove, boreHercules.

§ 30  TWELVE LABORS OF HERCULES ORDERED BY EURYSTHEUS: When he was an infant, he strangled with his two hands the twosnakes whichJuno had sent — whence his name, Primigenius. TheNemeanLion, an invulnerable monster, whichLuna had nourished in a two-mouthed cave, he slew and took the pelt for defensive covering. He killed at the spring ofLerna the nine-headedLernaeanHydra, offspring ofTyphon. This monster was so poisonous that she killed men with her breath, and if anyone passed by when she was sleeping, he breathed her tracks and died in the greatest torment. UnderMinerva's instructions he killed her, disembowelled her, and dipped his arrows in her gall; and so whatever later he hit with his arrows did not escape death, and later he himself perished inPhrygia from the same cause. He killed theErymanthianBoar. The wild stag with golden horns inArcadia he brought alive to showEurystheus. He killed with his arrows on the island ofMars theStymphalian Birds which shoot their feathers out as arrows. He cleaned in one day theox dung of KingAugeas,Jove helping him for the most part. By letting in a river he washed away all the dung. Thebull with whichPasiphae lay he brought alive from the island ofCrete toMycenae.Diomedes, King ofThrace, and his fourhorses which fed on human flesh he killed along with the slaveAbderus. Thehorses' names were Podargus,Lampon,Xanthus, andDinus. [He slew]Hippolyte, daughter ofMars and QueenOtrera, and took from her the belt of theAmazon Queen; then he presentedAntiopa as captive toTheseus. The triple-bodiedGeryon, son ofChrysaor, he killed with a single weapon. The huge dragon,Typhon's son, which used to guard the golden apples of theHesperides, he killed nearMount Atlas, and brought the apples to KingEurystheus. He brought from the Lower World for the king to see, thedogCerberus, offspring ofTyphon.

§ 31  INCIDENTAL LABORS OF THE SAME HERCULES: He slewAntaeus, son ofEarth, inLibya. This man would compel visitors to wrestle with him, and when they were exhausted would kill them. He slew them in wrestling. [He slew] inEgypt,Busiris, whose custom it was to sacrifice visitors. WhenHercules heard of his customary practice, he allowed himself to be led to the altar with the fillet of sacrifice, but whenBusiris was about to invoke the gods,Hercules with his club killed him and the attendants at the sacrifice as well. He killedCygnus, son ofMars, conquering him by force of arms. WhenMars came there, and wanted to contend with him in arms because of his son,Jove hurled a thunderbolt between them. He killed atTroy the sea-monster to whomHesione was offered.Laomedon,Hesione's father, he killed with arrows because he did not give her back. The shiningeagle which was eating out the heart ofPrometheus he killed with arrows. He killedLycus, son ofNeptune, because he was planning to kill his wifeMegara, daughter ofCreon, and their sonsTherimachus andOphites. The RiverAchelous used to change himself into all sorts of shapes. When he fought withHercules to winDejanira in marriage, he changed himself into abull.Hercules tore of his horn, presenting it to theHesperides or theNymphs, and the goddesses filled it with fruits and called it Cornucopia. He killedNeleus and his ten sons for refusing to cleanse him or purify him at the time when he had killed his wifeMegara, daughter ofCreon, and his sonsTherimachus andOphites. He killedEurytus because he refused him when he sought his daughterIole in marriage. He killed thecentaurNessus because he tried to violateDejanira. He killedEurytion theCentaur because he wooedDejanira, daughter ofDexamenus, his hoped-for bride.

§ 32  MEGARA: WhenHercules had been sent for the three-headeddog by KingEurystheus, andLycus, son ofNeptune, though he had perished, he planned to kill his wifeMegara, daughter ofCreon, and his sons,Therimachus andOphites, and seize the kingdom.Hercules prevented him and killedLycus. Later, when madness was sent upon him byJuno, he killedMegara and his sonsTherimachus andOphites. When he came to his right mind, he beggedApollo to give him an oracular reply on how to expiate his crime. BecauseApollo was unwilling,Hercules wrathfully carried off the tripod from his shrine. Later, at the command ofJove, he returned it, and bade him give the reply, though unwilling.Hercules because of this offence was given in servitude to QueenOmphale byMercury.

§ 33  CENTAURS: WhenHercules had come to the court of KingDexamenus and had violated his daughterDejanira, promising he would marry her,Eurytion acentaur, son ofIxion andNubes, after his departure soughtDejanira as a wife. Her father, fearing violence, promised her to him. On the appointed day he came with his brothers to the wedding.Hercules intervened, and killed theCentaur, and led home his betrothed. Likewise at another marriage, whenPirithous was takingHippodamia, daughter ofAdrastus,Centaurs, full of wine, attempted to carry off the wives of theLapithae. TheCentaurs killed many of them, but by them perished.

§ 34  NESSUS:Nessus, son ofIxion andNubes, acentaur, was asked byDejanira to carry her across the riverEvenus, but as he was carrying her, in the very river he tried to ravish her. WhenHercules came there, andDejanira implored his aid, he piercedNessus with his arrows. As he died,Nessus, knowing how poisonous the arrows were, since they had been dipped in the gall of theLernaeanHydra, drew out some of his blood and gave it toDejanira, telling her it was a love-charm. If she wanted her husband not to desert her, she should have his garments smeared with this blood.Dejanira, believing him, kept it carefully preserved.

§ 35  IOLE:Hercules, when he had sought in marriageIole, daughter ofEurytus, and had been refused, attackedOichalia. In order to bend the girl to his will[?], he threatened to kill her relatives in her presence. She, with resolute mind, suffered them to be slain before her eyes. When he had killed them all, he sentIole as captive before him toDejanira.

§ 36  DEJANIRA: WhenDejanira, daughter ofOineus and wife ofHercules, saw the captiveIole, a maiden of remarkable beauty, arrive, she feared that she would steal her marriage. So mindful of the instructions ofNessus, she sent a servant namedLichas to take toHercules a robe dipped in the blood of thecentaur. A little of it fell to the earth, and when the sun touched it, it began to burn. WhenDejanira saw this, she knew thatNessus had spoken falsely, and sent a man to recall the one to whom she had given the garment.Hercules had already put it on, and it started at once to blaze; when he leaped into a stream to put out the blaze, still greater flames burst forth; when he tried to take off the garment the flesh came with it. ThenHercules, whirlingLichas, who had brought the garment, round and round, threw him into the sea, and at the place where he fell a rock appeared which is calledLichas. ThenPhiloctetes, son ofPoeas, is said to have built a pyre forHercules on MountOita, and he mounted it . . . [and cast off his] mortality. For this service he gavePhiloctetes his bow and arrows. ButDejanira, because of what had happened toHercules, killed herself.

§ 37  AETHRA:Neptune andAegeus, son ofPandion, one night in the shrine ofMinerva both lay withAethra, daughter ofPittheus.Neptune conceded the child toAegeus. Now he, on the point of returning toAthens fromTroezene, put his sword under a stone, and toldAethra that when the boy could lift the stone and take his father's sword, she should send him to him. He would recognize his son by that. And so laterAethra boreTheseus. When he had reached young manhood, his mother told himAegeus' instructions, showed him the stone so that he could get the sword, and bade him set out forAthens toAegeus . . . and he killed all those who made the road unsafe.

§ 38  LABORS OF THESEUS: He slewCorynetes, son ofNeptune, by force of arms. He killedPityocamptes, who forced travellers to help him bend a pine tree to the ground. When they had taken hold of it with him, he let it rebound suddenly with force. Thus they were dashed violently to the ground and died. He killedProcrustes, son ofNeptune. When a guest came to visit him, if he was rather tall, he brought a shorter bed, and cut off the rest of his body; if rather short, he gave him a longer bed, and by hanging anvils to him stretched him to match the length of the bed.Sciron used to sit near the sea at a certain point, and compel those who passed by to wash his feet; then he kicked them into the sea.Theseus cast him into the sea by a similar death, and from this the rocks are called those ofSciron. He killed by force of armsCercyon, son ofVulcan. He killed theboar which was atCremyon. He killed thebull atMarathon, whichHercules had brought toEurystheus fromCrete. He killed theMinotaur in the town ofCnossus.

§ 39  DAEDALUS:Daedalus, son ofEupalamus, who is said to have received the art of craftsmanship fromAthena, threw down from the roofPerdix, son of his sister, envying his skill, because he first invented the saw. Because of this crime he went into exile fromAthens toCrete to KingMinos.

§ 40  PASIPHAE:Pasiphae, daughter ofSol and wife ofMinos, for several years did not make offerings to the goddessVenus. Because of thisVenus inspired in her an unnatural love for abull [corrupt]. At the time whenDaedalus came there as an exile, he asked her to help him. For her he made a wooden heifer, and put in it the hide of a real heifer, and in this she lay with thebull. From this intercourse she bore theMinotaur, withbull's head but human body. ThenDaedalus made for theMinotaur alabyrinth with an undiscoverable exit in which it was confined. WhenMinos found out the affair he castDaedalus into prison, butPasiphae freed him from his chains. And soDaedalus made wings and fitted them to himself and to his sonIcarus, and they flew away from that place.Icarus flew too high, and when the wax was melted by the sun, fell into the sea which was namedIcarian for him.Daedalus flew on to KingCocalus in the island ofSicily. Others say that afterTheseus killed theMinotaur he broughtDaedalus back toAthens, his own country.

§ 41  MINOS: WhenMinos, son ofJove andEuropa, fought with theAthenians, his sonAndrogeus was killed in the fight. After he conquered theAthenians their revenues became his; he decreed, moreover, that each year they should send seven of their children as food for theMinotaur. AfterTheseus had come fromTroezene, and had learned what a calamity afflicted the state, of his own accord he promised to go against theMinotaur. When his father sent him off, he charged him to have white sails for his ships if he came back as victor; those who were sent to theMinotaur journeyed with black sails.

§ 42  THESEUS AND THE MINOTAUR: WhenTheseus came toCrete,Ariadne,Minos' daughter, loved him so much that she betrayed her brother and saved the stranger, or she showedTheseus the way out of theLabyrinth. WhenTheseus had entered and killed theMinotaur, byAriadne's advise he got out by unwinding the thread.Ariadne, because she had been loyal to him, he took away, intending to marry her.

§ 43  ARIADNE:Theseus, detained by a storm on the island ofDia, though it would be a reproach to him if he broughtAriadne toAthens, and so he left her asleep on the island ofDia.Liber, falling in love with her, took her from there as his wife. However, whenTheseus left, he forgot to change the black sails, and so his fatherAegeus judged that he had been devoured by theMinotaur. He threw himself into the sea, which was calledAegean from this. ButTheseus marriedPhaedra,Ariadne's sister.

§ 44  COCALUS:Minos, because many misfortunes had come to him through the agency ofDaedalus, followed him toSicily, and asked KingCocalus to surrender him. WhenCocalus had promised this, andDaedalus found it out, he sought help from the daughters of the king, and they killedMinos.

§ 45  PHILOMELA: WhileTereus, son ofMars, a Thracian, was married toProgne, daughter ofPandion, he came toAthens to his father-in-lawPandion to ask for his other daughter in marriage, stating thatProgne had died.Pandion granted him the favour, and sentPhilomela and guards along with her. ButTereus threw the guards into the sea, and findingPhilomela on a mountain, violated her. After he returned toThrace, he gavePhilomela to kingLynceus, whose wife Lathusa, becauseProgne was her friend, at once sent the concubine to her. WhenProgne recognized her sister and knew the impious deed ofTereus, the two planned to return the favour to the King. Meanwhile it was revealed toTereus by prodigies that death by a relative's hand was coming to his sonItys. When he heard this, thinking that his brotherDryas was plotting his son's death, he killed the innocent man.Progne, however, killed her sonItys byTereus, served him at his father's table, and fled with her sister. WhenTereus, cognizant of the crime, was pursuing them as they fled, by the pity of the gods it came about thatProgne was changed into a swallow, andPhilomela into a nightingale. They say, too, thatTereus was made a hawk.

§ 46  ERECHTHEUS:Erechtheus, son ofPandion, had four daughters who promised each other that if one met death, the others would kill themselves.Eumolpus, son ofNeptune, came to attackAthens because he said the Attic land was his father's. When he and his army were defeated and he was slain by theAthenians,Neptune demanded thatErechtheus' daughter be sacrificed to him so thatErechtheus would not rejoice at his son's death. And so whenChthonia, his daughter, had been sacrifided, the others in accordance with their oaths killed themselves.Erechtheus himself atNeptune's request was smitten with a thunderbolt byJove.

§ 47  HIPPOLYTUS:Phaedra, daughter ofMinos and wife ofTheseus, loved her stepsonHippolytus. When she could not bend him to her desire, she sent a letter to her husband saying that she had been attacked byHippolytus, and slew herself by hanging.Theseus, when he heard this, ordered his son to leave the city and prayedNeptune his father for his son's death. And so whenHippolytus was driving his team ofhorses, abull suddenly appeared from the sea. Thehorses, terrified at its bellowing, draggedHippolytus, rending him limb from limb, and caused his death.

§ 48  KINGS OF THE ATHENIANS:Cecrops, son ofTerra (Earth);Cephalus, son ofDeione;Erichthonius, son ofVulcan;Pandion, son ofErichthonius;Erechtheus, son ofPandion;Aegeus, son ofPandion;Theseus, son ofAegeus;Demophoon, son ofTheseus.

§ 49  AESCULAPIUS:Aesculapius, son ofApollo, is said to have restored life either toGlaucus, son ofMinos, or toHippolytus, andJupiter because of this struck him with a thunderbolt.Apollo, not being able to injureJupiter, killed the ones who had made the thunderbolt, that is, theCyclopes. On account of this deedApollo was given in servitude toAdmetus, King inThessaly.

§ 50  ADMETUS: When great numbers of suitors were seekingAlcestis, daughter ofPelias, in marriage, andPelias was refusing many of them, he set a contest for them, promising that he would give her to the one who yoked wild beasts to a chariot. [He could take away whomever he wished.] And soAdmetus beggedApollo to help him.Apollo, since he had been kindly treated when given in servitude to him, provided him with a wildboar andlion yoked together, and with these he bore offAlcestis in marriage.

§ 51  ALCESTIS: Many suitors sought in marriageAlcestis, daughter ofPelias andAnaxibia,Bias' daughter; butPelias, avoiding their proposals, rejected them, and set a contest promising that he would give her to the one who yoked wild beast to a chariot and bore her off.Admetus askedApollo to help him, andApollo, because he had been kindly received by him while in servitude gave to him a wildboar and alion yoked together, with which he carried offAlcestis. He obtained this, too, fromApollo, that another could voluntarily die in his place. When neither his father nor his mother was willing to die for him, his wifeAlcestis offered herself, and died for him in vicarious death. LaterHercules called her back from the dead.

§ 52  AEGINA: WhenJupiter wished to lie withAigina, the daughter ofAsopus, he fearedJuno, and took the girl to the island ofDelos, and there made her pregnant.Aeacus was their son. WhenJuno found this out, she sent aserpent into the water which poisoned it, and if anyone drank from it, he paid the debt to nature. SinceAeacus, his allies lost, could not protect himself on account of the scarcity of men, as he gazed at some ants, he beggedJupiter to give him men for defense. ThenJupiter changed the ants into men, who were namedMyrmidones, because in Greek ants are called 'myrmekes'. The island, however, has the name ofAigina.

§ 53  ASTERIE: ThoughJove loved Asterie, daughter ofTitan, she scorned him. Therefore she was transformed into the bird ortux, which we call a quail, and he cast her into the sea. From her an island sprang up, which was namedOrtygia. This was floating. LaterLatona was borne there atJove's command by the windAquilo, at the time when thePython was pursuing her, and there, clinging to an olive, she gave birth toApollo andDiana. This island later was calledDelos.

§ 54  THETIS: A prediction aboutThetis, theNereid, was that her son would be greater than his father. Since no one butPrometheus knew this, andJove wished to lie with her,Prometheus promisedJove that he would give him timely warning if he would free him from his chains. And so when the promise was given he advisedJove not to lie withThetis, for if one greater than he were born he might driveJove from his kingdom, as he himself had done toSaturn. And soThetis was given in marriage toPeleus, son ofAeacus, andHercules was sent to kill theeagle which was eating outPrometheus' heart. When it was killed,Prometheus after thirty thousand years was freed from MountCaucasus.

§ 55  TITYUS: BecauseLatona had lain withJove,Juno orderedTityus, a creature of immense size, to offer violence to her. When he tried to do this he was slain by the thunderbolt ofJove [Zeus]. He is said to lie stretched out over nine acres in the Land of the Dead, and aserpent is put near him to eat out his liver, which grows again with the moon.

§ 56  BUSIRIS: InEgypt in the land ofBusiris, son ofNeptune, when there was a famine, andEgypt had been parched for nine years, the king summoned augurs from Greece.Thrasius, his brother Pygmalion's son, announced that rains would come if a foreigner were sacrificed, and proved his words when he himself was sacrificed.

§ 57  STHENEBOEA: WhenBellerophon had come as an exile to the court of KingProetus,Stheneboea, the King's wife, fell in love with him. On his refusal to lie with her, she falsely told her husband she had been forced by him. ButProetus, hearing this, wrote a letter about it, and sent him toIobates,Stheneboea's father. After reading the letter,Iobates was reluctant to kill such a hero, but sent him to kill theChimaera, a three-formed creature said to breathe forth fire. [Likewise: forepartlion, rearpartsnake, middle she-goat.] This he slew, riding onPegasus, and he is said to have fallen in theAleian plains and have dislocated his hip. But the king, praising his valor, gave him his other daughter in marriage, andStheneboea, hearing of it, killed herself.

§ 58  SMYRNA:Smyrna was the daughter ofCinyras, King of theAssyrians, andCenchreis. Her motherCenchreis boasted proudly that her daughter excelledVenus in beauty.Venus [Aphrodite], to punish the mother, sent forbidden love toSmyrna so that she loved her own father. The nurse prevented her from hanging herself, and without knowledge of her father, helped her lie with him. She conceived, and goaded by shame, in order not to reveal her fault, hid in the woods.Venus later pitied her, and changed her into a kind of tree from which myrrh flows;Adonis, born from it, exacted punishment for his mother's sake fromVenus.

§ 59  PHYLLIS:Demophoon,Theseus' son, came, it is said, toThrace to the hospitality ofPhyllis, and was loved by her. When he wanted to return to his country, he promised to return to her. He did not come on the appointed day; she is said to have run down to the shore nine times that day, and from her (story) the place was named in GreekEnnea Hodoi.Phyllis, however, out of longing forDemophoon died. Her parents made her a tomb, and trees sprang up there which at a certain season grieve for her death, the leaves growing dry and blowing away. From her names, leaves in Greek are called phylla.

§ 60  SISYPHUS AND SALMONEUS:Sisyphus andSalmoneus, sons ofAeolus, hated each other.Sisyphus askedApollo how he might kill his enemy, meaning his brother, and the answer was given that if he had children from the embrace of Tryo, daughter of his brotherSalmoneus, they would avenge him. WhenSisyphus followed this advice, two sons were born, but their mother slew them when she learned of the prophecy. But whenSisyphus found out . . . Because of his impiety he now, it is said, in the Land of the Dead rolls a stone, shouldering it up a mountain, but when he has pushed it to the highest point, it rolls down again after him.

§ 61  SALMONEUS: BecauseSalmoneus, son ofAeolus, brother ofSisyphus, by riding in a four-horse chariot and . . . carrying [?] glowing torches [to terrify] the people, was imitating the thunder and lighting ofJove, he was smitten by the thunderbolt ofJove.

§ 62  IXION:Ixion, son ofLeonteus, attempted to embraceJuno.Juno, byJove's instructions, substituted a cloud, whichIxion believed to be the likeness ofJuno. From this theCentaurs were born. ButMercury, byJove's instructions, boundIxion in the Land of the Dead to a wheel, which is said to be still turning there.

§ 63  DANAE:Danae was the daughter ofAcrisius andAganippe. A prophecy about her said that the child she bore would killAcrisius, andAcrisius, fearing this, shut her in a stone-walled prison. ButJove, changing into a shower of gold, lay withDanae, and from this embracePerseus was born. Because of her sin her father shut her up in a chest withPerseus and cast it into the sea. ByJove's will it was borne to the island ofSeriphos, and when the fishermanDictys found it and broke it open, he discovered the mother and child. He took them to KingPolydectes, who marriedDanae and brought upPerseus in the temple ofMinerva. WhenAcrisius discovered they were staying atPolydectes' court, he started out to get them, but at his arrivalPolydectes interceded for them, andPerseus swore an oath to his grandfather that he would never kill him. WhenAcrisius was detained there by a storm,Polydectes died, and at his funeral games the wind blew a discus fromPerseus' hand atAcrisius' head which killed him. Thus what he did not do of his own will was accomplished by the gods. WhenPolydectes was buried,Perseus set out forArgos and took possession of his grandfather's kingdom.

§ 64  ANDROMEDA:Cassiope claimed that her daughterAndromeda's beauty excelled theNereids'. Because of this,Neptune demanded thatAndromeda,Cepheus' daughter, be offered to a sea-monster. When she was offered,Perseus, flying onMercury's winged sandals, is said to have come there and freed her from danger. When he wanted to marry her,Cepheus, her father, along withAgenor, her betrothed, planned to kill him.Perseus, discovering the plot, showed them the head of theGorgon, and all were changed from human form into stone.Perseus withAndromeda returned to his country. WhenPolydectes saw thatPerseus was so courageous, he feared him and tried to kill him be treachery, but whenPerseus discovered this he showed him theGorgon's head, and he was changed from human form into stone.

§ 65  ALCYONE: WhenCeyx, son of Hesper (also calledLucifer) andPhilonis, had perished in a shipwreck,Alcyone his wife, daughter ofAeolus andAegiale, on account of her love for him, threw herself into the sea. By the pity of the gods both were changed into birds which are called halcyons. These birds have their nests, eggs, and young on the ea for seven days in the winter. The sea is calm for those days, and sailors call them "halcyon days."

