Kamalian ng Lua na sa Module:Location_map na nasa linyang 526: Unable to find the specified location map definition: "Module:Location map/data/India Uttar Pradesh Varanasi" does not exist.
AngVaranasi (Vārāṇasī ;[ʋaːˈraːɳəsi]) ay isang lungsod sailog Ganges sahilagang India na may sentral na lugar sa peregrinasyon, kamatayan, at pagluluksa sa mundo ngHinduismo.[10] Ang pangalang Varanasi ay opisyal na muling binuhay pagkatapos ng 1947,[11] ngunit ang lungsod ay kilala pa rin bilangBanaras oBenares (Banāras ;[bəˈnaːrəs] (pakinggan)),[12][13] at mula noong sinaunang panahon din bilangKashi,[14][15] Ang lungsod ay may sinkretikong tradisyon ng pagiging artesanong Muslim na nagpapatibay sa turismo nito.[16][17] Matatagpuan sagitnang Lambak Ganges sa timog-silangang bahagi ng estado ngUttar Pradesh, ang Varanasi ay nasa kaliwang pampang ng ilog. Ito ay 692 kilometro (430 mi) sa timog-silangan ng kabesera ng India naNew Delhi, 320 kilometro (200 mi) timog-silangan ng kabesera ng estado,Lucknow, at 121 kilometro (75 mi) silangan ngAllahabad, isa pang lugar ng peregrinasyon sa Hinduismo.
Ang Varanasi ay isa sa pinakamatandang lungsod na patuloy na pinaninirahan sa mundo.[18] Ang Kashi, ang sinaunang pangalan nito, ay nauugnay sa isang kaharian na may parehong pangalan noong 2,500 taon na ang nakalilipas. AngBuddha ay naitala saKanon ng Pali na nagbigay ng kaniyang unang sermon, "Ang Paghuhudyat ng Pag-ikoy ng Gulong ng Dharma", sa kalapit naSarnath noong 528 BCE. Noong ika-8 siglo, itinatag niAdi Shankara angpagsamba sa Shiva bilang isang opisyal na sekta ng Varanasi. Sa panahon ng pamumuno ng mga Muslim noong Gitnang Kapanahunan, ang lungsod ay naging isang mahalagang sentro ng debosyon ng Hindu, peregrinasyon,mistisismo, at panulaan na nag-aambag sa kahalagahan ng kultura nito. Isinulat niTulsidas ang kaniyang epiko sawikang Awadhi, angRamcharitmanas, isangkilusang Bhakti na muling paggawa ng SanskritongRamayana, sa Varanasi. Ilang iba pang pangunahing tauhan ng kilusang Bhakti ay isinilang sa Varanasi, kasama sinaKabir atRavidas.[19] Noong ika-16 na siglo, angemperador ng Mughal na siAkbar ay nagtayo ng dalawang malalaking templong inalay kanilaShiva atVishnu sa lungsod. Sa ilalim ng Kasunduan ng Faizabad, nakuha ngKompanya sa Silangang Indiya ang Benares noong 1775,[20][21] ang lungsod na kalaunan ay sunod-sunod na naging bahagi ng Dibisyon ng Benares samga Lalawigang Isinuko at Sinakop,mga Lalawigan sa Hilagang-kanluran, atmga Nagkakaisang Lalawigan, at pagkatapos ng kalayaan ng India sa Uttar Pradesh.[22]
Angpaghahabi ng sutla, mga alpombra at paglilikok, at turismo ay gumagamit ng malaking bilang ng lokal na populasyon, gayundin angBanaras Locomotive Works atBharat Heavy Electricals. Ang Varanasi ay isang sentro ng kultura ng hilagang India na malapit na nauugnay sa Ganges. Naniniwala ang mga Hindu na ang pagkamatay dito at ang pag-abo sa tabi ng pampang ng ilog ng Ganges ay nagpapahintulot sa siklo ng muling pagsilang na maputol at maging posible angkaligtasan.[23] Kilala ang lungsod sa buong mundo para sa maramingghat nito, mga hakbang pababa sa matarik na pampang ng ilog patungo sa tubig, kung saan nagsasagawa ng mga ritwal ang mga peregrino. Ang partikular na pansin ay angDashashwamedh Ghat, ang Panchganga Ghat, angManikarnika Ghat, at ang Harishchandra Ghat, ang huling dalawang lugar kung saan inaabo ng mga Hindu ang kanilang mga patay. Ang mgatalaan ng talaangkanang Hindu sa Varanasi ay itinatago rito. Kabilang sa mga kilalang templo sa Varanasi ay angTemplong Kashi Vishwanath niShiva, angTemplong Sankat Mochan Hanuman, at angTemplong Durga.
↑Parry, Jonathan P. (2000) [1994],Death in Banaras, Lewis Henry Morgan Lectures, Cambridge University Press, p. 1,ISBN9780521466257,As a place to die, to dispose of the physical remains of the deceased and to perform the rites which ensure that the departest attains a 'good state' after death, the north Indian city of Banaras attracts pilgrims and mourners from all over the Hindu world.