§ 66  LAIUS: The oracle ofApollo warnedLaius, son ofLabdacus, that he should beware of death at his son's hands, and so when his wifeJocasta bore a son, he ordered him to be exposed.Periboea, wife of KingPolybus, found the child as she was washing garments at the shore, and rescued him. WithPolybus' consent, since they were childless, they brought him up as their son, and because he had pierced feet they named himOidipus.

§ 67  OEDIPUS: AfterOidipus, son ofLaeius andJocasta, had come to manhood, he was courageous beyond the rest, and through envy his companions taunted him with not beingPolybus' son, sincePolybus was so mild, and he so assertive.Oidipus felt that the taunt was true. And so he set out forDelphi to inquire [about his parents. In the meantime] it was revealed toLaeius by prodigies that death at his son's hands were near. When he was going toDelphi,Oidipus met him, and when servants bade him give way to the King, he refused. The King urged on hishorses, and a wheel grazedOidipus' foot. Enraged, he dragged his father from the chariot, not knowing who he was, and killed him. AfterLaius' death,Creon, son ofMenoeceus, ruled; in the meantime theSphinx, offspring ofTyphon, was sent intoBoeotia, and was laying waste the fields of theThebans. She proposed a contest toCreon, that if anyone interpreted the riddle which she gave, she would depart, but that she would destroy whoever failed, and under no other circumstances would she leave the country. When the king heard this, he made a proclamation throughout Greece. He promised that he would give the kingdom and his sisterJocasta in marriage to the person solving the riddle of theSphinx. Many came out of greed for the kingdom, and were devoured by theSphinx, butOidipus, son ofLaius, came and interpreted the riddle. TheSphinx leaped to her death.Oidipus received his father's kingdom, andJocasta his mother as wife, unwittingly, and begat on herEteocles,Polynices,Antigona, andIsmene. Meanwhile barrenness of crops and want fell onThebes because of the crimes ofOidipus, andTiresias, questioned as to whyThebes was so harassed, replied that if anyone from the dragon's blood survived and died for his country, he would freeThebes from plague. ThenMenoeceus [father ofJocasta] threw himself from the walls. While these things were taking place inThebes, atCorinthPolybus died, andOidipus took the news hard, thinking his father had died. ButPeriboea revealed his adoption, andMenoetes, too, the old man who had exposed him, recognized him as the son ofLaius by the scars on his feet and ankles. WhenOidipus heard this and realized he had committed such atrocious crimes, he tore the brooches from his mother's garment and blinded himself, gave the kingdom to his sons for alternate years, and fled fromThebes, his daughterAntigona leading him.

§ 68  POLYNICES:Polynices, son ofOidipus, when the year was over, demanded the rule from his brotherEteocles. He refused to yield it, and soPolynices, with the help of KingAdrastus andseven leaders, came to attackThebes. ThereCapaneus, because he said he would captureThebes againstJove's will, was smitten by a thunderbolt as he was scaling the wall.Amphiaraus was swallowed up by the earth;Eteocles andPolynices, fighting together, killed each other. When expiatory offerings were made to them inThebes, although the wind was strong, the smoke never blew in one direction, but some of it was borne one way, some another. When the others were attackingThebes, and theThebans were despairing of their royal family,Tiresias, son ofEveres, a prophet, foretold that if anyone of the dragon's descendants should perish, the town would be freed from that disaster.Menoeceus, realizing that he alone of the citizens could bring safety, threw himself from the wall; theThebans won the victory. ANOTHER VERSION.Polynices, son ofOidipus, at the end of the year, sought the kingdom from his brotherEteocles with the help ofAdrastus, son ofTalaus. With seven commanders they attackedThebes. ThereAdrastus, thanks to hishorse, escaped.Capaneus, who said he would takeThebes againstJove's will, was struck by a thunderbolt ofJove while scaling the wall, andAmphiaraus was swallowed by the earth in his four-horse chariot.Eteocles andPolynices fighting against each other, killed each other. When a common funeral offering was made to them atThebes the smoke divided because they had killed each other. The others perished. ANOTHER VERSION.Polynices, son ofOidipus, when the year was over; sought the kingdom from his brotherEteocles. He refused to yield it;Polynices came to attackThebes. ThereCapaneus was struck by a thunderbolt when he was scaling the wall because he had said he would captureThebes againstJove's will;Amphiaraus was swallowed by the earth;Eteocles andPolynices fought together and killed each other. When funeral offerings were made to them atThebes, though the wind was very strong, yet the smoke never blew in one direction, but separated in two ways. The others attackingThebes, and theTheban . . .

§ 69  ADRASTUS: Oracular reply was given byApollo toAdrastus, son ofTalaus andEurynome, that he would give his daughters in marriage to aboar and alion. At the same timePolynices, son ofOidipus, driven out by his brotherEteocles, came toAdrastus, andTydeus, son ofOineus and the captivePeriboea, driven out by his father because he had killed his brotherMenalippus at a hunt, arrived at about the same time. When the servants had reported toAdrastus that two youths in unusual garb had come — one wearing aboar's skin, and the other alion's skin, thenAdrastus, mindful of the oracle given him, bade them be brought in, and inquired why they had come to his kingdom thus apparelled.Polynices said that he had come fromThebes, and he was wearing the insignia of his race;Tydeus spoke too, saying that he was the son ofOineus and traced his descent fromCalydon, and so he wore aboar skin to recall theCalydonianBoar. Then the king, mindful of the oracular reply, gaveArgia, the older daughter toPolynices, from whomThersander was born;Deipyla, the younger, he gave toTydeus, and she became mother ofDiomede who fought atTroy. ButPolynices begged an army fromAdrastus for recovering his father's kingdom from his brother.Adrastus not only gave an army but set out himself withseven other leaders, sinceThebes was shut in by seven gates. ForAmphion, who had surroundedThebes with a wall set in it seven gates named for his daughters. These were Thera,Cleodoxe,Astynome,Astycratia,Chias,Ogygia,Chloris.

§ 70  SEVEN KINGS WHO SET OUT FOR THEBES:Adrastus, son ofTalaus byEurynome, daughter ofIphitus, anArgive.Polynices, son ofOidipus byJocasta, daughter ofMenoeceus, aTheban.Tydeus, son ofOineus by the captivePeriboea, aCalydonian.Amphiaraus, son ofOicleus, or, as other writers say, son ofApollo byHypermnestra, daughter ofThestius, fromPylos.Capaneus, son ofHipponous byAstynome, daughter ofTalaus, sister ofAdrastus, anArgive.Hippomedon, son ofMnesimachus by Metidice, daughter ofTalaus, sister ofAdrastus, anArgive.Parthenopaeus, son ofMeleager byAtalanta, daughter ofIasius, from MountParthenius, anArcadian. All theseleaders died atThebes exceptAdrastus, son ofTalaus. He was saved thanks to hishorse. Later he sent the sons under arms to attackThebes and avenge the insults to their fathers, since they had lain unburied at the order ofCreon,Jocasta's brother, who had taken control ofThebes. ANOTHER VERSIONAdrastus, son ofTalaus,Capaneus, son ofHipponous,Amphiaraus, son ofOicleus,Polynices, son ofOidipus,Tydeus, son ofOineus,Parthenopaeus, son ofAtalanta . . . ANOTHER VERSIONAdrastus, son ofTalaus, had daughtersDeipyla andArgia. Oracular response was given him byApollo that he would give his daughters in marriage to aboar and alion.Tydeus, son ofOineus, exiled by his father for killing at a hunt his brotherMenalippus, came toAdrastus clad in aboar's skin. At the same timePolynices, son ofOidipus, driven from his kingdom by his brother, came wearing alion's skin. WhenAdrastus saw them, mindful of the oracle, he gaveArgia toPolynices, andDeipyla toTydeus in marriage.

§ 71  SEVENEPIGONI, THAT IS, SONS:Aegialus, son ofAdrastus, byDemonassa, anArgive; he alone of the seven who went out perished; because his father [alone of the first seven] survived, he gave his life vicariously for his father; the other six returned home.Tersander, son ofPolynices byArgia, daughter ofAdrastus, anArgive.Polydorus, son ofHippomedon by Evanippe, daughter ofElatus, anArgive.Alcmaeon, son ofAmphiaraus byEriphyle, daughter ofTalaus, anArgive.Tlesimenes, son ofParthenopaeus by the nymphClymene, aMysian. ANOTHER VERSIONAegialus, son ofAdrastus;Polydorus, son ofHippomedon;Sthenelus, son ofCapaneus;Alcmaeon, son ofAmphiaraus;Thersander, son ofPolynices; Biantes, son ofParthenopaeus;Diomede, son ofTydeus.

§ 72  ANTIGONA ANTIGONE:Creon, son ofMenoeceus, made an edict that no one should buryPolynices or any of those who had come with him, because they came to attack their native city.Antigona,Polynices' sister, andArgia, his wife, with secrecy at night took his body and put it on the same pyre where the body ofEteocles was placed. When they were caught by the guards,Argia escaped, butAntigona was brought before the king. He gave her to his sonHaemon, to whom she was betrothed to be put to death.Haemon out of love disobeyed his father's command, entrustedAntigona to shepherds, and falsely claimed he had killed her. When she bore a son, and he grew to manhood, he came toThebes to the games;Creon recognized him because all those of the dragon's progeny have a mark on their bodies. WhenHercules begged him to pardonHaemon, he did not win his request.Haemon killed himself and his wifeAntigona. ButCreon gave his own daughterMegara toHercules in marriage. Their sons wereTherimachus and Ophites.

§ 73  AMPHIARAUS, ERIPHYLE, AND ALCMAEON:Amphiaraus, son ofOicleus andHypermnestra, daughter ofThestius, was an augur who knew that if he went to attackThebes he would not return. And so he hid himself, with the knowledge of his wifeEriphyle, daughter ofTalaus. WhenAdrastus was hunting for him, however, he made a necklace of gold and gems and offered it as a gift to his sisterEriphyle, who betrayed her husband in her eagerness for the gift.Amphiaraus instructed his sonAlcmaeon to punish his mother after his death. AfterAmphiaraus was swallowed up by the earth atThebes,Alcmaeon, remembering his father's instructions, killed his mothers. TheFuries later pursued him.

§ 74  HYPSIPYLE: The seven chieftains on their way to attackThebes came toNemea, whereHypsipyle, daughter ofThoas, as a slave, was caring for the boyArchemorus orOphites, son of KingLycus. He had been warned by an oracle not to put the child on the ground until he could walk. When the seven leaders who were going toThebes came toHypsipyle in their search for water, and asked her to show them some, she, fearing to put the boy on the ground, . . . [found] some very thick parsley near the spring, and placed the child in it. But while she was giving them water, a dragon, guardian of the spring, devoured the child.Adrastus and the others killed the dragon, and interceded forHypsipyle toLycus, and established funeral games in honour of the boy. They take place every fifth year, and the victors receive a wreath of parsley.

§ 75  TIRESIAS: On MountCylleneTiresias, son ofEveres, a shepherd, is said to have struck with his staff, or trampled on,snakes which were coupling. Because of this he was changed to a woman. Later, advised by an oracle, he trampled on thesnakes in the same place, and returned to his former sex. At this same time there was a joking dispute betweenJove andJuno as to whether man or woman derived more pleasure from the act of love. They tookTiresias as judge, since he had been both man and woman. When he decided inJove's favour,Juno with the back of her hand angrily blinded him, butJove because of this gave him seven lives to live, and made him a seer wiser than other mortals.

§ 76  KINGS OF THE THEBANS:Cadmus, son ofAgenor;Polydorus, son ofCadmus;Pentheus, son ofEchion;Labdacus, son ofPolydorus;Lycus, son ofNeptune;Amphion, son ofJove, andZetus, son ofJove;Laius, son ofLabdacus;Oidipus, son ofLaius;Polynices andEteocles, sons ofOidipus;Creon, son ofMenoeceus.

§ 77  LEDA:Jupiter, changed into a swan, had intercourse withLeda near the riverEurotas, and from that embrace she borePollux andHelen; toTyndareus she boreCastor andClytemnestra.

§ 78  TYNDAREUS:Tyndareus, son ofOibalus, byLeda, daughter ofThestius, became father ofClytemnestra andHelen; he gaveClytemnestra in marriage toAgamemnon, son ofAtreus. Because of her exceeding beauty many suitors from many states soughtHelen in marriage.Tyndareus, since he feared thatAgamemnon might divorce his daughterClytemnestra, and that discord might arise from this, at the advice ofUlysses bound himself by an oath, and gaveHelen leave to put a wreath on whomever she wished to marry. She put it onMenelaus, andTyndareus gave her to him in marriage and at his death left him his kingdom.

§ 79  HELEN:Theseus, son ofAegeus andAethra, daughter ofPittheus, along withPirithous, son ofIxion, carried off the maidenHelen, daughter ofTyndareus andLeda, from the shrine ofDiana while she was sacrificing, and took her toAthens, to a district of the Attic region. WhenJove saw that they had such audacity as to expose themselves to danger, he bade them in a dream both go and askPluto onPirithous' part forProserpine in marriage. When they had descended to the Land of the Dead through the peninsulaTaenarus, and had informedPluto why they had come, they were stretched out and tortured for a long time by theFuries. WhenHercules came to lead out the three-headeddog, they begged his promise of protection. He obtained the favour fromPluto, and brought them out unharmed.Castor andPollux,Helen's brothers, fought for her sake, and tookAethra,Theseus' mother, and Phisadie,Pirithous' sister, and gave them in servitude to their sister.

§ 80  CASTOR:Idas andLynceus, sons ofAphareus fromMessene, had as promised bridesPhoebe andHilaira, daughters ofLeucippus. Since these were most beautiful maidens —Phoebe being a priestess ofMinerva, andHilaira ofDiana —Castor andPollux, inflamed with love, carried them off. But they, since their brides-to-be were lost, took to arms to see if they could recover them.Castor killedLynceus in battle;Idas, at his brother's death, forgot both strife and bride, and started to bury his brother. When he was placing the bones in a funeral monument,Castor intervened, and tired to prevent his raising the monument, because he had won over him as if he were a woman. In anger,Idas pierced the thigh ofCastor with the sword he wore. Others say that as he was building the monument he pushed it onCastor and thus killed him. When they reported this toPollux, he rushed up and overcameIdas in a single fight, recovered the body of his brother, and buried it. Since, however, he himself had received a star fromJove [Zeus], and one was not given to his brother, becauseJove said thatCastor andClytemnestra were of the seed ofTyndareus, while he andHelen were children ofJove,Pollux begged that he be allowed to share his honor with his brother. This was granted him. [From this comes the expression "redeemed by alternate death"; and even the Romans preserve the practice. When they send out bareback riders, one man has twohorses, and a cap on his head, and leaps from onehorse to the other, just asPollux takes turns with his brother.]

§ 81  SUITORS OF HELEN:Antilochus,Ascalaphus,Ajax, son ofOileus,Amphimachus, [Ancaeus],Blanirus,Agapenor,Ajax, son ofTelamon,Clytius theCyanean,Menelaus,Patroclus,Diomedes,Peneleus, Phemius,Nireus,Polypoetes,Elephenor,Eumelus,Sthenelus,Tlepolemus,Protesilaus,Podalirius,Eurypylus,Idomeneus,Leonteus,Thalpius,Polyxenus,Prothous,Menestheus,Machaon,Thoas,Ulysses,Phidippus,Meriones,Meges,Philoctetes. Older writers mention others.

§ 82  TANTALUS:Tantalus, son ofJove andPluto, begatPelops byDione.Jupiter was accustomed to confide his plans toTantalus and admit him to the banquets of the gods, butTantalus reported the plans to men. Because of this, he is said to stand in water up to his waist in the Land of the Dead, yet always to be thirsty, and when he wants to take a drink of water, it recedes. Apples, too, hang above his head, and when he wants to gather them, the branches moved by the wind, recede. A huge stone, too, hangs above his head, and he is constantly afraid it will fall on him.

§ 83  PELOPS: WhenPelops, son ofTantalus andDione, daughter ofAtlas, had been slain and cut up byTantalus at a feast of the gods,Ceres ate his arm, but he was given life again by the will of the gods. When his other limbs were joined together as they had been, but the shoulder was not complete,Ceres fitted an ivory one in its place.

§ 84  OENOMAUS:Oinomaus, son ofMars andAsterope, daughter ofAtlas, had as wifeEvarete, daughter ofAcrisius. By her he became father ofHippodamia, a maiden of exceptional beauty, but he did not give her in marriage to anyone because an oracle had told him to beware of death from his son-in-law. And so when many sought her in marriage, he set a contest; and, since he hadhorses swifter than the wind, he said the would give her to the one who competed with him in a four-horse chariot race and came out ahead, but that the loser should be put to death. Many were put to death. FinallyPelops, son ofTantalus, came, but when he saw fixed above the door the heads of those who had soughtHippodamia as wife, out of fear of the cruelty of the king he regretted having come. And so he won the confidence of his charioteer,Myrtilus, and promised him the half of the kingdom for his help.Myrtilus pledged his word, and when he yoked thehorses did not put the pin in the wheels. So thehorses when driven at full speed tore to pieces the weakened chariot ofOinomaus.Pelops, coming home as victor withHippodamia andMyrtilus, though the affair would disgrace him and refused to keep his promise toMyrtilus but cast him into the sea, which is calledMyrtoan from this. He tookHippodamia to his country which is calledPeloponnesus; there byHippodamia he became father of Hippalcus,Atreus, andThyestes.

§ 85  CHRYSIPPUS:Laius, son ofLabdacus, carried ofChrysippus, illegitimate son ofPelops, at theNemean games because of his exceeding beauty.Pelops made war and recovered him. At the instigation of their motherHippodamia,Atreus andThyestes killed him. WhenPelops blamedHippodamia, she killed herself.

§ 86  CHILDREN OF PELOPS: BecauseThyestes, son ofPelops andHippodamia, lay withAeropa,Atreus' wife, he was banished from the kingdom by his brotherAtreus. But he sentAtreus' son,Plisthenes, whom he had reared as his own, toAtreus to be killed.Atreus, believing him to be his brother's son, unknowingly killed his own son.

§ 87  AEGISTHUS: An oracle was given toThyestes, son ofPelops andHippodamia, that a child he should beget by his daughterPelopia would be the avenger of his brother. When he heard this . . . a boy was born,Pelopia exposed him, but shepherds found him and gave him to a she-goat to suckle. He was namedAegisthus because in Greek a she-goat is called "aega."

§ 88  ATREUS:Atreus, son ofPelops andHippodamia, eager to take vengeance on his brotherThyestes for his injuries, made peace with him, brought him back into his kingdom, and after slaying his infant sons,Tantalus andPlisthenes, served them toThyestes at a banquet. While he was eating,Atreus ordered the hands and heads of the boys to be brought in. At this crime even theSun turned aside his car.Thyestes, when he realized the horrible crime, fled to KingThesprotus, where LakeAvernus is said to be, and from there he came toSikyon, wherePelopia,Thyestes' daughter, had been brought. He came there by chance at night when they were sacrificing toMinerva, and, fearing to profane the rites, hid in a grove.Pelopia, however, in leading the dancing bands, slipped and stained her garment with the blood of the slain animals. When she went to the stream to wash of the blood, she laid aside her stained tunic.Thyestes, his head covered, leaped out from the grove; in that ravishingPelopia drew his sword from the sheath, and on her return to the temple hid it under the pedestal ofMinerva's statue. The next dayThyestes asked the king to send him back to his country,Lydia. In the meantime sterility of crops and want came toMycenae because of the crime ofAtreus. The oracle said that he should bring backThyestes into his kingdom. When he came to KingThesprotus, thinkingThyestes was staying there, he sawPelopia, and asked that she be given to him in marriage, under the impression that she wasThesprotus' daughter.Thesprotus, to avoid suspicion, gave her to him, though she had already conceivedAegisthus by her fatherThyestes. When she came toAtreus, she gave birth toAegisthus, and exposed him, but shepherds gave him to agoat to suckle.Atreus ordered the boy to be found and raised as his own. In the meantimeAtreus sentAgamemnon andMenelaus his sons in search ofThyestes, and they went toDelphi to inquire. By chanceThyestes had come there to consult the oracle about taking vengeance on his brother. They seized him, and he was brought toAtreus and cast into prison.Atreus summonedAegisthus, thinking him to be his son, and sent him to killThyestes. WhenThyestes sawAegisthus and the sword which he wore, and recognized it as the one he had lost at the ravishing, he askedAegisthus where he got it. He replied that his motherPelopia had given it to him. He bade her be summoned. She told him she had taken it from some unknown person in a rape by night, and from that embrace had borneAegisthus. ThenPelopia snatched the sword, pretending to examine it, and plunged it in her breast.Aegisthus, drawing the bloody sword from his mother's breast, bore it toAtreus, who rejoiced, believingThyestes dead.Aegisthus slew him as he was sacrificing on the shore, and with his fatherThyestes returned to his father's kingdom.

§ 89  LAOMEDON:Neptune andApollo are said to have built a wall aroundTroy. KingLaomedon vowed that he would sacrifice to them from his flocks whatever should be born that year in his kingdom. This vow he defaulted on through avarice. Other writers say that he promised too little. Because of thisNeptune sent a sea-monster to plagueTroy, and for this reason the king sent toApollo for advice.Apollo angrily replied that ifTrojan maidens were bound and offered to the monster, there would be an end to the plague. When many girls had been devoured, and the lot fell onHesione, and she was bound to the rocks,Hercules andTelamon came there, theArgonauts being on their way toColchis, and killed the monster. They deliveredHesione to her father on condition that when they returned they should take her with them to their country, as well as thehorses which walk over water standing ears of grain.Laomedon defaulted in this, too, and refused to give upHesione.Laomedon defaulted in this, too, and refused to give upHesione. And soHercules, assembling ships to attackTroy, came and slewLaomedon, and gave the kingdom to his infant sonPodarces, who was afterward called apo tou priasthai, "from being redeemed,"Priam. He recoveredHesione and gave her in marriage toTelamon. Their child wasTeucer.

§ 90  SONS AND DAUGHTERS OF PRIAM TO THE NUMBER OF LV:Hector,Deiphobus,Cebriones,Polydorus,Helenus,Alexander, Hipposidus,Antinous,Agathon,Dius,Mestor, Lysides,Polymedon,Ascanius,Chirodamas,Evagoras,Dryops,Astynomus, Polymelus,Laodice, Ethionome, Phegea, Henicea,Demnosia,Cassandra,Philomela,Polites,Troilus,Palaemon,Brissonius,Gorgythion, Protodamas,Aretus,Dolon,Chromius, Eresus,Chrysolaus,Demosthea,Doryclus,Hippasus,Hyperochus,Lysianassa,Iliona, Nereis,Evander, Proneos,Archemachus, Ilagus,Axion, Binates,Hippothous,Deiopites,Medusa,Hero,Creusa.

§ 91  ALEXANDER PARIS: AfterPriam, son ofLaomedon, had had many children byHecuba, daughter ofCisseus or ofDymas, his wife, again pregnant, in a dream saw herself giving birth to a glowing firebrand from which manyserpents issued. When this vision was reported to all the seers, they bade her slay whatever child she should bear to avoid its being the ruin of the country. AfterHecuba gave birth toAlexander, he was handed over to be killed, but the servants out of pity exposed him. Shepherds found the child, raised him as their own, and named himParis. When he came to young manhood, he had a favoritebull. Servants sent byPriam to bring abull to be given as prize in funeral games inParis' honor, came and started to lead off thebull ofParis. He followed them and asked them where they were leading him. They stated that they were taking him toPriam . . . [to be prize] for the victor in the funeral games ofAlexander. He, out of fondness for thebull, went down and won everything, even over his own brothers. In angerDeiphobus drew his sword against him, but he leaped to the altar ofZeusHerceus. WhenCassandra prophetically declared he was her brother,Priam acknowledged him and received him into the palace.

§ 92  JUDGMENT OF PARIS:Jove is said to have invited to the wedding ofPeleus andThetis all the gods exceptEris, or Discordia. When she came later and was not admitted to the banquet, she threw an apple through the door, saying that the fairest should take it.Juno,Venus, andMinerva claimed the beauty prize for themselves. A huge argument broke out among them.Jupiter orderedMercury to take them to MtIda toParisAlexander, and bid him judge.Juno promised him, if he should judge in her favour, that he would rule over all the lands and be pre-eminent wealth.Minerva promised that if she should come out victorious, he would be bravest of mortals and skilled in every craft.Venus, however, promised to give him in marriageHelen, daughter ofTyndareus, most beautiful of all women.Paris preferred the last give to the former ones, and judgesVenus the most lovely. On account of this,Juno andMinerva were hostile to theTrojans.Alexander, at the prompting ofVenus, tookHelen from his hostMenelaus formLacedemon toTroy, and married her. She took with her two handmaids,Aethra and Thisiadie, captives, but once queens, whomCastor andPollux had assigned to her.

§ 93  CASSANDRA:Cassandra, daughter ofPriam andHecuba, is said to have fallen asleep when she was tired of playing, in the temple ofApollo. WhenApollo tried to embrace her, she did not permit him. SoApollo brought it about that she should not be believed, though she gave true prophecies.

§ 94  ANCHISES:Venus is said to have lovedAnchises and to have lain with him. By him she conceivedAeneas, but she warned him not to reveal it to anyone.Anchises, however, told it over the wine to his companions, and for this was struck by the thunderbolt ofJove. Some say that he died by his own hand.

§ 95  ULYSSES: WhenAgamemnon andMenelaus, son ofAtreus, were assembling the leaders who had pledged themselves to attackTroy, they came to the island ofIthaca toUlysses, son ofLaertes. He had been warned by an oracle that if he went toTroy he would return home alone and in need, with his comrades lost, after twenty years. And so when he learned that spokesmen would come to him, he put on a cap, pretending madness, and yoked ahorse and anox to the plow.Palamedes felt he was pretending when he saw this, and taking his sonTelemachus from the cradle, put him in front of the plow with the words: "Give up your pretense and come and join the allies." ThenUlysses promised that he would come; from that time he was hostile toPalamedes.

§ 96  ACHILLES: WhenThetis theNereid knew thatAchilles, the son she had borne toPeleus, would die if he went to attackTroy, she sent him to island ofScyros, entrusting him to KingLycomedes. He kept him among his virgin daughters in woman's attire under an assumed name. The girls called himPyrrha, since he had tawny hair, and in Greek a redhead is called pyrrhos. When theAchaeans discovered that he was hidden there, they sent spokesmen to KingLycomedes to beg that he be sent to help the Danaan. The King denied that he was there, but gave them permission to search the palace. When they couldn't discover which one he was.Ulysses put women's trinkets in the fore-court of the palace, and among them a shield and a spear. He bade the trumpeter blow the trumpet all of a sudden, and called for clash of arms and shouting.Achilles, thinking the enemy was at hand, stripped off his woman's garb and seized shield and spear. In this way he was recognized and promised to theArgives his aid and his soldiers, theMyrmidons.

§ 97  THOSE WHO WENT TO ATTACK TROY, AND THE NUMBER OF THEIR SHIPS:Agamemnon, son ofAtreus andAerope, fromMycenae, with a hundred ships;Menelaus, his brother fromMycenae, with 60 ships.Phoenix, son ofAmyntor, andArgive with 50 ships;Achilles, son ofPeleus andThetis, from the island ofScyros, with 60 ships;Automedon, fromScyros, with 10 ships;Patroclus, son ofMenoetius andPhilomela, fromPhthia, with 10 ships.Ajax, son ofTelamon byEriboea, fromSalamis, with 12 ships;Teucer, his brother byHesione, daughter ofLaomedon, with 12 ships.Ulysses, son ofLaertes andAnticlia, fromIthaca, with 12 ships;Diomede, son ofTydeus andDeipyla, daughter ofAdrastus, fromArgos, with 30 ships;Sthenelus, son ofCapaneus andEvadne, fromArgos, with 25 ships.Ajax, son ofOileus and the nymphRhene, aLocrian, with 20 ships;Nestor, son ofNeleus andChloris, daughter ofAmphion, aPylian, with 90 ships;Thrasymedes, his brother, byEurydice, aPylian, with 15 ships;Antilochus, son ofNestor, aPylian, with 20 ships.Eurypylus, son ofEuaemon andOpis, anOrmenian, with 40 ships;Machaon, son ofAsclepius andCoronis, fromTricca, with 20 ships;Podalirus, his brother, with 9 ships.Tlepolemus, son ofHercules andAstyoche, fromMycenae, with 9 ships;Meriones, son ofMolus and Melphis, fromCrete, with 40 ships;Eumelus, son ofAdmetus andAlcestis, daughter ofPelias, fromPerrhaebia, with 8 ships;Philoctetes, son ofPoeas andDemonassa, fromMeliboea, with 7 ships;Peneleus, son ofHippalcus andAsterope, fromBoeotia, with 12 ships.Leitus, son ofLacritus andCleobule, fromBoeotia, with 12 ships;Clonius, his brother, fromBoeotia, with 9 ships;Arcesilaus, son ofAreilycus andTheobula, fromBoeotia, with 10 ships;Prothoenor, his brother, fromThespia, with 8 ships.Ialmenus, son ofLycus andPernis, fromArgos, with 30 ships;Ascalaphus, his brother, fromArgos, with 30 ships;Epistrophus, his brother, from the same place, with 10 ships;Elephenor, son ofCalchodon and Imanerete, fromArgos, with 30 ships.Menestheus son of ?oeas?, fromAthens, with 50 ships;Agapenor, son ofAncaeus and Iotis, fromArcadia, with 60 ships;Amphimachus, son ofCteatus, fromElis, with 10 ships;Euryalus, son ofPallas andDiomeda, fromArgos, with 15 ships;Amarynceus, son of Onesimachus, fromMycenae, with 19 ships;Polyxenus, son ofAgasthenes andPeloris, fromAitolia, with 40 ships;Meges, son ofPhyleus and Eustyoche, fromDulichium, with 60 ships;Thoas, son of Andraemon and Gorge, from Tytus, with 15 ships.. . .Podarces, his brother, from the same place, with 10 ships.Prothous, son ofTenthredon, fromMagnesia, with 40 ships;Cycnus, son of Ocitus and Aurophites, fromArgos, with 12 ships;Nireus, son ofCharopus and the nymphAglaie, fromArgos, with 16 ships;Antiphus, son ofThessalus andChalciope, fromNisyrus, with 20 ships;Polypoetes, son ofPirithous andHippodamia, fromArgos, with 20 ships;Leonteus, son ofCoronus, fromSikyon, with 19 ships.Calchas, son ofThestor, fromMycenae, augur;Phocus, son ofDanaus, builder;Eurybates andTalthybius, heralds;Diaphorus, judge;Neoptolemus, son ofAchilles andDeidamia, from the island ofScyros; he was calledPyrrhus from his father who was disguised as the girlPyrrha. The total number of ships was 245.

§ 98  IPHIGENIA: WhenAgamemnon with his brotherMenelaus and chosen leaders ofAsia were going toTroy to recoverHelen, wife ofMenelaus, whom AlexanderParis had carried off, a storm kept them atAulis because of the anger ofDiana.Agamemnon had wounded a deer of hers in hunting, and had spoken rather haughtily againstDiana. When he had called together the soothsayers, andCalchas had declared that he could expiate in no other way than by sacrificing his daughter,Iphigenia,Agamemnon at first refused. ThenUlysses by his advice won him over to a fine scheme. The sameUlysses along withDiomede was sent to getIphigenia, and when he came toClytemnestra her mother, he falsely said she was to be given in marriage toAchilles. When she was brought toAulis, and her father was about to sacrifice her,Diana pitied the girl, cast mist about her, and substituted a deer in her place. She boreIphigenia through the clouds to theTauric land, and there made her a priestess of her temple.

§ 99  AUGE:Auge, daughter ofAleus, ravished byHercules, when her time was near, gave birth to a child on MountParthenius, and there exposed him. At the same timeAtalanta, daughter ofIasius, exposed a son byMeleager. A doe, however, sucked the child ofHercules. Shepherds found these boys and took them away and reared them, giving the nameTelephus to the son ofHercules because a doe had suckled him, and toAtalanta's child the nameParthenopaeus, because she had exposed him on MountParthenius [pretending to be virgin].Auge, however, fearing her father, fled toMoesia to KingTeuthras, who took her as a daughter since he was without children.

§ 100  TEUTHRAS:Idas, son ofAphareus, wished to robTeuthras, king ofMoesia, of his kingdom. WhenTelephus,Hercules' son, withParthenopaeus his friend, had come there seeking his mother in accordance with the oracle,Teuthras promised he would give him his kingdom and his daughterAuge in marriage if he would protect him from his enemy.Telephus did not disregard the proposal of the king, and withParthenopaeus' help overcameIdas in one battle. The king fulfilled his promise, and gave him his kingdom andAuge as wife, unaware of the relationship. Since she [faithful toHercules] wished no mortal to violate her body, she intended to killTelephus, not realizing he was her son. And so when they had entered the wedding-chamber,Auge drew a sword to slayTelephus. Then by the will of the gods aserpent of huge size is said to have glided between them, and at the sightAuge dropped the sword and revealed her attempt toTelephus.Telephus, when he heard this, not realizing she was his mother, was about to kill her, but she called for help onHercules her ravisher, and by that meansTelephus recognized his mother, and took her back to her own country.

§ 101  TELEPHUS:Telephus, son ofHercules andAuge, is said to have been wounded byAchilles in battle with the spear ofChiron. When for days he suffered cruel torture from the wound, he sought oracular advice fromApollo for a remedy. The answer came that no one could heal him except the very spear that wounded him. WhenTelephus heard this, he went to KingAgamemnon, and byClytemnestra's advice snatched the infantOrestes from his cradle, threatening to kill him if theAchaeans did not heal him. Then since theAchaeans had been given an oracle too, thatTroy could not be taken without the leadership ofTelephus, they readily made peace with him, and beggedAchilles to heal him.Achilles replied that he didn't know the art of healing. ThenUlysses said:Apollo does not mean you, but calls the spear the inflictor of the wound." When they scraped it, he was healed. When they begged him to go with them to attackTroy, they did not obtain their request, because he had as wifeLaodice, daughter ofPriam. But in return for their kindness in healing him, he led them there, pointing out places and ways. From there he departed toMoesia.

§ 102  PHILOCTETES: WhenPhiloctetes, son ofPoeas andDemonassa, was on the island ofLemnos, asnake struck his foot.Juno had sent it, angry with him because he alone rather than the others had dared to build the funeral pyre ofHercules when his human body was consumed and he was raised to immortality. Because of the favourHercules gave him his marvellous arrows. But when theAchaeans could not endure the offensive odour of the wound, byAgamemnon's order he was left onLemnos together with the marvellous arrows. A shepherd of KingActor, named Iphimachus, son ofDolops, cared for the abandoned man. Later an oracle was given to them thatTroy could not be taken without the arrows ofHercules. ThenAgamemnon sentUlysses andDiomede as scouts to visit him. They persuaded him to be reconciled and to help in attackingTroy, and took him off with them.

§ 103  PROTESILAUS: An oracle warned theAchaeans that the man who first reached the shore of theTrojans would perish. When the Greek fleet had neared shore, and the others were delaying,Iolaus, son ofIphiclus andDiomedia, was first to leap from his ship, and was promptly killed byHector. All called himProtesilaus, since he was the first of all to die. When his wifeLaodamia, daughter ofAcastus, heard that he had died, she wept and begged the gods that she be allowed to speak with him for three hours. It was granted, and when he was led back byMercury, she spoke with him for three hours. But whenProtesilaus died a second time,Laodamia, could not endure her grief.

§ 104  LAODAMIA: WhenLaodamia, daughter ofAcastus, after her husband's loss had spent the three hours which she had asked from the gods, she could not endure her weeping and grief. And so she made a bronze likeness of her husbandProtesilaus, put it in her room under pretense of sacred rites, and devoted herself to it. When a servant early in the morning had brought fruit for the offerings, he looked through a crack in the door and saw her holding the image ofProtesilaus in her embrace and kissing it. Thinking she had a lover he told her her fatherAcastus. When he came and burst into the rom, he saw the statue ofProtesilaus. To put an end to her torture he had the statue and the sacred offerings burned on a pyre he had made, butLaodamia, not enduring her grief, threw herself on it and was burned to death.

§ 105  PALAMEDES:Ulysses, because he had been tricked byPalamedes, son ofNauplius, kept plotting day by day how to kill him. At length, having formed a plan, he sent a soldier of his toAgamemnon to say that in a dream he had been warned that the camp should be moved for one day.Agamemnon, believing the warning true, gave orders that the camp be moved for one day.Ulysses, then, secretly by night hid a great quantity of gold in the place where the tent ofPalamedes had been. He also gave to aPhrygian captive a letter to be carried toPriam, and sent a soldier of his ahead to kill him not far from the camp. On the next day when the army came back to the camp, a soldier found on the body of thePhrygian, the letter whichUlysses had written, and brought it toAgamemnon. Written on it were the words: "Sent toPalamedes fromPriam," and it promised him as much gold asUlysses had hidden in the tent, if he would betray the camp ofAgamemnon according to agreement. And so whenPalamedes was brought before the king, and so denied the deed, they went to his tent and dug up the gold.Agamemnon believed the charge was true when he saw the gold. In this wayPalamedes was tricked by the scheme ofUlysses, and though innocent, was put to death by the entire army.

§ 106  RANSOM OF HECTOR:Agamemnon, at the time when he returnedChryseis toChryses, priest ofApolloSmintheus, took fromAchilles because of her exceeding beautyBriseis, theMoesian captive, daughter of the priestBrisa, whomAchilles had won. In wrath over thisAchilles did not go to battle but amused himself with the cithara in his tent. But when theArgives were being put to flight byHector,Achilles, atPatroclus' pleading, gave him his armor. Wearing this, he put theTrojans to flight, since they thought he wasAchilles, and he slewSarpedon, son ofJove andEuropa. LaterPatroclus himself was killed byHector and the armor taken from his body. WhenAchilles was reconciled toAgamemnon, andBriseis was returned to him, then, since he was going out againstHector unarmed,Thetis his mother secured armor for him fromVulcan, and theNereids brought it to him over the sea. Wearing this, he slewHector, tied his body to his chariot, and dragged it round the walls of theTrojans. On his refusal to give the body to his father for burial, atJove's commandPriam, withMercury as guide, came into the camp of the Danaans, received the body for an equal weight of gold, and gave it burial.

§ 107  CONTEST OF ARMS: AfterHector's burial, whenAchilles was wandering along the ramparts of theTrojans and saying that he alone had reducedTroy,Apollo in anger, taking the form ofAlexander Paris, struck him with an arrows on the heel which was said to be vulnerable, and killed him. WhenAchilles was killed and given burial, TelamonianAjax demanded from the Danaans the arms ofAchilles, on the grounds that he was cousin on his father's side. Through the anger ofMinerva they were denied him byAgamemnon andMenelaus, and given toUlysses.Ajax, harbouring rage, in madness slaughtered his flocks, and killed himself with that sword he had received fromHector as a gift when the two met in battle line.

§ 108  TROJAN HORSE: Since theAchaeans during ten years were not able to takeTroy,Epeus atMinerva's suggestion made aWooden Horse of remarkable size, and in it were gatheredMenelaus,Ulysses,Diomedes, Thessander,Sthenelus,Acamas,Thoas,Machaon,Neoptolemus. On thehorse they wrote: "The Danaans give it as a gift toMinerva", and moved camp toTenedos. When theTrojans saw this, they thought the enemy had gone away;Priam ordered hehorse to be brought to the citadel ofMinerva, and gave a proclamation that they celebrate magnificently. When the prophetessCassandra kept insisting that there were enemies within, they did not believe her. They put it in the citadel, and at night when they slept, overcome by sport and wine, theAchaeans came out of thehorse which had been opened bySinon, killed the guards at the gates, and at a given signal admitted their friends. Thus they gained possession ofTroy.

§ 109  ILIONA: WhenPolydorus, son ofPriam byHecuba, was born, they gave him toPriam's daughterIliona to be reared. She was the wife ofPolymnestor, King of theThracians, and she brought him up as her own son. She brought upDeipylus, who she had conceived byPolymnestor, as if he were her brother, so that if anything happened to either of them she could give the other to her parents. But when, after the fall ofTroy, theAchaeans wanted to destroy the race ofPriam, they cast downAstyanax from the walls, and sent messengers toPolymnestor promising himElectra in marriage together with a great amount of gold if he would putPolydorus, son ofPriam, to death.Polymnestor did not oppose the words of the ambassadors, and slew his own sonDeipylus unwittingly, thinking he had killedPolydorus, son ofPriam.Polydorus, however, went to the oracle ofApollo to inquire about his parents and was told that his city was burned, his father killed, and his mother held in servitude. When he returned and saw that things were not as the oracle had said . . . thinking he was the son ofPolymnestor, he asked his sisterIliona why the oracle had spoken falsely. His sister revealed the truth to him, and by her advice he blindedPolymnestor and killed him.

§ 110  POLYXENA: When the victorious Danaan were embarking fromTroy, and about to return to their own country, each one taking his share of the spoils, the voice ofAchilles from his tome is said to have demanded a part of the spoils. And so theDanaans sacrificed at his tomePolyxena, daughter ofPriam, a most beautiful girl, because whenAchilles had sought her in marriage and had come for an interview, he was killed byAlexander andDeiphobus.

§ 111  HECUBA: WhenUlysses was taking into servitudeHecuba,Priam's wife, daughter ofCisseus, or according to some writers, daughter ofDymas, she threw herself into theHellespont, and is said to have been changed into adog. The place is called Cyneus from this.

§ 112  CHALLENGING COMBATANTS AND THEIR ADVERSARIES:Menelaus withAlexander;Venus rescuedAlexander.Diomedes withAeneas;Venus savedAeneas. The same (Diomedes) withGlaucus; they parted, when they recognized ties of guest-friendship. The same (Diomedes) withPandarus and anotherGlaucus;Pandarus andGlaucus were killed.Ajax withHector; they parted with an exchange of gifts:Ajax gaveHector the belt by which he was dragged, andHector gaveAjax a sword with which he killed himself.Patroclus withSarpedon;Sarpedon was killed.Menelaus withEuphorbus;Euphorbus was killed. He later becamePythagoras and recalled this his soul had passed into several bodies.Achilles withAsteropaeus;Asteropaeus was killed. The same (Achilles) withHector;Hector was killed. The same (Achilles) withAeneas;Aeneas was routed. The same (Achilles) withAgenor;Apollo savedAgenor. The same (Achilles) withPenthesilea, daughter ofMars andOtrera;Penthesilea was killed.Antilochus withMemnon;Antilochus was killed.Achilles withMemnon;Memnon was killed.Philoctetes withAlexander;Alexander was killed.Neoptolemus withEurypylus;Eurypylus was killed.

§ 113  THOSE WHO KILLED PRINCES:Apollo [killed]Achilles under the guise ofAlexander.Hector,Protesilaus, and likewiseAntilochus.Agenor,Elephenor, and likewiseClonius.Deiphobus,Ascalaphus, and likewise Antonous.Ajax [killed]Hippodamus, and likewiseChromius.Agamemnon,Iphidamas, and likewiseGlaucus.LocrianAjax, Gargasus, and likewiseGavius.Diomedes,Dolon and likewiseRhesus.Eurypylus [killed]Nireus, and likewiseMachaon.Sarpedon,Tlepolemus, and likewiseAntiphus.Achilles,Troilus.Menelaus,Deiphobus.Achilles [killed] Astynomus, and likewisePylaemenes.Neoptolemus,Priam.