↑San Chirico, Kerry P. C. (2012),"Banaras", mula sa Juergensmeyer, Mark; Roof, Wade Clark (mga pat.),Encyclopedia of Global Religion, Volume 1, pp. 114–116,ISBN9780761927297,Varanasi is the city's revived, post-independence designation, which combines the names of two rivers on either side of it.
↑San Chirico, Kerry P. C. (2012),"Banaras", mula sa Juergensmeyer, Mark; Roof, Wade Clark (mga pat.),Encyclopedia of Global Religion, Volume 1, pp. 114–116,ISBN9780761927297,The city was identified in thePali language as Baranasi, from which emerged the corrupt form of the name, "Banaras," by which the city is still widely known.
↑San Chirico, Kerry P. C. (2012),"Banaras", mula sa Juergensmeyer, Mark; Roof, Wade Clark (mga pat.),Encyclopedia of Global Religion, Volume 1, pp. 114–116,ISBN9780761927297,... in the fifth century BCE, ..., the Kingdom of Kashi was one of the 16 kingdoms to emerge from the ascendant Aryan tribes.
↑Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia (September 1, 2021),"Varanasi",Encyclopaedia Britannica, nakuha noongDecember 14, 2021,Varanasi, also called Benares, Banaras, or Kashi, city, southeastern Uttar Pradesh state, northern India.{{citation}}:|first= has generic name (tulong)
↑Kumar, Nita (2017) [1988],The Artisans of Banaras: Popular Culture and Identity, 1880–1986, Princeton Legacy Library, Princeton University Press, p. 18,ISBN9781400886999,Contrary to the experience of most artisan production in modern times, the silk weaving industry has actually flourished and remained the commercial backbone of the Hindu pilgrimage and religious centre of Banaras
↑San Chirico, Kerry P. C. (2012),"Banaras", mula sa Juergensmeyer, Mark; Roof, Wade Clark (mga pat.),Encyclopedia of Global Religion, Volume 1, pp. 114–116,ISBN9780761927297,This was the period in which an enduring cultural imprint was made in ... the establishment ofmuhallas or neighborhoods that exist to this day, in the presence of Sufi shrines dotting the landscape, and in the creation of a singular syncretic culture ... Today Islam accounts for more than one-third of Varanasi city's population. There are as many Muslims here as there are Brahmans, the majority of whom are weavers. The relationship between the Muslims who weave Banaras's famous saris and the Hindus who sell them explains in part by historically there has been less communal tension here than in other cities throughout South Asia.
↑San Chirico, Kerry P. C. (2012),"Banaras", mula sa Juergensmeyer, Mark; Roof, Wade Clark (mga pat.),Encyclopedia of Global Religion, Volume 1, pp. 114–116,ISBN9780761927297
↑Bourke, Richard (8 September 2015),Empire and Revolution: The Political Life of Edmund Burke, Princeton University Press, p. 843,ISBN9780691145112,Since 1724 Awadh, "in extent about the size of England," had enjoyed effective autonomy as a quasi-independent province within the Mughal Empire. It came to terms with the British after the Battle of Buxar in 1764, finally signing up to the Treaty of Benares in 1773. This imposed on the Wazir of Awadh, Shuja-ud-Daula, the obligation to accept troops stationed in his territory while paying a subsidy to the British for the privilege. The Wazir's successor, Asaf-ud-Daula, agreed to increase this subsidy under the Treaty of Faizabad in 1775, at the same time ceding Benares to the Company.
↑Markovitz, Claude (24 September 2004),"Birth of the British Empire in India (1765–1818)", mula sa Markovits, Claude (pat.),A History of Modern India, 1480–1950, Anthem Press,ISBN9781843311522,In the face of the hostility of all the dynamic forces of the country, the threat of the Marathas looming large on the frontiers, Asaf could count henceforth only on the help of the English, who exerted themselves to use this tumultuous situation to the full. In exchange for their military protection, thenawab granted them as early as 1775 the control of the region of Benares, in addition to a substantial increase in indemnity.
↑Bayly, Christopher,Rulers, townsmen, and bazaars: north Indian society in the age of British expansion, 1770–1870, Cambridge University Press, pp. xii–xiii,In 1801 a large area of Awadh situated in the Doab and Rohilkhand were ceded to the British. It was added to districts conquered from the Marathas in 1803–4 around Delhi and Agra to form the 'Conquered and Ceded Provinces' of the British Bengal Presidency. The term 'Western Provinces' and later 'North-Western Provinces' came into gradual use to describe this area and the adjoining Benares Division; ... In 1856 the remaining 'Reserved Dominions' of the ruler of Awadh were annexed to become the British Province of Oudh under a Chief Commissioner. In 1901 the two provinces were amalgamated to become the United Province of Agra and Oudh.
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