§ 114  SLAYERS ON THE ACHAEAN SIDE AND HOW MANY THEY SLEW:Achilles to the number of 72;Antilochus, 2;Protesilaus, 4;Peneleus, 2;Eurypylus, 1;Ajax, son ofOileus, 14;Thoas, 2;Leitus, 20;Thrasymedes, 2;Agamemnon, 16;Diomedes, 18;Menelaus, 8;Philoctetes, 3;Meriones, 7;Ulysses, 12;Idomeneus, 13;Leonteus, 5; TelamonianAjax, 28;Patroclus, 54;Polypoetes, 1;Teucer, 30;Neoptolemus, 6; total, 362.

§ 115  SLAYERS ON THE TROJAN SIDE AND HOW MANY THEY SLEW:Hector to the number of 31;Alexander, 3;Sarpedon, 2;Panthous, 4; Gargasus, 2;Glaucus, 4;Polydamas, 3;Aeneas, 28;Deiphobus, 4;Clytus, 3;Acamas, 1;Agenor, 2; total, 88.

§ 116  NAUPLIUS: When the Danaan were returning home after the capture ofTroy and the division of spoils, the anger o the gods caused their shipwreck on theCepharean Rocks. They sent a storm and contrary winds because the Greeks had despoiled the shrines of the gods andLocrianAjax had draggedCassandra from thestatue of Pallas. In this stormLocrianAjax was struck with a thunderbolt byMinerva. The waves dashed him against the rocks, and from this they are called the Rocks ofAjax. When the others at night were imploring the aid of the gods,Nauplius heard, and though the time had come for avenging the wrong to hisPalamedes. And so, as if he were bringing aid to them, he brought a burning torch to that place where the rocks were sharp and the coast most dangerous. Believing that this was done out of mercy they steered their ships there. As a result many ships were wrecked, and many of the troops and their leaders perished in the storm, their limbs and entrails dashed on the rocks. Those who could swim to shore were killed byNauplius. But the wind boreUlysses to Mar[ath]on, andMenelaus toEgypt.Agamemnon withCassandra arrived at his own country.

§ 117  CLYTEMNESTRA:Clytemnestra, daughter ofTyndareus and wife ofAgamemnon, heard fromOiax, brother ofPalamedes, thatCassandra was being brought as a concubine to her house, a false statementOiax made in order to avenge the wrong done to his brother. ThenClytemnestra, together withAegisthus, son ofThyestes, planned to killAgamemnon andCassandra. They killed him with an axe as he was sacrificing, andCassandra, too. ButElectra,Agamemnon's daughter, rescued her brother, the infantOrestes, and sent him toStrophius inPhocis.Strophius had marriedAgamemnon's sister,Astyoche.

§ 118  PROTEUS: InEgyptProteus, the propheticOld Man of the Sea, is said to have dwelt, he who used to change himself into all sorts of shapes. By the advice of his daughterIdothea,Menelaus bound him with a chain, so that he would tell him when he would reach home.Proteus told him that the gods were angry becauseTroy had been taken, and on that account an offering should be made which the Greeks call hekatombe, a hundred animals being slain. And soMenelaus offered a hekatombe. Then at length, the eighth year after he leftTroy, he returned home withHelen.

§ 119  ORESTES: WhenOrestes, son ofAgamemnon andClytemnestra, grew to manhood, he desired to avenge his father's death. And so he made a plan withPylades and came toMycenae to his motherClytemnestra, saying thatOrestes, whoAegisthus had turned over to the people to be killed, was dead, and that he was anAitolian guest-friend. Not long after this,Pylades, son ofStrophius, came toClytemnestra brining an urn which he said contained the bones ofOrestes.Aegisthus rejoiced and welcomed them both hospitably. When an opportunity came,Orestes with help ofPylades by night slewClytemnestra, his mother, andAegisthus. WhenTyndareus accused him,Orestes was allowed to go into exile by the people ofMycenae because of his father. Later theFuries of his mother pursued him.

§ 120  IPHIGENIA: When theFuries were pursuingOrestes, he went toDelphi to inquire when his sufferings would end. The reply was that he should go to the land of Taurica to KingThoas, father ofHypsipyle, and bring toArgos from the temple there the statue ofDiana; then there would be an end to his sufferings. Upon hearing this oracle, along withPylades his companion, son ofStrophius, he embarked and quickly came to the land of theTaurians. It was their custom to sacrifice at the temple ofDiana whatever stranger came within their borders. WhenOrestes andPylades were hiding in a cave waiting an opportunity, they were seized by shepherds and brought to KingThoas.Thoas, as was his custom, ordered them to be brought bound into the temple ofDiana to be sacrificed. The priestess there wasIphigenia, sister ofOrestes, and when by tokens and questioning she found out who they were and why they had come, she herself, casting aside the vessels for sacrifice, started to remove the statue ofDiana. When the king came up and asked her why she was doing this, she made pretence and said that since the men were accursed they had defiled the statue; because impious and wicked men had been brought into the temple, the statue should be taken to the sea for cleansing. She bade him make a proclamation forbidding citizens to go outside the city. The king complied with the words of the priestess.Iphigenia, seizing the opportunity, took the statue, embarked withOrestes andPylades, and by a favouring breeze was borne to the island Zminthe toChryses, priest ofApollo.

§ 121  CHRYSES: WhenAgamemnon was on his was toTroy,Achilles, too, came toMoesia, and tookChryseis, daughter of the priest ofApollo, and gave her in marriage toAgamemnon. WhenChryses came toAgamemnon to beg him to return his daughter, he was refused. Because of thisApollo destroyed almost all the army, partly by famine, partly by pestilence. And soAgamemnon sent backChryseis, though she was pregnant, to the priest. Though she claimed to be untouched by him, when her time came she boreChryses the Younger, and said she had conceived byApollo. Later whenChryses was about to returnIphigenia andOrestes toThoas, he [Chryses the Elder] learned that they were children ofAgamemnon, and revealed toChryses his [grand]son the truth — that they were brothers and that he was a son ofAgamemnon. ThenChryses, thus informed, withOrestes his brother, killedThoas, and from there they came safe toMycenae with the statue ofDiana.

§ 122  ALETES: ToElectra, daughter ofAgamemnon andClytemnestra, a messenger came, falsely saying that her brother andPylades had been sacrificed in Taurica toDiana. WhenAletes,Aegisthus'son, heard that no-one of the race of theAtreidae survived, he seized the kingly power inMycenae. ButElectra went toDelphi to inquire about her brother's violent death. She came thee the same day thatIphigenia andOrestes arrived. The same messenger who had reported aboutOrestes, said thatIphigenia was the murderess of her brother. WhenElectra heard this, she seized a burning firebrand from the altar, and in her ignorance would have blinded her sisterIphigenia ifOrestes had not intervened. After this recognition they came toMycenae, andOrestes killedAletes, son ofAegisthus, and would have killedErigone, daughter ofClytemnestra andAegisthus, butDiana rescued her and made her a priestess in the Attic land.Orestes, moreover, afterNeoptolemus was slain, marriedHermione, daughter ofMenelaus andHelen, andPylades marriedElectra, daughter ofAgamemnon andClytemnestra.

§ 123  NEOPTOLEMUS:Neoptolemus, son ofAchilles andDeidamia, begatAmphialus by captiveAndromache, daughter ofEetion. But after he heard thatHermione his betrothed had been given toOrestes in marriage, he went toLacedemon and demanded her fromMenelaus.Menelaus did not wish to go back on his word, and tookHermione fromOrestes and gave her toNeoptolemus.Orestes, thus insulted, slewNeoptolemus as he was sacrificing toDelphi, and recoveredHermione. The bones ofNeoptolemus were scattered through the land ofAmbracia, which is in the district ofEpirus.

§ 124  KINGS OF THE ACHAEANS:Phoroneus, son ofInachus;Argus, son ofJove;Peranthus, son ofArgus;Triops, son ofPeranthus;Pelasgus, son ofAgenor;Danaus, son ofBelus;Tantalus, son ofJove;Pelops, son ofTantalus;Atreus, son ofPelops;Thyestes, ofPelops;Agamemnon, ofAtreus;Aegisthus, ofThyestes;Orestes, ofAgamemnon;Aletes, ofAegisthus;Tisamenus, ofOrestes;Temenus, son ofAristomachus;Clytus, son ofTemenus; [Alexander ofEurystheus].

§ 125  ODYSSEY: WhenUlysses was returning from Troy to his countryIthaca, he was carried by a storm to theCicones. He attacked their town,Ismarus, and distributed the spoils among his comrades. From there he went to theLotus Eaters, quite good men, whose custom it was to eat the lotus, a flower growing from the leaves. This food was so sweet that those who tasted it would forget to return home. Two men sent to them byUlysses, on tasting the plants they gave, forgot to return to the ships. He bound them and brought them back himself. From there he went to theCyclopsPolyphemus, son of Neptune, to whom a prophecy had been given by the augurTelemus, son ofEurymus, that he should beware of being blinded byUlysses. He had one eye in the middle of his forehead, and feasted on human flesh. After he drove his flock back into the cave he would place a great stone weight at the door. He shutUlysses and his comrades within, and started to devour the men. WhenUlysses saw that he could not cope with his size and ferocity, he made him drunk with the wine he had received fromMaron, and said that he was calledNoman. And so, whenUlysses was burning out his eye with a glowing stake, he summoned the otherCyclopes with is cries, and called to them from the closed cave, "Noman in blinding me!" They thought he was speaking in sport, and did not heed. ButUlysses tied his comrades to thesheep and himself to the ram, and in this way they got out. He came toAeolus, son ofHellen, to whom control of the winds had been given byJove. He welcomedUlysses hospitably, and gave him as a gift a bag full of winds. But his comrades took it, thinking it to be gold and silver, and when they wished to divide it, they opened the bag secretly, and the winds rushed out. He was carried again toAeolus, who cast him out because the divinity of the gods seemed hostile to him. He came to theLaestrygonians, whose king wasAntiphates . . . Some he devoured and shattered eleven of his ships, with the exception of the one in whichUlysses escaped when his comrades had been lost. He came to the island ofAenaria, toCirce, daughter ofSol, who, by giving a potion, used to change men into wild beasts. When he sentEurylochus to her with twenty-two of his men, she changed them from human form; butEurylochus in fear did not enter, but fled and reported toUlysses.Ulysses himself alone went to her, but on the wayMercury gave him a charm, and showed him how to deceiveCirce. After he came toCirce and took the cup from her, atMercury's suggestion he put in the charm, and drew his sword, threatening to kill her unless she restored his comrades. ThenCirce knew that this had not happened without the will of the gods, and so, promising that she would not do the like to him, she restored his comrades to their earlier forms. She herself lay with him, conceived, and bore two sons,Nausithous andTelegonus. From there he set out for LakeAvernus, descended into the Lower World, and found there his comradeElpenor, whom he had left behind atCirce's. He askedElpenor how he had come there, andElpenor replied that in his drunkenness he had fallen down the ladder and broken his neck. He begged him to give him burial when he returned to the upper world, and place his oar on his grave. There he also spoke to his mother,Anticlia, about the end of his journey. Then he returned to the upper world, buriedElpenor, and fixed the oar on his tomb as he had asked. Next he came to theSirens, daughters of theMuseMelpomene andAchelous, women in the upper parts of their bodies but bird below. It was their fate to live only so long as mortals who heard their song failed to pass by.Ulysses, instructed byCirce, daughter ofSol, stopped up the ears of his comrades with wax, had himself bound to the wooden mast, and thus sailed by. From there he came toScylla, daughter ofTyphon, who was woman above, but fish from the hips down, with sixdogs joined to her body. She snatched and devoured six men fromUlysses' ship. He had come to the island ofSicily to the sacred herds ofSol, but their flesh lowed when his comrades cooked it in a brazen kettle. He had been warned byTiresias and byCirce, too, not to touch them, and as a result he lost many comrades there. Borne on toCharybdis, who three times a day sucked down the water and three times belched it up, byTiresias' warning he passed by. ButSol was angry because his herd had been harmed. (WhenUlysses had come to the island, and atTiresias' warning forbade anyone's touching the herd, his comrades seized somecattle while he slept; as they were cooking them the flesh lowed from the brazen kettle.) For his reasonJove struck his ship with a thunderbolt and burned it Wandering from this, his comrades lost in the shipwreck, he swam to the island ofAeaea, where the nymphCalypso, daughter ofAtlas, lived. She enamoured of the handsome form ofUlysses, kept him a whole year, and was unwilling to release him untilMercury, byJove's command, bade her release him. When a raft had been made there,Calypso sent him off with an abundance of provisions, butNeptune shattered the raft with his waves because he had blinded his son, theCyclops. While he was being tossed about by the waves,Leucothoe, who we callMater Matuta, who lives forever in the sea, gave him her girdle to bind around his chest, to buoy him up. When he had done this, he swam to safety. From there he came to the island of thePhaeacians, and hid his nakedness under the leaves of trees. ThereNausicaa, daughter of KingAlcinous, brought garments to the stream to wash. He crept out from the leaves and begged help from her. Moved by pity, she gave him a mantle, and led him to her father.Alcinous welcomed him with generous hospitality, honoured him with gifts, and sent him to his country,Ithaca. ByMercury's wrath, he was shipwrecked again. After the twentieth year, with the loss of his comrades, he returned alone to his country. On reaching his home, unrecognized, he found suitors who sought to marryPenelope occupying his palace, so he pretended to be a stranger. But his nurseEuryclia, while bathing his feet, recognized him asUlysses by a scar. Later, with the help ofMinerva, he and his sonTelemachus and two servants killed the suitors with arrows.

§ 126  RECOGNITION OF ULYSSES: AfterUlysses had been sent away with gifts by KingAlcinous, father ofNausicaa, he was shipwrecked and came naked toIthaca to a certain house where a man,Eumaeus by name, was a sybotes, that is a swineherd. Although thedog recognized him and fawned upon him,Eumaeus did not know him, sinceMinerva had changed his appearance and attire.Eumaeus asked him where he came from, and he replied that he had been shipwrecked. When the shepherds questioned him whether he had seenUlysses, he said he was his comrade, and gave signs and proofs. SoonEumaeus took him into his house, and revived him with food and drink. When the servants, sent as usual to bring in the flocks, had come, and he had askedEumaeus who they were,Eumaeus said: "AfterUlysses left, when some time had intervened, suitors came to ask forPenelope in marriage. She kept putting them off with this condition — 'When I finish this weaving, I shall marry' — but what she wove in the day, she unravelled at night, and so she put them off. But now they feast with the maid-servants ofUlysses and waste his flocks." ThenMinerva restored his former appearance to him. Suddenly the swineherd saw it wasUlysses, and clinging to him and embracing him, he wept for joy, and wondering what it was that had changed him.Ulysses said to him: "Tomorrow take me to the palace toPenelope." When he took him there,Minerva again changed his appearance to that of a beggar, and whenEumaeus took him to the wooers, and they were feasting with the hand-maids, he said to them: "Look! You have another beggar, who will amuse you along withIrus." ThenMelanthius, one of the suitors, said: "Yes, let them wrestle and the victor will get a stuffedgoat's-belly pudding, and a cane to drive away the loser." When they had wrestled andUlysses had struckIrus and driven him out,Eumaeus ledUlysses in beggar's disguise to his nurseEuryclia, and told her he was a comrade ofUlysses. When she wished . . . was going [to cry out],Ulysses held his hand over her lips, and warned her, and toldPenelope to give his bow and arrows to the suitors, saying that whoever of them drew it, could have her as a wife. When she did this . . . they strove among themselves and no one could draw it,Eumaeus said in ridicule: "Let us give . . . "Melanthius did not permit . . .Eumaeus gave the bow to the old man. He transfixed all the suitors exceptMelanthius the slave; he was seized, apart from the suitors, and nose, arms, and other parts of his body were cut in bits. SoUlysses obtained his palace and his wife. He bade his handmaids cast their bodies into the sea, and later, atPenelope's request, after the death of the suitors, he punished them, too.

§ 127  TELEGONUS:Telegonus, son ofUlysses andCirce, sent by his mother to find his father, by a storm was carried toIthaca, and there, driven by hunger, began to lay waste the fields.Ulysses andTelemachus, not knowing who he was, took up arms against him.Ulysses was killed by his sonTelegonus; it had been told him by an oracle to beware of death at his son's hands.Telegonus on discovering who he was, withTelemachus andPenelope returned to his home on the island ofAeaea byMinerva's instructions. They brought the body ofUlysses toCirce, and buried it there. By the advice ofMinerva again,Telegonus marriedPenelope, andTelemachus marriedCirce. FromCirce andTelemachusLatinus was born, who gave his name to the Latin language; fromPenelope andTelegonusItalus was born, who called the countryItaly from his own name.

§ 128  AUGURS:Ampycus, son ofElatus;Mopsus, son ofAmpycus;Amphiaraus, son ofOicleus orApollo;Tiresias, son ofEveres;Manto, daughter ofTiresias;Polyidus, son ofCoeranus;Helenus, son ofPriam;Cassandra, daughter ofPriam;Calchas, son ofThestor;Theoclymenus [son ofThestor;Telemus], son ofProteus;Telemus, son ofEurymus; theSamianSibyl — others call herCymaean.

§ 129  OENEUS: WhenLiber had come as a guest toOineus, son ofParthaon, he fell in love withAlthaea, daughter ofThestius and wife ofOineus. WhenOineus realized this, he voluntarily left the city and pretended to be performing sacred rites. ButLiber lay withAlthaea, who became mother ofDejanira. ToOineus, because of his generous hospitality, he gave the vine as a gift, and showed him how to plant it, and decreed that its fruit should be called oinos from the name of his host.

§ 130  ICARIUS AND ERIGONE: WhenFather Liber went out to visit men in order to demonstrate the sweetness and pleasantness of his fruit, he came to the generous hospitality ofIcarius andErigone. To them he gave a skin full of wine as a gift and bade them spread the use of it in all the other lands. Loading a wagon,Icarius with his daughterErigone and adogMaera came to shepherds in the land ofAttica, and showed them the kind of sweetness wine had. The shepherds, made drunk by drinking immoderately, collapsed, and thinking thatIcarius had given them some bad medicine, killed him with clubs. ThedogMaera, howling over the body of the slainIcarius, showedErigone where her father lay unburied. When she came there, she killed herself by hanging in a tree over the body of her father. Because of this,Father Liber afflicted the daughters of theAthenians with alike punishment. They asked an oracular response fromApollo concerning this, and he told them they had neglected he deaths ofIcarius andErigone. At this reply they exacted punishment from the shepherds, and in honour ofErigone instituted a festival day of swinging because of the affliction, decreeing that through the grape-harvest they should pour libations to Icarius andErigone. By the will of the gods they were put among the stars.Erigone is the sign Virgo whom we callJustice;Icarius is calledArcturus among the stars, and thedogMaera isCanicula.

§ 131  NYSUS: WhenLiber was leading his army intoIndia, he gave the authority over hisTheban kingdom to his nurseNysus until he should come back. But afterLiber returned from there,Nysus was unwilling to yield the kingdom. SinceLiber didn't want to quarrel with his nurse he permitted him to keep the kingdom until an opportunity should come to recover it. And so, three years later, he made up the quarrel with him, and pretended he wanted to celebrate in the state the sacred rites termed Trieteric, because he performed them after the third year. He introduced soldiers as Bacchanals in women's dress, capturedNysus, and recovered his kingdom.

§ 132  LYCURGUS:Lycurgus, son ofDryas, droveLiber from his kingdom. When he denied thatLiber was a god, and had drunk wine, and in drunkenness tried to violate his mother, he then tried to cut down the vines, because he said wine was a bad medicine in that it affected the mind. Under madness sent byLiber he killed his wife and son.Liber threwLycurgus himself to his panthers onRhodope, a mountain ofThrace, over which he ruled. He is said to have cut off one foot thinking it was a vine.

§ 133  AMMON: WhenLiber was hunting for water inIndia, and hadn't succeeded, ram is said to have sprung suddenly from the ground, and with this as guide he found water. So he askedJove to put the ram among the stars, and to this day it is called the equinoctial ram. Moreover, in the place where he found water he established a temple which his called the temple ofJoveAmmon.

§ 134  TYRRHENIANS: When theTyrrhenians, later calledTuscans, were on apiratical expedition,Father Liber, then a youth, came on their ship and asked them to take him toNaxos. When they had taken him on and wished to debauch him because of his beauty,Acoetes, the pilot, restrained them, and suffered at their hands.Liber, seeing that their purpose remained the same, changed the oars to thyrsi, the sails to vine-leaves, the ropes to ivy; thenlions and panthers leapt out. When they saw them, in fear they cast themselves into the sea, and even in the sea he changed them to a sort of beast. For whoever leaped overboard was changed intodolphin shape, and from thisdolphins are called Tyrrhenians, and the seaTyrrhenian. They were twelve in number with the following names:Aethalides,Medon,Lycabas,Libys,Opheltes,Melas,Alcimedon,Epopeus,Dictys,Simon,Acoetes. The last was the pilot, whomLiber saved out of kindness.

§ 135  LAOCOON:Laocoon, son ofAcoetes, brother ofAnchises, and priest ofApollo, against the will ofApollo had married and had children. By lot he was appointed to sacrifice toNeptune on the shore. Opportunity thus presenting itself,Apollo sent twosnakes fromTenedos over the waves of the sea to kill his sonsAntiphantes andThymbraeus. WhenLaocoon tried to bring aid to them, thesnakes killed him, too, in their folds. ThePhrygians thought this happened becauseLaocoon had thrown his spear against theTrojan Horse.

§ 136  POLYIDUS: WhenGlaucus, son ofMinos andPasiphae, was playing ball, he fell into a jar full of honey. In the parents' search, they made inquiry ofApollo about he boy.Apollo told them: A prodigy has been born for you. Whoever explains it will restore the child to you. Upon hearing this reply,Minos began inquiring from his people about the prodigy. They told him that a bullock had been born which changed colour three times a day, every four hours — first white, then red, then black.Minos then called together the augurs to explain the prodigy, and when no one was found who could do so,Polyidus, son ofCoeranus, showed that the bullock was like a mulberry tree, for first its fruit is white, then red, and when ripe, black. ThenMinos said to him: "According to the words ofApollo, you should be able to restore my son to me." WhilePolyidus was observing omens, he saw anowl sitting over the wine-cellar and puttingbees to flight. He interpreted the omen, and brought out the lifeless boy from the jar.Minos said to him: "You have found the body. Now restore life to it." WhenPolyidus said this was impossible,Minos ordered him to be shut in a tomb with the boy, and a sword placed there. When they had been shut in, asnake suddenly made for the body of the boy, andPolyidus, judging the creature wished to devour the body, suddenly drew the sword and killed it. Anothersnake, seeking its mate, saw that it was dead, and came and brought a herb, and its touch restored life to the deadsnake.Polyidus did the same. When they called out from within, a passerby reported it toMinos, who opened the tomb and found his son safe. He sentPolyidus many gifts back into his country.

§ 137  MEROPE: WhenPolyphontes, King ofMessenia, had killedCresphontes, son ofAristomachus, he gained possession of his kingdom and his wifeMerope [with whomPolyphontes, after slayingCresphontes, seized the kingdom]. ButMerope hid the infant son whom she had borne toCresphontes and sent him to a guest-friend inAitolia.Polyphontes kept hunting for him with great assiduity, and promised gold to the one who killed him. After he came to man's estate, he planned to avenge the deaths of his father and his brothers, so he came to KingPolyphontes to claim the gold, saying that he had killed the son ofCresphontes andMerope — Telephon. In the meantime the King bade him remain as a guest, in ordere to find out more about him. When he had fallen asleep through weariness, the old man who was an intermediary between mother and son came weeping toMerope, saying that he wasn't at the guest-friend's home, nor could he be found.Merope, believing that the one who was asleep was the slayer of her son, went into the chamber with an axe, unaware that she was about to kill her son. The old man recognized him and kept the mother from the crime. WhenMerope saw she had opportunity to avenge herself on her foe, she became reconciled withPolyphontes. While the king was joyfully making sacrifice, his "guest" falsely presented to strike the victim to be offered, killed him, and secured his father's kingdom.

§ 138  PHILYRA, WHO WAS TURNED INTO A LINDEN TREE: WhenSaturn was huntingJove throughout the earth, assuming the form of a steed he lay withPhilyra, daughter ofOcean. By him she boreChiron theCentaur, who is said to have been the first to invent the art of healing. AfterPhilyra saw that she had borne a strange species, she askedJove to change her into another form, and she was transformed into the tree which is called the linden.

§ 139  CURETES: AfterOpis had borneJove bySaturn,Juno asked her to give him to her, sinceSaturn and castOrcus underTartarus, andNeptune under the sea, because he knew that his son would rob him of the kingdom. When he had askedOpis for what she had borne, in order to devour it,Opis showed him a stone wrapped up like a baby;Saturn devoured it. When he realized what he had done, he started to hunt forJove throughout the earth.Juno, however, tookJove to the island ofCrete, andAmalthea, the child's nurse, hung him in a cradle from a tree, so that he could be found neither in heaven nor on earth nor in the sea. And lest the cries of the baby be heard, she summoned youths and gave them small brazen shields and spears, and bade them go around the tree making a noise. In Greek they are called "Curetes"; others call them "Corybantes"; these [inItaly? ], however are called "Lares."

§ 140  PYTHON:Python, offspring ofTerra, was a huge dragon who, before the time ofApollo, used to give oracular responses on MountParnassus. Death was fated to come to him from the offspring ofLatona. At that timeJove lay withLatona, daughter ofPolus. WhenJuno found this out, she decreed (?) thatLatona should give birth at a place where the sun did not shine. WhenPython knew thatLatona was pregnant byJove, he followed her to kill her. But by order ofJove the windAquilo carriedLatona away, and bore her toNeptune. He protected her, but in order not to make voiceJuno's decree, he took her to the islandOrtygia, and covered the island with waves. WhenPython did not find her, he returned toParnassus. ButNeptune brought the island ofOrtygia up to a higher position; it was later called the island ofDelos. ThereLatona, clinging to an olive tree, boreApollo andDiana, to whomVulcan gave arrows as gifts. Four days after they were born,Apollo exacted vengeance for his mother. For he went toParnassus and slewPython with his arrows. (Because of this deed he is calledPythian.) He putPython's bones in a cauldron, deposited them in his temple, and instituted funeral games for him which are calledPythian.

§ 141  SIRENS: TheSirens, daughter of the RiverAchelous and theMuseMelpomene, wandering away after the rape ofProserpina, came to the land ofApollo, and there were made flying creatures by the will ofCeres because they had not brought help to her daughter. It was predicted that they would live only until someone who heard their singing would pass by.Ulysses proved fatal to them, for when by his cleverness he passed by the rocks where they dwelt, they threw themselves into the sea. This place is called Sirenides from them, and is betweenSicily andItaly.

§ 142  PANDORA:Prometheus, son ofIapetus, first fashioned men from clay. LaterVulcan, atJove's command, made a woman's form from clay.Minerva gave it life, and the rest of the gods each gave come other gift. Because of this they named herPandora. She was given in marriage toPrometheus' brotherEpimetheus.Pyrrha was her daughter, and was said to be the first mortal born.

§ 143  PHORONEUS:Inachus, son ofOceanus, begatPhoroneus by his sisterArgia, and he is said to have been the first of mortals to rule. Men for many centuries before lived without town or laws, speaking one tongue under the rule ofJove. But afterMercury had explained the languages of men (when he is called ermeneutes, "interpreter," forMercury in Greek is calledHermes; he too, divided the nations), then discord arose among mortals, which was not pleasing toJove. And so he gave over the first rule toPhoroneus, because hew as first to make offerings toJuno.

§ 144  PROMETHEUS: Men in early times sought fire from the gods, and did not know how to keep it alive. LaterPrometheus brought it to earth in a fennel-stalk, and showed men how to keep it covered over with ashes. Because of this,Mercury, atJove's command, bound him with iron spikes to a cliff on MountCaucasus, and set aneagle to eat out his heart; as much as it devoured in the day, so much grew again at night. After 30,000 yearsHercules killed thiseagle and freedPrometheus.

§ 145  NIOBA [NIOBE] OR IO: FromPhoroneus andCinna were bornApis andNioba.Nioba was the first mortal to be embraced byJove; to her was bornArgus who named the cityArgos from his own name. FromArgus andEvadne,Criasus,Piranthus, andEcbasus were born; fromPiranthus andCallirhoe,Argus, Arestorides, andTriopas; he . . . from him Eurisabe,Anthus,Pelasgus, andAgenor; fromTriops and Oreaside,Xanthus andInachus; fromPelasgus,Larisa, fromInachus andArgia,Io.Jupiter loved and embracedIo, and changed her to heifer form so thatJuno would not recognize her. WhenJuno found out, she sentArgus, who had gleaming eyes all around to guard her.Mercury, atJove's command, killed him. ButJuno sent a fearful shape to plague her, and out of terror of it she was driven wildly and compelled to cast herself into the sea, which is calledIonian. Thence she swam toScythia, and theBosporus is named from that; thence she went toEgypt where she boreEpaphus. WhenJove realized that for his sake she had borne such suffering, he restored her to her own form, and made her a goddess of theEgyptians, calledIsis.

§ 146  PROSERPINA:Pluto asked fromJove that he give him in marriageCeres' daughter and his own.Jove said thatCeres would not permit her daughter to live in gloomyTartarus, but bade him seize her as she was gathering flowers on MountEtna, which is inSicily. WhileProserpina was gathering flowers withVenus,Diana, andMinerva,Pluto came in his four-horse chariot, and seized her. AfterwardsCeres obtained fromJove permission for her to stay half of the year with her, and half withPluto.

§ 147  TRIPTOLEMUS: WhenCeres was hunting for her daughter, she came to KingEleusinus, whose wifeCothonea had borne the boyTriptolemus, and pretended she was a wet nurse. The queen gladly took her as nurse for her son. SinceCeres wanted to make her charge immortal, she fed him by day with divine milk, but by night secretly hid him in the fire. In this way he grew more than mortals are wont to grow, and so, when the parents wondered at it, they watched her. WhenCeres was about to put him in the fire, the father was terrified. In her anger, she struck downEleusinus, but onTriptolemus, her foster-son, she conferred everlasting honour, for she gave him her chariot yoked with Serpents to spread the cultivation of grain. Riding in it he sowed grain throughout the earth. When he returned,Celeus bade him be killed for his benefactions, but when this was known, byCeres' order he gave the kingdom toTriptolemus, who called itEleusis from his father's name. He also established sacred rites in honour ofCeres, which are called in GreekThesmophoria.

§ 148  VULCAN: WhenVulcanus knew thatVenus was secretly lying withMars, and that he could not oppose his strength, he made a chain of adamant and put it around the bed to catchMars by cleverness. WhenMars came to the rendezvous, the together withVenus fell into the snare so that he could not extricate himself. WhenSol reported this toVulcan, he saw them lying there naked, and summoned all the gods . . . who saw. As a result, shame frightenedMars so that he did not do this. From their embraceHarmonia was born, and to herMinerva andVulcan gave a robe "dipped in crimes" as a gift. Because of this, their descendants are clearly marked as ill-fated. ToSol's progeny, however,Venus, because of his disclosure, was always hostile.

§ 149  EPAPHUS:Jupiter badeEpaphus, whom he begat byIo, fortify the towns inEgypt and rule there. First of all he foundedMemphis, and then many others. ByCassiope his wife he begat a daughter,Libya, from whom the land is named.

§ 150  WAR WITH THE TITANS: AfterJuno saw thatEpaphus, born of a concubine, ruled such a great kingdom, she saw to it that he should be killed while hunting, and encouraged theTitans to driveJove from the kingdom and restore it toSaturn. When they tried to mount heaven,Jove with the help ofMinerva,Apollo, andDiana, cast them headlong intoTartarus. OnAtlas, who had been their leader, he put the vault of the sky; even now he is said to hold up the sky on his shoulders.

§ 151  CHILDREN OF TYPHON AND ECHIDNA: FromTyphon the giant andEchidna were bornGorgon, the three-headeddogCerberus, the dragon which guarded the apples of theHesperides across the ocean, theHydra whichHercules killed by the spring ofLerna, the dragon which guarded the ram's fleece atColchis,Scylla who was woman above butdog below, with sixdog-forms sprung from her body, theSphinx which was inBoeotia, theChimaera inLycia which had the fore part of alion, the hind part of asnake, while the she-goat itself formed the middle. FromMedusa, daughter ofGorgon, andNeptune, were bornChrysaor andhorsePegasus; fromChrysaor andCallirhoe, three-formedGeryon.

§ 152  TYPHON:Tartarus begat by Tartara,Typhon, a creature of immense size and fearful shape, who had a hundred dragon heads springing from his shoulders. He challengedJove to see ifJove would content with him for the rule.Jove struck his breast with a flaming thunderbolt. When it was burning him he put MountEtna, which is inSicily, over him. From this it is said to burn still.

§ 152A  PHAETHONPhaethon, son ofSol andClymene, who had secretly mounted his father's car, and had been borne too high above the earth, from fear fell into the riverEridanus. WhenJupiter struck him with a thunderbolt, everything started to burn. In order to have a reason for destroying the whole race of mortals,Jove pretended he wanted to put out the fire; he let loose the rivers everywhere, and all the human race perished exceptDeucalion andPyrrha. But the sisters ofPhaethon, because they had yoked thehorses without the orders of their father, were changed into poplar trees.

§ 153  DEUCALION AND PYRRHA: When the cataclysm which we call the flood or deluge occurred, all the human race perished exceptDeucalion andPyrrha, who fled to MountEtna, which is said to be the highest mountain inSicily. When they could not live on account of loneliness, they beggedJove either to give men, or to afflict them with a similar disaster. ThenJove bade them cast stones behind them; thoseDeucalion threw he ordered to become men, and thosePyrrha threw, to be women. Because of this they are called laos, "people", for stone in Greek is called las.

§ 154  PHAETHON OF HESIOD:Phaethon, son ofClymenus, son ofSol, and the nymphMerope, who, as we have heard was anOceanid, upon being told by his father that his grandfather wasSol, put to bad use the chariot he asked for. For when he was carried too near the earth, everything burned in the fire that came near, and, struck by a thunderbolt, he fell into the riverPadus. This river is calledEridanus by the Greeks;Pherecydes was the first to name it. TheIndians became black, because their blood was turned to a dark color from the heat that came near. The sisters ofPhaethon, too, in grieving for their brother, were changed into poplar trees. Their tears, asHesiod tells, hardened into amber; [in spite of the change] they are calledHeliades [daughters ofHelios]. They are, then,Merope,Helie,Aegle,Lampetia,Phoebe,Aetherie,Dioxippe. Moreover, Cygnus, King ofLiguria, who was related toPhaethon, while mourning for his relative was changed into a swan; it, too, when it dies sings a mournful song.

§ 155  SONS OF JOVE:Liber byProserpine, whom theTitans dismembered.Hercules, byAlcumena.Liber bySemele, daughter ofCadmus andHarmonia.Castor andPollux byLeda, daughter ofThestius.Argus byNioba, daughter ofPhoroneus.Epaphus byIo, daughter ofInachus.Perseus byDanae, daughter ofAcrisius.Zethus andAmphion, byAntiopa, daughter ofNycteus.Minos,Sarpedon, andRhadamanthus byEuropa, daughter ofAgenor.Helen byPyrrha, daughter ofEpimetheus.Aethlius byProtogenie, daughter ofDeucalion.Dardanus byElectra, daughter ofAtlas.Lacedemon byTaygete, daughter ofAtlas.Tantalus byPluto, daughter of Himas.Aeacus byAigina, daughter ofAsopus.Aegipan by the she-goat Boetis.Arcas byCallisto, daughter ofLycaon. [Etolus byProtogenia, daughter ofDeucalion.]Pirithous byDia, daughter ofDeioneus.

§ 156  CHILDREN OF SOL:Circe byPersis, daughter ofOcean, andPasiphae. ByClumene, daughter ofOcean,Phaethon,Lampetie,Aegle,Phoebe . . .

§ 157  SONS OF NEPTUNE:Boeotus andHellen byAntiopa, daughter ofAeolus.Agenor andBelus byLibye, daughter ofEpaphus.Bellerophon byEurynome, daughter ofNysus.Leuconoe byThemisto, daughter ofHypseus.Hyrieus byAlcyone, daughter ofAtlas.Abas byArethusa, daughter ofNereus. [ Ephoceus byAlcyone, daughter ofAtlas.] [Belus.]Actor . . .Dictys byAgamede, daughter ofAugeas.Evadne by Lena, daughter ofLeucippus.Megareus byOinope, daughter ofEpopeus.Cygnus byCalyce, daughter ofHecato.Periclymenus andAncaeus byAstypale, daughter ofPhoenix.Neleus andPelias byTyro, daughter ofSalmoneus. Eupemus andLycus andNycteus byCelaeno, daughter ofErgeus.Peleus Arprites.Antaeus . . .Eumolpus byChiona, daughter ofAquilo . . . byAmymone . . . likewiseCyclopsPolyphemus . . . Metus byMelite, daughter ofBusiris.

§ 158  SONS OF VULCAN:Philammon.Cecrops.Erichthonius.Corynetes.Cercyon. Philottus.Spinther.

§ 159  SONS OFMARS:Oinomaeus bySterope.Harmonia byVenus.Lycus.Diomedes the Thracian.Ascalaphus.Ialmenus.Cycnus.Dryas.

§ 160  SONS OF MERCURY:Priapus.Echion byAntianira, andEurytus.Cephalus byCreusa, daughter ofErechtheus.EurestusAptale.Libys by Libye, daughter ofPalamedes.

§ 161  SONS OF APOLLO:Delphus.Asclepius byCoronis, daughter ofPhlegyas.Euripides byCleobula. Ileus by Urea, daughter ofNeptune.Agreus by Euboea, daughter of Macareus.Philammon byLeuconoe, daughter ofLucifer [Hesperos].Lycoreus by a Nympha.Linus by theMuseUrania.Aristaeus byCyrene, daughter ofPeneus.

§ 162  SONS OF HERCULES:Hyllus byDejanira.Tlepolemus byAstyoche. Leucites.Telephus byAuge, daughter ofAleus.Leucippus.Therimachus.Creontiades.Archelaus. Ophites.Deicoon.Euhenus.Lydus. TwelveThespiades, which he begat by the daughters of KingThespius.

§ 163  AMAZONS: Ocyale,Dioxippe, Iphinome,Xanthe,Hippothoe,Otrere,Antioche, Laomache,Glauce,Agave, Theseis,Hippolyte,Clymene,Polydora,Penthesilea.

§ 164  ATHENS: When there was a contest betweenNeptune andMinerva as to who should be the first to found a town in the Attic land, they tookJove as judge.Minerva won because she first planted the olive in that land, said to be there to this day. ButNeptune, in anger, wanted to have the sea flood that land.Mercury, atJove's command, forbade his doing that. And soMinerva in her own name foundedAthens, a town said to be the first established in the world.

§ 165  MARSYAS:Minerva is said to have been the first to make pipes from deer bones and to have come to the banquet of the gods to play.Juno andVenus made fun of her because she was grey-eyed and puffed out her cheeks, so when mocked in her playing and called ugly she came to the forest ofIda to a spring, as she played she viewed herself in the water, and saw that she was rightly mocked. Because of this she threw away the pipes and vowed that whoever picked them up would be punished severely.Marsyas, a shepherd, son of Oiagrus, one of the satyrs, found them, and by practicing assiduously kept making sweeter sounds day by day, so that he challengedApollo to play the lure in a contest with him. WhenApollo came there, they took theMuses as judges.Marsyas was departing as victor, whenApollo turned his lyre upside down, and played the same tune — a thing whichMarsyas couldn't do with the pipes. And soApollo defeatedMarsyas, bound him to a tree, and turned him over to aScythian who stripped his skin off him limb by limb. He gave the rest of his body for burial to his pupilOlympus. From his blood the riverMarsyas took its name.

§ 166  ERICHTHONIUS: WhenVulcan had made [golden sandals] forJove and for the other gods, he made one of adamant [forJuno? ], and as soon as she sat down she suddenly found herself hanging in the air. WhenVulcan was summoned to free his mother whom he had bound, in anger because he had been thrown from Heaven, he denied that he had a mother. WhenFather Liber had brought him back drunk to the council of the gods, he could not refuse (this) filial duty. Then he obtained freedom of choice fromJove, to gain whatever he sought from them. ThereforeNeptune, because he was hostile toMinerva, urgedVulcan to ask forMinerva in marriage. This was granted, butMinerva, when he entered her chamber, defended her virginity with arms. As they struggled, some of his seed fell to earth, and from it a boy was born, the lower part of whose body was snake-formed. They named himErichthonius, because eris in Greek means "strife", and khthon means "earth". WhenMinerva was secretly caring for him, she gave him in a chest toAglaurus,Pandrosus, andHerse, daughters ofCecrops, to guard. Acrow gave the secrete away when the girls opened the chest, and they, driven made byMinerva, threw themselves into the sea."

§ 167  LIBER:Liber, son ofJove andProserpine, was dismembered by theTitans, andJove gave his heart, torn to bits, toSemele in a drink. When she was made pregnant by this,Juno, changing herself to look likeSemele's nurse,Beroe, said to her: "Daughter, askJove to come to you as he comes toJuno, so you may know what pleasure it is to sleep with a god." At her suggestionSemele made this request ofJove, and was smitten by a thunderbolt. He tookLiber from her womb, and gave him toNysus to be cared for. For this reason he is calledDionysus, and also "the one with two mothers."

§ 168  DANAUS:Danaus, son ofBelus, had fifty daughters by as many wives, and his brotherEgyptus had the same number of sons.Egyptus wished to killDanaus and his daughters, so he alone might hold the paternal kingdom; he asked his brother for wives for his sons.Danaus, realizing the plot, withMinerva's aid flew from Africa toArgos. Then for the first timeMinerva is said to have built a two-prowed ship in whichDanaus could escape. WhenEgyptus knew thatDanaus had got away, he sent his sons to pursue his brother, bidding them killDanaus or not return to him. When they reachedArgos, they started to attack their uncle. WhenDanaus saw that he could not resist them, he promised them his daughters if they would give up the fight. They took as wives the cousins they had demanded, but the girls, at their father's command, killed their husbands, all butHypermnestra, who savedLynceus. Because of this a shrine was made forHypermnestra andLynceus, but the others are said to carry water to fill a leaky jar in the Lower World.

§ 169  AMYMONE: WhenAmymone, daughter ofDanaus, was eagerly hunting in the woods, she struck a satyr with her dart. He wanted to ravish her, but she begged the aid ofNeptune. WhenNeptune came there, he drove away the satyr, and lay with her himself. From this embraceNauplius was born. At the place where this occurred,Neptune is said to have struck the earth with his trident. Water flowed out, called the Fountain ofLerna and the Amymonian River.

§ 169A  AMYMONEAmymone, daughter ofDanaus, was sent by her father to get water for performing sacred rites. While hunting for it, she grew weary and fell asleep. A satyr tried to seduce her, but she implored the help ofNeptune. WhenNeptune had hurled his trident at the satyr, it became fixed in a rock.Neptune drove off the satyr. When he asked the girl what she was doing in this lonely place she said she had been sent by her father to get water.Neptune lay with her, and in return he did her a favour, bidding her draw out his trident from the rock. She drew it out and three streams of water flowed, which were called the Amymonian Spring from her name. From the embraceNauplius was born. The fountain, however, later was called the Fountain ofLerna.

§ 170  DAUGHTERS OF DANAUS, AND THOSE THEY KILLEDMidea killedAntimachus;Philomela,Panthius;Scylla,Proteus; Amphicomone,Plexippus;Evippe,Agenor;Demoditas,Chrysippus;Hyale, Perius. Trite [killed]Enceladus;Damone,Amyntor;Hippothoe, Obrimus; Myrmidone, Mineus;Eurydice,Canthus;Cleo,Asterius.Arcadia [killed]Xanthus;Cleopatra,Metalces.Phila,Philinus. Hipparete, Protheon.Chrysothemis, Asterides. Pyrante,Athamas. Armoasbus,Glaucippe, Niauius.Demophile,Pamphilus.Autodice,Clytus.Polyxena,Egyptus.Hecabe,Dryas.Acamantis [killed]Ecnomius.Arsaite,Ephialtes.Monuste,Eurysthenes.Amymone,Midanus.Helice, Evidea.Oime, Polydector. Polybe [killed] Itonomus.Helicta,Cassus.Electra,Hyperantus.Eubule,Demarchus;Daplidice, Pugno;Hero,Andromachus; Europome [killed]Athletes; Pyrantis,Plexippus.Critomedia,Antipaphus.Pirene,Dolichus.Eupheme,Hyperbius. Themistagora, Podasimus.Celaeno,Aristonoos. Itea,Antiochus.Erato,Eudaemon.Hypermnestra savedLynceus. WhenDanaus perished andAbas first reported the death,Lynceus, looking around in the temple for something to give him as a gift, by chance saw the shield whichDanaus had consecrated toJuno, which he had carried as a youth. He took it down and gave it toAbas, and established sacred games which are held every fifth year, and are called Aspis inArgeia. In these games, not a wreath, but a shield is given to the runners. But theDanaids, after their father's death, marriedArgive men, and their sons are named from these.

§ 171  ALTHAEA:Oineus andMars both slept one night withAlthaea, daughter ofThestius. WhenMeleager was born from them, suddenly in the palace theFates,Clotho,Lachesis, andAtropos, appeared. They thus sang his fate:Clotho said that he would be noble,Lachesis that he would be brave, butAtropos looking at a brand burning on the hearth and said, "He will live only as long as this brand remains unconsumed." WhenAlthaea, the mother, heard this, she leaped from the bed, put out the fatal brand, and buried it in the midst of the palace, so that it shouldn't be destroyed by fire.

§ 172  OENEUS: SinceOineus, son ofPorthaon, king ofAitolia, had made sacrifices yearly to all the gods, but had omittedDiana, she, in anger, sent aboar of immense size to lay waste the district ofCalydon. ThenMeleager, son ofOineus, promised that he would go with chosen leaders to attack it.

§ 173  THOSE WHO HUNTED THE CALYDONIAN BOARCastor andPollux, sons ofJove.Eurytus son ofMercury . . . Parth . . .Echion, son ofMercury [fromThebes].Aesculapius, son ofApollo.Jason, son ofAeson.Alcon, son ofMars, fromThrace.Euphemus, son ofNeptune.Iolaus, son ofIphiclus.Lynceus andIdas, sons ofAphareus.Peleus, son ofAeacus.Telamon, son ofAeacus.Admetus, son ofPheres.Laertes, son ofArcesius.Deucalion, son ofMinos.Theseus, son ofAegeus.Plexippus . . . [IdeusLynceus] sons ofThestius, brothers ofAlthaea.Hippothous, son ofCercyon.Caeneus, son ofElatus,Mopsus, son ofAmpycus.Meleager, son ofOineus.Hippasus, son ofEurytus.Ancaeus, son ofLycurgus.Phoenix, son ofAmyntor.Dryas, son ofIapetus. Eneasimus,Alcon,Leucippus, sons ofHippocoon fromAmyclae.Atalanta, daughter ofSchoeneus.

§ 173A  THE STATES WHICH SENT HELP TO OENEUS Ternerdos,Iolcos,Sparta,Pleurone,Messene,Perrhaebia,Phthia,Magnesia, Salamin,Calydon,Thessalia,Oichalia,Ithaca,Tegea,Crete,Dolopia,Athens, [Magnesia], andArcadia.

§ 174  MELEAGER:Althaea, daughter ofThestius, boreMeleager toOineus. There in the palace a glowing brand is said to have appeared. TheFates came there, and foretold the fate ofMeleager, that he would live as long as the brand was unharmed.Althaea, putting it in a chest, carefully preserved it. In the meantime the wrath ofDiana sent aboar of huge size to lay waste the district ofCalydon, becauseOineus had not made yearly offerings to her.Meleager, with the help of chosen youths of Greece, killed it, and gave the hide to the virginAtalanta because of her valor. Ideus,Plexippus,Lynceus . . . brothers ofAlthaea, wished to take if from her. When she asked the help ofMeleager, he intervened, and putting love before family relationship, killed his uncles. WhenAlthaea, the mother, heard that her son had dared to commit such a crime, remembering the warning of theParcae, she brought out the brand from the chest and threw it on the fire. Thus, in desiring to avenge the death of her brothers, she killed her son. But his sisters, all exceptGorge andDeianeira, because of their weeping, were by the will of the gods changed into birds. These are calledMeleagrides, 'guinea hens.' AndAlcyone, wife ofMeleager, died from grief in mourning for him.

§ 175  AGRIUS: WhenAgrius, son ofParthaon, saw his brotherOineus bereft of children and in need, he drove him out of his kingdom, and took it over himself. In the meantime, after the fall ofTroy,Diomede, son ofTydeus andDeipyle, hearing that his grandfather had been driven from his kingdom came toAitolia withSthenelus, son ofCapaneus, and fought withAgrius' son,Lycopeus. He killed him, and expelled the needyAgrius from the kingdom, and restored it to his grandfatherOineus. AfterwardsAgrius, expelled from the kingdom, killed himself.

§ 176  LYCAON:Jove is said to have come as guest toLycaon, son ofPelasgus, and to have seduced his daughterCallisto. From themArcas was born, who named the land from his own name. But the son ofLycaon wanted to testJove, to see whether he was a god or not; they mixed human flesh with the other meat, and set it before him at a banquet. When he realized it, in anger he overturned the table, and slew the sons ofLycaon with a thunderolt. At that placeArcas later fortified a town which he calledTrapezus. But forLycaon, their father,Jupiter changed into the form lykon, that is, the form of awolf.

§ 177  CALLISTO:Callisto, daughter ofLycaon, is said to have been changed into a bear by the wrath ofJuno, because she had lain withJove. AfterwardsJove put her among the number of the stars as a constellation calledSeptentrio, which does not move from its place, nor does it set. ForTethys, wife ofOcean, and foster mother ofJuno, forbids its setting in the Ocean. This, then, is the greaterSeptentrio, about whom it is written inCretan verses: "Thou, too, born of the transformedLycaonian Nympha, who, stolen from the chillArcadian height, was forbidden byTethys ever to dip herself in theOceanus because once she dared to be concubine to her foster child . . . ' This bear, then is calledHelice by the Greeks. She has seven rather dim stars on her head, two on either ear, one on her shoulder, a bright one on her breast, one on her forefoot, a bright one at the tip of her tail; at the back on her thigh, two; at the bottom of her foot, two; on her tail, three — twenty in all.

§ 178  EUROPA:Europa was the daughter ofArgiope andAgenor, aSidonian.Jupiter, changing his form to that of abull, carried her fromSidon toCrete, and begat by herMinos,Sarpedon, andRhadamanthus. Her fatherAgenor sent his sons to bring their sister back, or else not to return to his sight.Phoenix set out for Africa, and there remained. From this the Africans are calledPhoenicians.Cilix from his own name gave the name toCilicia.Cadmus in his wanderings came toDelphi. There the oracle told him to buy from farmers anox which had a moon-shaped mark on its side, and to drive it before him. Where it lay down it was fated that he found a town and rule. WhenCadmus heard the oracle, he did as he was told. While seeking water he came to the fountain ofCastalia, which a dragon, the offspring ofMars, was guarding. It killed the comrades ofCadmus, but was killed byCadmus with a stone. UnderMinerva's instructions he sowed the teeth and ploughed them under. From them sprang theSparti. These fought themselves, but from them five survived, namely,Chthonius,Udaeus,Hyperenor,Pelorus, andEchion. Moreover,Boeotia was named from theoxCadmus followed.

§ 179  SEMELE:Jove desired to lie withSemele, and whenJuno found out, she changed her form to that of the nurseBeroe, came toSemele, and suggested that she askJove to come to her as he came toJuno, "that you may know", she said, "what pleasure it is to lie with a god." And soSemele askedJove to come to her in this way. Her request was granted, andJove, coming with lightning and thunder, burnedSemele to death. From her wombLiber was born.Mercury snatched him from the fire and gave him toNysus to be reared. In Greek he is calledDionysus.

§ 180  ACTAEON:Actaeon, son ofAristaeus andAutonoe, a shepherd, sawDiana bathing and desired to ravish her. Angry at this,Diana made horns grow on his head, and he was devoured by his owndogs.

§ 181  DIANA WhenDiana, wearied from constant hunting in the thickly shadowed valley ofGargaphia, in the summertime was bathing in the stream calledParthenius,Actaeon, grandson ofCadmus, son ofAristaeus andAutonoe, sought the same place for cooling himself and thedogs which he had exercised in chasing wild beasts. He caught sight of the goddess, and to keep him from telling of it, she changed him into a stag. As a stag, then, he was mangled by his ownhounds. Their names were (these are all male):Melampus, Ichnobates, [Echnobas], Pamphagos, Dorceus, Oribasus,Nebrophonus,Laelaps,Theron,Pterelas,Hylaeus, Nape,Ladon, Poemenis, [Therodanapis],Aura,Lacon, Harpyia,Aello, Dromas, Thous Canache, Cyprius, Sticcte, Labros,Arcas, Agriodus,Tigris, Hylactor,Alce,Harpalus, Lycisca,Melaneus, Lachne,Leucon. Likewise there who devoured him — females:Melanchaetes, Agre, theridamas, Oreistrophos. Other authors give these names too:Acamas,Syrus,Leon,Stilbon,Agrius,Charops,Aethon,Corus,Boreas,Draco,Eudromus, Dromius,Zephyrus,Lampus,Haemon, Cyllopodes, Harpalicus, Machimus, Ichneus,Melampus, Ocydromus, Borax, Ocythous, Pachylus, Obrimus; and females:Argo,Arethusa,Urania, Theriope, Dinomache,Dioxippe, Echione,Gorgo, Cyllo, Harpyia, Lynceste,Leaena, Lacaena, Ocyptete, Ocydrome, Oxyrhoe, Orias, Sagnos, Theriphone, Volatos, Chediaetros.

§ 182  DAUGHTERS OF OCEAN: Thedaughters ofOceanus areIdothea,Althaea, andAdrasta, but others say they are daughters ofMelisseus, and nurses ofJove. The nymphs which are called Dodonides (others call themNaides) . . . Their names areCisseis,Nysa,Erato, Eriphia, Bromis, Polyhymno. On MountNysa these obtained a boon from their foster-son, who made petition toMedea. Putting off old age, they were changed to young girls, and later, consecrated among the stars, they are calledHyades. Others report that they were calledArsinoe, Ambrosie, Bromie,Cisseis, andCoronis.

§ 183  NAMES OF THE HORSES OF THE SUN AND OF THE HOURSEous; by him the sky is turned.Aethiops, as if flaming, parches the grain. These trace-horses are male. The female are yoke-bearers:Bronte, whom we call Thunder,Sterope, whom we call Lightning.Eumelus ofCorinth is the authority for this. There are also the ones thatHomer names: Abraxas, Therbeeo.Ovid, too: Pyrois,Eous,Aethon, andPhlegon. The names of theHorae, daughters ofJove, son ofSaturn, andThemis, daughter Titanidis, are these:Auco,Eunomia (Order),Pherusa,Carpo (Fruit),Dike (Justice),Euporia,Eirene (Peace),Orthosie,Thallo. Other writers give ten [hours] by these names:Auge (When light first appears),Anatole (Dawn),Musica, Gymnastica, Nymphe (Hour of Bath), Mesembria (Noon), Sponde (libation), Elete, Acte, Hesperis, and Dysis (Setting).

§ 184  PENTHEUS AND AGAVE:Pentheus, son ofEchion andAgave, denied thatLiber was a god, and refused to introduce his Mysteries. Because of this,Agave his mother, along with her sistersIno andAutonoe, in madness sent byLiber tore him limb from limb. WhenAgave came to her senses and saw that atLiber's instigation she had committed such a crime, she fled fromThebes. In her wanderings she came to the territory ofIllyria to King Lycotherses, who received her.

§ 185  ATALANTA:Schoeneus is said to have had a most beautiful daughter,Atalanta, who by her swiftness used to surpass men in the race. She asked her father that she might remain a virgin. And so, since she was sought by many in marriage, her father set up a contest, that her suitors should contend with her first in a foot-race; then a limit being set, that the man, unarmed, should flee, and she should pursue him with a weapon; the one she overtook within the limits of the course, she should kill, and fix his head up in the stadium. When she had overtaken and killed many, she was finally defeated byHippomenes, son ofMegareus andMerope. For he had received fromVenus three apples of exceptional beauty, and had been instructed how to use them. By throwing them down in the contest. He had slowed up the speed of the girl, for as she picked them up and admired the gold, she lost time, and gave victory to the youth.Schoeneus willingly gave him his daughter because of his ingenuity, but as he was taking her home, forgetting that he had won by the favour ofVenus, he did not give thanks to her. While he was sacrifice toJove Victor on MountParnassus, inflamed with passion through the anger ofVenus, he lay withAtalanta in the shrine, andJupiter because of this changed them intolion and lioness, animals to whom the gods deny intercourse of love.

§ 186  MELANIPPE:Neptune seducedMelanippe, a very beautiful girl, daughter ofDesmontes or as other poets say, ofAeolus, and begat by her two sons. WhenDesmontes found this out, he blindedMelanippe, and shut her in a prison, with commands that only scant food and water be given to her, and that the children be thrown to wild beasts. When they had been thrown out, acow in milk came to the children and offered them her udders, and cowherds, seeing this, took the children to rear. In the meantimeMetapontus, King ofIcaria, demanded of his wifeTheano that she bear children to him, or leave the kingdom. She, in fear, sent to the shepherds asking them to find a child she could present to the king. They sent her the two babies they had found, and she presented them to kingMetapontus as her own.Theano later bore two sons toMetapontus. Since, however,Metapontus, was exceedingly fond of the first two, because they were very handsome,Theano sought to get rid of them and save the kingdom for her own sons. A day came whenMetapontus went out to perform sacrifices toDiana Metapontina, andTheano, seizing the opportunity, revealed to her sons that the older boys were not her own. "So, when they go out to hunt, kill them with hunting knives." When they had gone out in the mountains, at their mother's instructions, they started fighting. But with the aid ofNeptune,Neptune's sons overcame them and killed them. When their bodies were borne into the palace,Theano killed herself with a hunting knife. The avengers,Boeotus andAeolus, fled to the shepherds where they had been reared, and thereNeptune revealed to them that they were his sons and that their mother was held in custody. They went toDesmontes, killed him, and freed their mother, whose sightNeptune restored. Her sons brought her toIcaria to KingMetapontus, and revealedTheano's treachery to him. After this,Metapontus marriedMelanippe, and adopted the two as his sons. InPropontis they founded towns called by their names —Boeotus, Boeotia, andAeolus,Aeolia.

§ 187  ALOPE: SinceAlope, daughter ofCercyon, was very beautiful,Neptune embraced her, and from this embrace she bore a child which she gave to her nurse to expose, since she did not know its father. When the child was exposed, a mare came and furnished it milk. A certain shepherd, following the mare, saw the child and took it up. When he had taken it home, clothed in its royal garments, a fellow shepherd asked that it be given to him. The first gave it without the garments, and when strife rose between them, the one who had taken the child demanding signs it was free-born, but the other refusing to give them, they came to KingCercyon and presented their arguments. The one who had taken the child again demanded the garments, and when they were brought,Cercyon knew that they were taken from the garments of his daughter.Alope's nurse, in fear, revealed to the King that the child wasAlope's, and he ordered that his daughter be imprisoned and slain, and the child exposed. Again the mare fed it; shepherds again found the child, and took him up, and reared him, feeling that he was being guarded by the will of the gods. They gave him the nameHippothous. WhenTheseus was journeying fromTroezene, he killedCercyon;Hippothous, however, came toTheseus and asked for his father's kingdom.Theseus willingly gave it to him when he learned he was the son ofNeptune, from whom he claimed his own birth. The body ofAlope,Neptune turned into a fountain, called by the nameAlope.

§ 188  THEOPHANE:Theophane, a most beautiful maiden, was the daughter ofBisaltes. When many suitors sought her from her father,Neptune carried her off and took her to the island ofCrumissa. When the suitors knew she was staying there, they secured a ship and hastened toCrumissa. To deceive them,Neptune changedTheophane into a very beautiful ewe, himself into a ram, and the citizens ofCrumissa intocattle. When the suitors came there and found no human beings, they began to slaughter the herds and use them for food.Neptune saw that the men who had been changed tocattle were being destroyed, and changed the suitors intowolves. He himself, in ram form, lay withTheophane, and from this union was born the golden-fleeced ram which carriedPhrixus toColchis, and whose fleece, hung in the grove ofMars,Jason took away.

§ 189  PROCRIS:Procris was the daughter ofPandion.Cephalus, son ofDeion, had her to wife, and since they were bound by mutual love, they promised each other never to be untrue. However, whenCephalus, who was fond of hunting, had gone to the mountain in the early morning,Aurora, wife ofTithonus, fell passionately in love with him, and begged for his embrace. He refused, since he had given his promise toProcris. ThenAurora said: "I don't want you to break faith, unless she has done so before you." And so she changed his form into that of a stranger, and gave him beautiful gifts to give toProcris. WhenCephalus had come in his changed form, he gave the gifts toProcris and lay with her. ThenAurora took away his new appearance. WhenProcris sawCephalus, she knew she had been deceived byAurora, and fled to the island ofCrete, whereDiana used to hunt. WhenDiana saw her, she said to her: "virgins hunt with me, but you are not a virgin, leave my company."Procris revealed to her her misfortune and told her that she had been deceived byAurora.Diana, moved by pity, gave her a javelin which no one could avoid, and thedogLaelaps which no wild beast could escape, and bade her go contend withCephalus. With her hair cut, and in young man's attire, by the will ofDiana, she came toCephalus and challenged him, and surpassed him in the hunt. WhenCephalus saw that javelin anddog were so irresistible, he asked the stranger to sell them to him, not knowing she was his wife. She refused. He promised her also a share in his kingdom; she still refused. "But if," she said, "you really continue to want this, grant me what boys are wont to grant." Inflamed by desire for the javelin and thedog, he promised he would. When they had come into the bed-chamber,Procris took off her tunic and showed that she was a woman and his wife.Cephalus took the gifts and came again into her favor. Neverthless out of fear ofAurora she followed him to watch him in the early morning, and hid among the bushes. WhenCephalus saw the bushes stir, he hurled the unavoidable javelin, and killed his wife,Procris. By herCephalus had a sonArcesius, whose son wasLaertes,Ulysses' father.

§ 190  THEONOE: The prophetThestor had a sonCalchas, and daughtersLeucippe andTheonoe. WhenTheonoe was playing,pirates from the sea stole her and took her toCaria, where KingIcarus bought her for a concubine.Thestor, however, went in search of his lost daughter, and as a result of shipwreck, came to the land ofCaria, and was cast into chains at the place whereTheonoe was staying.Leucippe, now that her father and sister were lost, askedDelphi whether she should search for them. ThenApollo replied: "Go throughout the earth as my priest, and you will find them."Leucippe, on hearing this response, cut her hair, and as a youthful priest went from country to country to find them. When she had come toCaria,Theonoe saw her, and thinking she was a priest, fell in love with "him," and bade "him" be brought that she lie with "him." But she, because she was a woman, said it could not be done. ThenTheonoe in anger gave orders that the priest be shut in a room and that someone from the servants' quarters come to kill him. The old manThestor was sent unknowingly to his daughter to do the slaying.Theonoe did not recognize him and gave him a sword, bidding him kill the priest. When he had entered, sword in hand, he said his name wasThestor; he had lost his two daughters,Leucippe andTheonoe, and had come to this pitch of misfortune, that he had been ordered to commit a crime. When he had turned the weapon (?) and was about to kill himself,Leucippe, hearing her father's name, wrested the sword from him. In order to go and kill the queen, she called on her fatherThestor to aid her.Theonoe, when she heard her father's name, gave proof she was his daughter. ThenIcarus the king, after this recognition, sent him back into his country with gifts.

§ 191  KING MIDAS:Midas, Mygdonian king, son of the Mother goddess fromTimolus . . . was taken [as judge] at the time whenApollo contested withMarsyas, orPan, on the pipes. WhenTimolus gave the victory toApollo,Midas said it should rather have been given toMarsyas. ThenApollo angrily said toMidas: "You will have ears to match the mind you have in judging", and with these words he caused him to haveass's ears. At the time whenFather Liber was leading his army intoIndia,Silenus wandered away;Midas entertained him generously, and gave him a guide to conduct him toLiber's company. Because of this favour,Father Liber gaveMidas the privilege of asking him for whatever he wanted.Midas asked that whatever he touched should become gold. When he had been granted the wish, and came to his palace, whatever he touched became gold. When now he was being tortured with hunger, he beggedLiber to take away the splendid gift.Liber bade him bathe in the RiverPactolus, and when his body touched the water it became a golden colour. The river inLydia is now calledChrysorrhoas.

§ 192  HYAS:Atlas byPleione or anOceanid had twelve daughters, and a son,Hyas. The son was killed by a wildboar or alion, and the sisters, grieving for him, died of this grief. The five of them first put among the stars have their place between the horns of thebull — Phaesyla,Ambrosia,Coronis,Eudora,Polyxo — and are called, from their brother's name,Hyades. In Latin they are calledSuculae. Some say that since they are arranged in the form of the letter Upsilon they are calledHyades; some, they are so called because they bring rain when they rise, for "to rain" is hyein in Greek. There are those who think they are among the stars because they were the nurses ofFather Liber whomLycurgus drove out from the islandNaxos. The rest of the sisters, later dying from grief, were made stars, and because they were many, were calledPleiades. Some think they were so named because they are joined together, that is, plesion, for they are so close together that they can scarcely be counted, nor can anyone be sure whether they are six or seven in number. Their names are as follows:Electra,Alcyone,Celaeno,Merope,Sterope,Taygeta, andMaia. Of these, they sayElectra does not appear, because of the death ofDardanus and the loss ofTroy. Others think thatMerope appears to blush because she had a mortal as husband, though the others had gods. Driven from the band of her sisters because of this, she wears her hair long in grief, and is called a comet, or longodes because she trails out for a long distance, or xiphias because she shows the shape of a sword-point. This star, too, portends grief

§ 193  HARPALYCUS:Harpalycus, a Thracian, King of the Amymnei, had a daughterHarpalyce. When her mother died, he fed her from the teats ofcows and mares, and as she grew, trained her in arms, intending to have her later as successor to his kingdom. And the girl did not fail her father's hopes, for she proved to be such a good warrior as to bring safety to her parent. For whenNeoptolemus, returning fromTroy, attackedHarpalycus and wounded him severely, she saved her father from death by making an attack and putting the enemy to flight. But afterHarpalycus was killed in an insurrection of the citizens,Harpalyce, taking her father's death to heart, betook herself to the woods, and there because she plundered the herds ofcattle, she perished at length in an attack by the herdsmen.

§ 194  ARION: SinceArion ofMethymna was very skilful in playing the lyre, KingPyranthus ofCorinth was fond of him. When he had gained permission from the king to make known his art throughout the state and had acquired a great fortune, his servants, together with the sailors, plotted to kill him.Apollo appeared to him in a dream and bade him sing in his poet's garland crown, and surrender himself to those who would come to aid him. When the servants and sailors were about to kill him, he asked to be allowed to sing first. But when the sound of the lyre and his voice were heard,dolphins came about the ship, and at sight of them he threw himself into the sea. They raised him up and bore him toCorinth to KingPyranthus. When he reached land, being eager for his journey, he failed to push thedolphin into the sea and it perished there. After he had told his misfortunes toPyranthus, the King ordered thedolphin to be buried, and monument raised to it. Shortly after, word came toPyranthus that the ship in whichArion had sailed had been brought toCorinth by a storm. He ordered the crew to be led before him, and inquired aboutArion, but they replied that he had died and that they had buried him. The King replied: "Tomorrow you will swear to that at theDolphin's Monument." Because of this he ordered them to be kept under guard, and instructedArion to hide in the monument of thedolphin the next morning, attired as he was when he threw himself into the sea. When the King had brought them there, and ordered them to swear by the departed spirit of thedolphin thatArion was dead,Arion came out of the monument. In amazement, wondering by what divinity he had been saved, they were silent. The King ordered them to be crucified at the monument of thedolphin, butApollo, because ofArion's skill with the cithara, placed him and thedolphin among the stars.

§ 195  ORION:Jove,Neptune, andMercury came as guests to KingHyrieus inThrace. Since they were received hospitably by him, they promised him whatever he should ask for. He asked for children.Mercury brought out the hide of thebull whichHyrieus had sacrificed to them; they urinated in it, and buried it in the earth, and from itOrion was born. When he tried to violateDiana, she killed him. Later he was placed byJove among the stars, and calledOrion.

§ 196  PAN: When the god inEgypt feared the monsterTyphon,Pan bade them transform themselves into wild beasts the more easily to deceive him.Jove later killed him with a thunderbolt. By the will of the gods, since by his warning they had avoidedTyphon's violence,Pan was put among the number of the stars, Since at that time he had changed himself into agoat, he was calledAegocerus. We call himCapricorn.

§ 197  VENUS: Into theEuphrates River an egg of wonderful size is said to have fallen, which the fish rolled to the bank. Doves sat on it, and when it was heated, it hatched outVenus, who was later called the Syrian goddess. Since she excelled the rest in justice and uprightness, by a favour granted byJove, the fish were put among the number of the stars, and because of this the Syrians do not eat fish or doves, considering them as gods.

§ 198  NISUS:Nisus, son ofMars, or as others say, ofDeion, and king of theMegarians, is said to have had a purple lock of hair on his head. An oracle had told him that he would rule as long as he preserved that lock. WhenMinos, son ofJove, had come to attack him,Scylla, daughter ofNisus, fell in love with him at the instigation ofVenus. To make him the victor, she cut the fatal lock from her sleeping father, and soNisus was conquered byMinos. He said that holyCrete would not receive such a criminal. She threw herself into the sea to avoid pursuit [?].Nisus, however, in pursuit of his daughter, was changed into a halliaetos, that is, a sea-eagle.Scylla, his daughter, was changed into a fish which they call the ciris, and today, if ever that bird sees the fish swimming, he dives into the water, seizes it, and rends it with his claws.

§ 199  THE OTHER SCYLLA:Scylla, daughter of the RiverCrataeis, is said to have been a most beautiful maiden.Glaucus loved her, butCirce, daughter ofSol, lovedGlaucus. SinceScylla was accustomed to bathe in the sea,Circe, daughter ofSol, out of jealousy poisoned the water with drugs, and whenScylla went down into it,dogs sprang from her thighs, and she was made a monster. She avenged her injuries, for asUlysses sailed by, she robbed him of his companions.

§ 200  CHIONE:Apollo andMercury are said to have slept the same night withChione, or, as other poets say, withPhilonis, daughter ofDaedalion. ByApollo she borePhilammon, and byMercury,Autolycus. Later on she spoke too haughtily againstDiana in the hunt, and so was slain by her arrows. But the fatherDaedalion, because of his grief for his only daughter, was changed byApollo into the birdDaedalion, that is, the hawk.

§ 201  AUTOLYCUS:Mercury gave toAutolycus, whom he begat byChione, the gift of being such a skilful thief that he could not be caught, making him able to change whatever he stole into some other form — from white to black, or from black to white, from a hornless animal to a horned one, or from horned one to a hornless. When he kept continually stealing from the herds ofSisyphus and couldn't be caught,Sisyphus was convinced he was stealing becauseAutolycus' number was increasing while his was growing smaller. In order to catch him, he put a mark on the hooves of hiscattle. WhenAutolycus had stolen in his usual way,Sisyphus came to him and identified thecattle he had stolen by their hooves, and took them away. While he was delaying there, he seducedAnticleia, the daughter ofAutolycus. She was later given in marriage toLaertes, and boreUlysses. Some writers accordingly call him Sisyphean; because of this parentage he was shrewd.

§ 202  CORONIS: WhenApollo had madeCoronis, daughter ofPhlegyas, pregnant, he put acrow in guard, so that no one should violate her. ButIschys, son ofElatus, lay with her, and because of this he was killed by the thunderbolt ofZeus.Apollo struck the pregnantCoronis, and killed her. He tookAsclepius from her womb and reared him, but thecrow who had guarded her he turned from white to black.

§ 203  DAPHNE: WhenApollo was pursuing the virginDaphne, daughter of the riverPeneus, she begged for protection fromEarth, who received her, and changed her into a laurel tree.Apollo broke a branch from it and placed it on his head.

§ 204  NYCTIMENE:Nyctimene, daughter ofEpopeus, king of theLesbians, is said to have been a most beautiful girl. Her father,Epopeus, smitten by passion, embraced her, and overcome by shame, she hid herself in the woods.Minerva out of pity changed her into anowl, which, out of shame, does not come into the light but appears at night.

§ 205  ARGE: WhenArge, a huntress was pursuing a stag, she is said to have told it: "Though you equal the speed of the sun, yet I will catch up with you."Sol, in anger, changed her into a doe.

§ 206  HARPALYCE:Clymenus, son ofSchoeneus, king ofArcadia, overcome by passion, lay with his daughterHarpalyce. When she gave birth, she served her son at a banquet. The father, realizing it, killedHarpalyce.

§ 207  CCVII — CCXVIII ARE MISSING

§ 219  ARCHELAUS:Archelaus, son ofTemenus, when driven into exile by his brothers, came toMacedonia to KingCisseus. The King, who was under siege by his neighbors, promised to give him (since he was descended fromHercules,Temenus being a son ofHercules) his kingdom and his daughter in marriage, if he would protect him from his enemies. He put the enemy to flight in one battle, and asked the King for what he had promised. But he, dissuaded by friends, went back on his word, and tried to kill him by treachery. And so he ordered a pit to be dug, coals to put in and set afire, and light branches spread over, so thatArchelaus might fall in when he came. A slave of the King revealed this toArchelaus. When he learned of it, he said he wanted to talk with the King in private. After the guards were withdrawn,Archelaus seized the King, threw him in the pit, and thus destroyed him. He fled from there, in accordance with a response ofApollo, toMacedonia, a she-goat leading him, and founded a town calledAegeae from the name of thegoat. From himAlexander the Great is said to have sprung.

§ 220  CURA: WhenCura was crossing a certain river, she saw some clayey mud. She took it up thoughtfully and began to fashion a man. While she was pondering on what she had done,Jove came up;Cura asked him to give the image life, andJove readily grant this. WhenCura wanted to give it her name,Jove forbade, and said that his name should be given it. But while they were disputing about the name,Tellus arose and said that it should have her name, since she had given her own body. They tookSaturn for judge; he seems to have decided for them:Jove, since you gave him life [take his soul after death; sinceTellus offered her body] let her receive his body; sinceCura first fashioned him, let her possess him as long as he lives, but since there is controversy about his name, let him be called homo, since he seems to be made from humus.

§ 221  SEVEN WISE MEN:Pittacus ofMitylene,Periander ofCorinth,Thales ofMiletus,Solon ofAthens,Chilon ofSparta,Cleobulus ofLindus,Bias ofPriene. Their sayings are as follows: Moderation is best, saysCleobulus ofLindus; Everything should be carefully studied, comes fromPeriander of Ephyre; Know thy opportunity, saysPittacus ofMitylene;Bias, he ofPriene, avers that most men are bad: andThales ofMiletus says: Suretyship is the precursor of ruin; Know thyself, saysChilon, sprung fromLacedemon; and CecropianSolon enjoins: Nothing in excess.

§ 222  SEVEN LYRIC POETS (MISSING)

§ 223  SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD: Thetemple ofDiana atEphesus which theAmazonOtrera, wife ofMars, made. TheMonument of KingMausolus made of marble blocks, 80 feet high, 1,340 feet around. The bronze statue of theSun atRhodes, which is colossal, being 90 feet high. The statue ofOlympianJove whichPhidias made, a seated statue of gold and ivory, 60 feet high. The palace ofCyrus the King inEcbatana, whichMemnon made, of many colored and shining white stones bound with gold. The wall inBabylon, whichSemiramis, daughter ofDercetis, made, of baked brick and bitumen, bound with iron, 25 feet broad, 60 feet high, and 300 stades in circuit. Thepyramids inEgypt, whose shadow isn't seen, 60 feet high.

§ 224  MORTALS WHO WERE MADE IMMORTAL:Hercules, son ofJove andAlcmena;Liber, son ofJove [Zeus] andSemele;Castor andPollux, brothers ofHelen, sons ofJove andLeda.Perseus, son ofJove andDanae, put among the stars;Arcas, son ofJove andCallisto, placed among the stars;Ariadne, whomFather Liber calledLibera, daughter ofMinos andPasiphae.Callisto, daughter ofLycaon, put in the constellationSeptentrio;Cynosura, the nurse ofJove, put in the otherSeptentrio;Crotos, son ofPan andEupheme, foster-brother of theMuses, put into the constellationSagittarius;Icarus andErigone, his daughter, placed among the stars —Icarus asArcturus,Erigone as the sign Virgo.Ganymede, son ofAssaracus, intoAquarius of the twelve signs;Myrtilus, son ofMercury andTheobule, as the Charioteer;Asclepius, son ofApollo andCoronis;Pan, son ofMercury andPenelope;Ino, daughter ofCadmus, intoLeucothea, whom we callMater Matuta;Melicertes, son ofAthamas, into the godPalaemon.

§ 225  THOSE WHO FIRST BUILT TEMPLES TO THE GODS:Pelasgus, son ofTriopas, first made a temple toOlympianJove inArcadia.Thessalus raised the temple [which is inMacedonia ] ofJove ofDodona in the land of theMolossi.Eleuther first set up a statue toFather Liber and showed how it was to be tended.Phoroneus, son ofInachus, first made a temple toJuno inArgos.Otrera, anAmazon, wife ofMars, first founded thetemple ofDiana atEphesus, which later by King . . . restored.Lycaon, son ofPelasgus, built a temple toMercury ofCyllene inArcadia. Peirius . . .

§ 226  CCXXVI — CCXXVIII MISSING

§ 238  CCXXXVIII. THOSE WHO KILLED THEIR DAUGHTERS:Agamemnon, son ofAtreus, killedIphigenia, butDiana saved her. [The same says thatCallisthenes ofEuboea killed his daughter for the sake of the country, according to the oracle.]Clymenus, son ofSchoeneus, killedHarpalyce, because she served his son to him at a banquet.Hyacinthus, aSpartan, killedAntheis his daughter according to an oracle on behalf of theAthenians.Erechtheus, son ofPandion, killedChthonia in accordance with oracles on behalf of theAthenians; her other sisters committed suicide.Cercyon, son ofVulcan, killedAlope, because of intercourse withNeptune.Aeolus killedCanace, because of incest with her brotherMacareus, which she confessed.

§ 239  MOTHERS WHO KILLED THEIR SONS:Medea, daughter ofAeetes, killedMermerus andPheres, her sons byJason.Progne, daughter ofPandion, killedItys, her son byTereus, son ofMars.Ino, daughter ofCadmus, killed her sonMelicertes byAthamas, son ofAeolus, when she was fleeing from Athama.Althaea, daughter ofThestius, killed her sonMeleager byOineus, son ofParthaon, because he had killed his uncles.Themisto, daughter ofHypseus, killed her sons Sphincius andOrchomenus byAthamas, son ofAeolus, at the instigation ofIno, daughter ofCadmus.Tyro, daughter ofSalmoneus, killed her two sons bySisyphus, son ofAeolus, in accordance with the oracle ofApollo.Agave, daughter ofCadmus, killedPentheus, son ofEchion, at the instigation ofFather Liber.Harpalyce, daughter ofClymenus, because of the crime of her father, in that she had lain with him unwillingly, killed the child she had conceived by him.

§ 240  WOMEN WHO KILLED THEIR HUSBANDS:Clytemnestra, daughter ofThestius, killedAgamemnon, son ofAtreus.Helen, daughter ofJove andLeda, killedDeiphobus, son ofPriam.Agave killedLycotherses inIllyria, in order to give the rule toCadmus her father.Dejanira, daughter ofOineus, killedHercules, son ofJove andAlcumena, at the instigation ofNessus.Iliona, daughter ofPriam killedPolymnestor, King of theThracians.Semiramis killedNinus inBabylonia.

§ 241  MEN WHO KILLED THEIR WIVES:Hercules, son ofJove, killedMegara, daughter ofCreon, in a fit of insanity.Theseus, son ofAegeus, killedAntiopa, theAmazon, daughter ofMars, because of an oracle ofApollo.Cephalus, son ofDeion or ofMercury, killedProcris, daughter ofPandion, unwittingly.

§ 242  MEN WHO COMMITTED SUICIDE:Aegeus, son ofNeptune, threw himself into the sea, and theAegean Sea is called from this.Evenus, son ofHercules, threw himself into the riverLycormas, now calledChrysorrhoas.Ajax, son ofTelamon, killed himself because of the Judgement of Arms.Lycurgus, son ofDryas, killed himself in madness sent byLiber. Macareus, son ofAeolus, killed himself on account ofCanace, his sister, his beloved.Agrius, son ofParthaon, when driven from his kingdom byDiomede, killed himself.Caeneus, son ofElatus, killed himself.Menoeceus, father ofJocaste, threw himself from the wall on account of the pestilence atThebes.Nisus, son ofMars, when he lost his fatal lock of hair, killed himself.Clymenus, son ofSchoeneus, King ofArcadia, killed himself because he had lain with his daughter.Cinyras, son ofPaphos, King of theAssyrians, because he had lain with his daughterSmyrna.Hercules, son ofJove, cast himself into the fire.Adrastus andHipponous his son, threw themselves into the fire because of an oracle ofApollo.Pyramus inBabylonia out of love forThisbe killed himself.Oidipus, son ofLaius, because of his motherJocaste, killed himself after being blinded.

§ 243  WOMEN WHO COMMITTED SUICIDE:Hecuba, daughter ofCisseus or ofDymas, wife ofPriam, threw herself into the sea; for this reason the sea is called Cynean, since she was changed into adog.Ino, daughter ofCadmus, hurled herself into the sea with her son,Melicertes.Anticlia, daughter ofAutolycus and mother ofUlysses, killed herself on hearing a false report aboutUlysses.Stheneboea, daughter ofIobas, and wife ofProetus, killed herself out of love forBellerophon.Evadne, daughter ofPhylacus, becauseCapaneus, her husband, perished atThebes, threw herself on the same funeral pyre.Aethra, daughter ofPittheus, killed herself because of the death of her sons.Deianira, daughter ofOineus, killed herself on account ofHercules; deceived byNessus, she had sent him a tunic in which he was burned.Laodamia, daughter ofAcastus, killed herself out of longing for her husbandProtesilaus.Hippodamia, daughter ofOinomaus and wife ofPelops, killed herself because by her urging,Chrysippus was killed.Neaera, daughter ofAutolycus, killed herself on account of the death of her sonHippothous.Alcestis, daughter ofPelias, for the sake of her husband,Admetus, died a vicarious death.Iliona, daughter ofPriam, killed herself on account of the misfortunes of her parents.Themisto, daughter ofHypseus, killed herself because, at the instigation ofIno, she had killed her sons.Erigone, daughter ofIcarus, killed herself by hanging because of the death of her father.Phaedra, daughter ofMinos, killed herself by hanging because of her love for her stepson,Hippolytus.Phyllis killed herself by hanging on account ofDemophoon, son ofTheseus.Canace, daughter ofAeolus, because of her love for Macareus her brother, killed herself.Biblis, daughter ofMiletus, out of love forCaunus killed herself.Calypso, daughter ofAtlas, out of love forUlysses, killed herself.Dido, daughter ofBelus, out of love forAeneas killed herself.Jocasta, daughter ofMenoecus, killed herself on account of the death of her sons and the disgrace.Antigona, daughter ofOidipus, killed herself on account of the burial ofPolynices.Pelopia, daughter ofThyestes, killed herself on account of her father's crime.Thisbe ofBabylon killed herself becausePyramus had killed himself.Semiramis inBabylon, when herhorse was lost, threw herself on the pyre.

§ 244  MEN WHO KILLED THEIR RELATIVES:Theseus, son ofAegeus, killedPallas . . .. . . son of his brotherNeleus.Amphitryon killedElectryon, son ofPerseus.Meleager son ofOineus killed his unclesPlexippus andAgenor on account ofAtalanta, daughter ofSchoeneus.Telephus, son ofHercules, killedHippothous and Nerea, son of his grandmother.Aegisthus killedAtreus, andAgamemnon, son ofAtreus.Orestes killedAegisthus, son ofThyestes.Megapenthes, son ofProetus, killedPerseus, son ofJove andDanae on account of the death of his father.Abas, on account of his father,Lynceus, killedMegapenthes.Phegeus, son ofAlpheus, killed the daughter of his daughterAlphesiboea.Amphion, son ofTereus, killed the sons of his grandfather.Atreus, son ofPelops, served the infant sons ofThyestes,Tantalus andPlisthenes, to their father at a banquet.Hyllus, son ofHercules, killedSthenelus, brother of his great-grandfatherElectryon.Medus, son ofAegeus, killedPerses, brother ofAeetes and son ofSol.Daedalus, son ofEupalamus, killedPerdix, son of his sister, out of envy of his artistic skill.

§ 245  THOSE WHO KILLED FATHERS-IN-LAW AND SONS-IN-LAW:Jason, son ofAeson . . . Phegyona.Pelops, son ofTantalus, killedOinomaus, son ofMars. Those who killed their sons-in-law:Phegeus, son ofAlpheus, killedAlcmaeon, son ofAmphiaraus; he also killedEurypylus.Aeetes, son ofSol, killedPhrixus, son ofAthamas.

§ 246  THOSE WHO ATE THE FLESH OF THEIR CHILDREN AT BANQUETS:Tereus, son ofMars, his sonItys byProgne.Thyestes, son ofPelops, his children byAerope —Tantalus andPlisthenes.Clymenus, son ofSchoeneus, his son by his daughterHarpalyce.

§ 247  THOSE DESTROYED BY THEIR DOGS:Actaeon, son ofAristaeus.Thasius, atDelos, son ofAnius, priest ofApollo; this reason there are nodogs onDelos.Euripides, writer of tragedies, was destroyed in a temple.

§ 248  CCXLVIII. THOSE WHO DIED FROM WOUNDS BY A WILD BOAR:Adonis, son ofCinyras.Ancaeus, son ofLycurgus, fromCalydon.Idmon, son ofApollo, who had gone out with theArgonauts to fetch straw, when they were staying with KingLycus.Hyas, son ofAtlas andPleione, by aboar, or by alion.

§ 249  FATAL FIREBRANDS: The firebrand whichHecuba, daughter ofCisseus or ofDymas, thought she brought forth. That ofNauplius at theCapharean Rocks, when the Achaeans were shipwrecked. That ofHelen, which she displayed from the walls and betrayedTroy. That ofAlthaea, which destroyedMeleager.

§ 250  TEAMS WHICH DESTROYED THEIR DRIVERS: They destroyedPhaethon, son ofSol byClymene.Laomedon, son ofIlus byLeucippe.Oinomaus, son ofMars byAsterie, daughter ofAtlas.Diomedes, son ofMars, by the same.Hippolytus, son ofTheseus, by theAmazonAntiope.Amphiaraus, son ofOicleus byHypermnestra, daughter ofThestius. His own mares devouredGlaucus, son ofSisyphus, at the funeral games ofPelias.Horses destroyedIasion, son ofJove byElectra, daughter ofAtlas.Salmoneus, who sitting in his chariot, imitated the thunder, was struck by a thunderbolt, and the chariot, too.

§ 251  THOSE WHO, BY PERMISSION OF THE PARCAE, RETURNED FROM THE LOWER WORLD:Ceres, seekingProserpine, her daughter.Father Liber; he descended forSemele, his mother, daughter ofCadmus.Hercules, son ofJove, to bring up thedogCerberus.Asclepius, son ofApollo andCoronis.Castor andPollux, sons ofJove andLeda, return in alternate death.Protesilaus, son ofIphiclus, on account ofLaodamia, daughter ofAcastus.Alcestis, daughter ofPelias, on account of her husbandAdmetus.Theseus, son ofAegeus, on account ofPirithous.Hippolytus, son ofTheseus, by wish ofDiana; he was afterwards calledVirbius.Orpheus, son ofOiagrus, on account ofEurydice, his wife.Adonis, son ofCinyras andZmyrna, by wish ofVenus.Glaucus, son ofMinos, restored to life byPolyidus, son ofCoeranus.Ulysses, son ofLaertes, on account of his country.Aeneas, son ofAnchises, on account of his father.Mercurius, son ofMaia, in constant trips.

§ 252  THOSE SUCKLED BY ANIMALSTelephus, son ofHercules andAuge, by a deer.Aegisthus, son ofThyestes andPelopia, by agoat.Aeolus andBoeotus, sons ofNeptune andMelanippe, by a heifer.Hippothous, son ofNeptune andAlope, by a mare.Romulus andRemus, sons ofMars andIlia, by a she-wolf.Antilochus, son ofNestor, exposed on Mt.Ida, by abitch.Harpalyce, daughter ofHarpalycus, King of the Amymnei, by a heifer and a mare.Camilla, daughter of Metabus, King of theVolscians, by a mare.

§ 253  THOSE GUILTY OF INCEST:Jocasta withOidipus her son.Pelopia withThyestes her father.Harpalyce withClymenus her father.Hippodamia withOinomaus her father.Procris withErechtheus her father, by whom she boreAglaurus.Nyctimene withEpopeus her father, king of theLesbians.Menephron withCyllene his daughter inArcadia, and with Bliade [?] his mother.

§ 254  THOSE WHO WERE EXCEPTIONALLY DUTIFUL:Antigone, daughter ofOidipus, gave burial to her brother,Polynices.Electra, daughter ofAgamemnon, was dutiful toward her brotherOrestes.Iliona, daughter ofPriam, toward her brotherPolydorus and her parents.Pelopia, daughter ofThyestes, toward her father to vindicate him.Hypsipyle, daughter ofThoas, to her father, for whom she gave her life.Chalciope, daughter ofAeetes, did not desert her father, though his realm was lost.Harpalyce, daughter ofHarpalycus, saved her father in war and put to flight the enemy.Erigone, daughter ofIcarus, killed herself by hanging when her father was lost.Agave, daughter ofCadmus, in Illyrica killed KingLycotherses and gave the kingdom to her father.Xanthippe, when her fatherMycon was shut up in prison, nourished him with her own milk.Tyro, daughter ofSalmoneus, killed her sons on account of her father. InSicily when MountAetna first began to burn,Damon rescued his mother from the fire, andPhintias his father, too.Aeneas, likewise, inTroy bore out from the fire his fatherAnchises on his shoulders, and rescuedAscanius his son.Cleops andBitias were sons ofCydippe, a priestess ofArgiveJuno. She had sent theoxen to pasture, and they had not appeared, and were dead at the time when the sacrifices were to be made and taken to thetemple ofJuno on the mountain. If the sacrifices were not performed at the proper time, the priestess was to be killed. Out of fear of this,Cleops andBitias put on the yoke as if they wereoxen, and drew the sacrifices and their motherCydippe to the shrine in the wagon. When the rite was completed,Cydippe prayed toJuno, that if she had worshipped her purely, and if her sons had been dutiful towards her, that whatever good could happen to mortals might befall her sons. When the prayer was over, the sons brought mother and wagon home, and weary, rested in sleep . . . butCydippe thoughtfully realized that there was nothing better for mortals than to die, and because of this, she died a willing death.

§ 255  WOMEN WHO WERE IMPIOUS:Scylla, daughter ofNisus, killed her father.Ariadne, daughter ofMinos, killed her brother.. . . and her sons.Progne, daughter ofPandion, killed her son. The daughters ofDanaus killed their cousin-husbands. TheLemnian women on the island ofLemnos killed their fathers and their sons.Harpalyce, daughter ofClymenus, killed the son whom she had conceived by her father.Tullia of the Romans drove a chariot over the body of her father, and the Vicu Sceleratus was named for that.

§ 256  WOMEN WHO WERE MOST CHASTE:Penelope, daughter ofIcarius, wife ofUlysses.Evadne, daughter ofPhylas, wife ofCapaneus.Laodamia, daughter ofAcastus, wife ofProtesilaus.Hecuba, daughter ofCisseus, wife ofPriam.Theonoe, daughter ofThestor . . .Alcestis, daughter ofPelias, wife ofAdmetus. Of the Romans,Lucretia, daughter ofLucretius, wife ofCollatinus.

§ 257  THOSE WHO WERE THE MOST LOYAL FRIENDS:Pylades, son ofStrophius, withOrestes, son ofAgamemnon.Pirithous, son ofIxion, withTheseus, son ofAegeus.Achilles, son ofPeleus, withPatroclus, son ofMenoetius.Diomede, son ofTydeus, withSthenelus, son ofCapaneus.Peleus, son ofAeacus, withPhoenix, son ofAmyntor.Hercules son ofJove, withPhiloctetes, son ofPoeas.Nisus was friend toEuryalus, and died for him.Harmodius andAristogiton in brotherly love. InSicily, sinceDionysius the tyrant was very cruel, and put his citizens to death by torture,Moeros wanted to kill the tyrant. When the guards found him armed, they led him to the King. On being questioned, he said he wanted to kill the King. The King gave orders that he be crucified, butMoeros begged for a delay of three days, in order to arrange his sister's marriage, saying that he would give the tyrant his friend and companionSeluntius as a pledge that he would come on the third day. The King granted the delay for giving his sister in marriage, and toldSeluntius that unlessMoeros came on the day set, he would suffer the same punishment, and thatMoeros was being dismissed. He was returning after giving away his sister, when a sudden rainstorm came up, and the river became swollen so that it could be crossed neither by fording nor by swimming.Moeros sat on the bank and wept lest his friend should have to die for him. WhenPhalaris orderedSeluntius to be crucified, because six hours of the third day had passed andMoeros had not yet come,Seluntius replied that the day had not yet gone. When nine hours had passed, the King orderedSeluntius led to the cross. As he was being led away,Moeros, having at length with difficulty crossed the river, followed the executioner, and cried out when a long way off: "Stop, executioner! Here am I whom he vouched for!" This fact was reported to the King, who bade them be brought before him. He granted life toMoeros, and begged that they become his friends.
HARMODIUS AND ARISTOGON Likewise inSicily, whenHarmodius wanted to kill this samePhalaris, in pretense he killed asow with young, came to his friendAristogiton with his bloody sword, said he had killed his mother, and asked him to hide him. When he was hidden, he askedAristogiton to go out and bring back to him any rumors about his mother. He reported that there were no rumors. Thus until evening they carried on the strife, each one trying to force on the other more convincing proofs, nor didAristogiton wish to reproach him with having killed his mother.Harmodius revealed to him that he had killed apig with young, and so had used the word "mother"; he told him that he wanted to kill the King, and asked him to be his accomplice. When they came to kill the King, they were seized with arms upon them by guards. When led to the tyrant,Aristogiton escaped the guards, andHarmodius alone was brought before the King. On being questioned as to his companion, in order not to betray his friend he bit off his tongue with his teeth, and spat it in the King's face.

§ 258  CCLVIII — CCLXI ARE ATTRIBUTED TO SERVIUS

§ 267  CCLXII — CCXVIII ARE MISSING

§ 269  THOSE WHO WERE MOST FAMOUS: . . . son ofJove andEuropa. AnotherCygnus, son ofMars, whom the sameHercules killed.

§ 270  THOSE WHO WERE MOST HANDSOME:Iasion, son of Ilithius, whomCeres is said to have loved [credible, since vouched for by old histories].Cinyras, son ofPaphos, king of theAssyrians.Anchises, son ofAssaracus, whomVenus loved.Alexander Paris, son ofPriam andHecuba, whomHelen followed.Nireus, son ofCharops.Cephalus, son ofPandion, whomAurora loved.Tithonus, husband ofAurora.Parthenopaeus, son ofMeleager andAtalanta.Achilles, son ofPeleus andThetis.Patroclus, son ofMenoetius.Idomeneus, who lovedHelen.Theseus, son ofAegeus andAethra, whomAriadne loved.

§ 271  YOUTHS WHO WERE MOST HANDSOME:Adonis, son ofCinyras andSmyrna, whomVenus loved.Endymion, son ofAetolus, whomLuna loved.Ganymede, son ofErichthonius, whomJove loved.Hyacinthus, son ofOibalus, whomApollo loved.Narcissus, son of the riverCephisus, who loved himself. Atlantius, son ofMercury andVenus, who is calledHermaphroditus.Hylas, son ofTheodamas, whomHercules loved.Chrysippus, son ofPelops, whomTheseus stole from the games.
CCLXXII IS MISSING

§ 273  CCLXXIII. THOSE WHO FIRST CONDUCTED GAMES UP TO THE FIFTEENTH BY AENEAS: . . . Fifth, those whichDanaus, son ofBelus, conducted atArgos for the wedding of his daughters, with singing contests. The hymenaeus, 'wedding-hymn', was so called from these. Sixth, those whichLynceus, son ofEgyptus, conducted once more atArgos forArgiveJuno. They are called aspis en arge'. In these Games, whoever wins receives a shield instead of a crown, because, whenAbas, son ofLynceus andHypermnestra, announced to his parents thatDanaus had perished,Lynceus took down from the temple ofArgiveJuno the shield whichDanaus had carried in his youth and had dedicated toJuno, and gave it toAbas his son as a reward. In these Games the law is that whoever wins and again enters the contest . . . unless he wins again . . . so that he often enter. [In these games the law is that whoever wins and again enters the contest is penalized unless he wins a second time, so that the same person may not enter often.] Seventh,Perseus, son ofJove andDanae, established funeral games forPolydectes, his guardian, in the island ofSeriphos, and when he was wrestling [contending? ] he struck his grandfatherAcrisius and killed him. And so, what he wouldn't have done by his own will, he did by the will of the gods. Eighth,Hercules established gymnastic contests atOlympia forPelops, son ofTantalus, in which he himself competed withAchareus in the pammachium which we call "pancratium." Ninth, Games were performed inNemea forArchemorus, son ofLycus andEurydice. The seven leaders who went to attackThebes established these. Later on in these gamesEuneus andDeipylus, sons ofJason andHypsipyle, won the race. In these Games, too, the Pythaules had seven (singers?) dressed in the pallium who sang thePythia. Because of this he was later called the Choraules. Tenth, theIsthmian, whichEratocles is said to have performed forMelicertes, son ofAthamas andIno. Other poets nameTheseus. Eleventh, those which theArgonauts conducted inPropontis with contests in leaping and javelin-throwing forCyzicus the King and his son, whomJason unknowingly killed at night on the shore. Twelfth, those whichAcastus, son ofPelias, conducted for theArgives. In these GamesZetes, son ofAquilo, won in the long race;Calais, son of the same, in the double course;Castor, son ofJove, in the stade;Pollux, son of the same, with the cestus;Telamon, son ofAeacus, with the discus;Peleus, son of the same, in wrestling;Hercules, son ofJove, in the pancratium;Meleager, son ofOineus, with the javelin.Cygnus, son ofMars, with weapons killed Pilus, son ofDiodotus.Bellerophon won in the horse-race; in the four-horse chariot race,Iolaus, son ofIphicles, won overGlaucus, son ofSisyphus, andGlaucus' snappishhorses tore him apart;Eurytus, son ofMercury, won with arrows;Cephalus, son ofDeion, with the sling;Olympus, pupil and son ofMarsyas, with the flutes;Orpheus, son ofOiagrus, with the lyre;Linus, son ofApollo, in singing;Eumolpus, son ofNeptune, to the flutes ofOlympus, with the voice. Thirteenth.Priam made a cenotaph inIlium forParis, the son whom he had ordered killed, and held gymnastic contents. The contestants in running wereNestor, son ofNeleus,Helenus, son ofPriam,Deiphobus, son of the same,Polites, son of the same.Telephus, son ofHercules, Cygnus, son ofNeptune,Sarpedon, son ofJove,Paris Alexander, unrecognized son ofPriam. However,Paris won, and was found to be the son ofPriam. Fourteenth.Achilles held funeral games forPatroclus, in whichAjax won the wrestling match, and received as prize a golden caldron; thenMenelaus won with the javelin, and received as gift a golden javelin. When these games were over,Achilles threw twelve captives on the pyre ofPatroclus, together with hishorse and hisdog. Fifteenth,Aeneas, son ofVenus andAnchises, conducted them inSicily at the home ofAcestes, his host, son of the riverCrinisus. ThereAeneas commemorated the death of his father, and with games paid the honors due to the dead. The first event was a ship race . . .Mnestheus had the ship Pistris,Gyas the shipChimaera, andSergestus the shipCentaur.Cloanthus won with the shipScylla, and received as prize a talent of silver, and a gold-embroidered chlamys with the figure ofGanymede wove in purple;Mnestheus received a corselet;Gyas bore away caldrons and engraved silver cups, andSergestus a slave girl namedPholoe with her two sons. In the second contest, a foot race, were enteredNisus,Euryalus, Diorees,Salius,Helymus, Panopes.Euryalus won, and received as prize ahorse with handsome trappings.Helymus received anAmazonian quiver for the second prize,Diores anArgolis helmet for the third. ToSalius he gave the skin of alion; toNisus, a shield, the work of Didymaon. Next in the third contestDares andEntellus boxed.Entellus won, and received abull as a prize; toDares he gave a sword and a dagger. In the fourth contestHippocoon,Mnestheus,Acestes,Eurytion vied in bowmanship. He [?] received a helmet as a gift, since [in the judgment ofAeneas?] on account of an omen he gave the honor toAcestes. In the fifth, with the boyAscanius as leader, the boys did the Trojan Games.

§ 274  INVENTORS AND THEIR INVENTIONS: . . . A certain man named Cerasus mixed wine with the riverAchelous inAitolia, and from this "to mix" is called kerasai. Then, too, the ancient men of our race had on the posts of their dining-couches heads ofasses bound with vines to signify that theass had discovered the sweetness of the vine. The vine, too, which agoat had nibbled, brought fort more fruit, and from this they invented pruning.Pelethronius first invented bits and saddles forhorses.Belona first invented the needle, which in Greek is called Belone.Cadmus, son ofAgenor, first produced bronze atThebes.Aeacus, son ofJove, first discovered gold inPanchaia on Mount Tasus.Indus, king inScythia, first discovered silver whichErichthonius was first to bring toAthens. AtElis, a city in thePeloponnesus, races of four-horse chariots were first established. KingMidas, aPhrygian, son ofCybele, first discovered black and white lead. TheArcadians first made offerings [?] to the gods.Phoroneus, son ofInachus, first made arms forJuno, and because of this first obtained authority to rule.Chiron, son ofSaturn, first used herbs in the medical art of surgery;Apollo first practiced the art of treating eyes, and third,Asclepius, son ofApollo, began the art of clinical medicine. The ancients didn't have obstetricians, and as a result, women because of modesty perished. For theAthenians forbade slaves and women to learn the art of medicine. A certain girl,Hagnodice, a virgin desired to learn medicine, and since she desired it, she cut her hair, and in male attire came to a certainHerophilus for training. When she had learned the art, and had heard that a woman was in labor, she came to her. And when the woman refused to trust herself to her, thinking that she was a man, she removed her garment to show that she was a woman, and in this way she treated women. When the doctors saw that they were not admitted to women, they began to accuseHagnodice, saying that "he" was a seducer and corruptor of women, and that the women were pretending to be ill. TheAreopagites, in session, started to condemnHagnodice, butHagnodice removed her garment for them and showed that she was a woman. Then the doctors began to accuse her more vigorously, and as a result the leading women came to the Court and said: "You are not husbands, but enemies, because you condemn her who discovered safety for us." Then theAthenians amended the law, so that free-born women could learn the art of medicine.Perdix, son ofDaedalus' sister, invented the compass, and also the saw from the spine of a fish.Daedalus, son ofEupalamus, first made statues of the gods.Oannes, who inChaldaea is said to have come from the sea, interpreted astrology. TheLydians first dyed raw wool with a substance from twigs, and afterward learned to dye the thread.Pan first invented the music of the pipes. InSicilyCeres first invented grain.Tyrrhenus, son ofHercules, first invented a trumpet for this reason: When his comrades were apparently feasting on human flesh, the inhabitants of the region around fled from the cruel practice. So when any one of them died he blew on a hollow conch-shell and called the district together, and declared they were giving burial to the dead and not devouring them. Thus the trumpet is called theTyrrhenian melody. The Romans today have this custom: whenever anyone dies, trumpeters sound and friends are called together, to testify that he did not die from poison or the sword. Summoners, too, invented the horn [?].Egyptians first fought with clubs; laterBelus, son ofNeptune, fought with a sword, and bellum, "war," is named from this.

§ 275  TOWN AND THEIR FOUNDERS:Jove foundedThebes inIndia, named from Thebais, his nurse; it is called hecatompylae, because it has a hundred gates.Minerva foundedAthens inChalcis, which she called from her name.Epaphus, son ofJove, foundedMemphis, inEgypt.Arcas, son ofJove, foundedTrapezus inArcadia.Apollo, son ofJove, foundedArnae.Eleusinus, son ofMercury, foundedEleusis.Dardanus, son ofJove, foundedDardania.Argus, son ofAgenor, foundedArgos, which . . .Cadmus, son ofAgenor,Thebes Heptapylae, which is said to have seven gates.Perseus, son ofJove, foundedPerseis.Castor andPollux, sons ofJove, foundedDioscoris.Medus, son ofAegeus andMedea, Meda inEcbatana.Camirus, son ofSol, foundedCamira.Liber inIndia, foundedHammon. The Nymphe Ephyre, daughter ofOceanus, founded Ephyre, which later they calledCorinth. Sardo, daughter ofSthenelus, foundedSardis.Cinyras, son ofPaphos, foundedSmyrna, from the name of hisdaughter.Perseus, son ofJove, foundedMycenae.Semiramis, daughter ofDercetis,Babylon inSyria.

§ 276  LARGEST ISLANDS:Mauretania, situated in the west, 76 stades in circuit.Egypt, which theNile surrounds, situated in the heat of the south, in circuit . . . stades.Sicily, triangular in form, in circuit 3570 stades.Sardinia, in circuit 1250 stades.Crete, in length . . . with a hundred towns on either side, in circuit 2100 stades.Cyprus, situated betweenEgypt and Africa, like a Gallic shield, in a bow, in circuit 11 stades.Rhodes placed in the round, circuit 2100 stades;Euboea like an arc, circuit 2200 stades;Corcyra, good land, in circuit 80 stades.Sikyon[sic], good land, in circuit 1100 stades.Tenedos, island nearTroy, in circuit 1200 stades.Corsica, very poor soil, in circuit 1120 stades. TheCyclades are nine islands — namely,Andros,Myconos,Delos,Tenos,Naxos,Seriphos,Gyarus,Paros,Rhenia.

§ 277  FIRST INVENTORS: TheParcae,Clotho,Lachesis, andAtropos invented seven Greek letters — Alpha, Beta, Eta, Tau, Iota, Ypsilon. Others say thatMercury invented them from the flight of cranes, which, when they fly, form letters.Palamedes, too, son ofNauplius, invented eleven letters;Simonides, too, invented four letters — Omega, Epsilon, Zeta, and Phi;Epicharmus ofSicily, two — Pi and Psi. The Greek lettersMercury is said to have brought toEgypt, and fromEgyptCadmus took them to Greece.Evander in exile fromArcadia, took them toItaly, and his motherCarmenta changed them to Latin to the number of 15.Apollo on the lyre added the rest. The sameMercury first taught wrestling to mortals.Ceres showed how to tameoxen, and taught her foster-sonTriptolemus [to sow grain]. When he had sown it, and apig rooted up what he had planted, he seized thepig, took it to the altar ofCeres, and putting grain on its head, sacrificed it toCeres. From this came the custom of putting salted meal on the victim.Isis first invented sails, for while seeking her sonHarpocrates, she sailed on a ship.Minerva first built a two-prowed ship forDanaus in which he fled fromEgyptus his brother.