อุณหภูมิที่วัดที่ทวารหนักเท่ากับหรือสูงกว่า 37.5–38.3 °C (100–101 °F)[2][6]
อุณหภูมิที่วัดที่ช่องปากเท่ากับหรือสูงกว่า 37.7 °C (99.9 °F)[9]
อุณหภูมิที่วัดที่รักแร้หรือในรูหูเท่ากับหรือสูงกว่า 37.2 °C (99.0 °F)
ในผู้ใหญ่ทั้งชายและหญิงที่มีสุขภาพดีมีพิสัยของอุณหภูมิที่วัดที่ช่องปากเท่ากับ 33.2–38.2 °C (92–101 °F) ที่ทวารหนักเท่ากับ 34.4–37.8 °C (94–100 °F) ที่เยื่อแก้วหูเท่ากับ 35.4–37.8 °C (96–100 °F และที่รักแร้เท่ากับ 35.5–37.0 °C (96–99 °F)[10]
↑Karakitsos D, Karabinis A (September 2008). "Hypothermia therapy after traumatic brain injury in children".N. Engl. J. Med.359 (11): 1179–80.PMID18788094.
↑Karakitsos D, Karabinis A (September 2008). "Hypothermia therapy after traumatic brain injury in children".N. Engl. J. Med.359 (11): 1179–80.PMID18788094.
↑Marx, John (2006).Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice. Mosby/Elsevier. p. 2239.ISBN9780323028455.
↑Sund-Levander M, Forsberg C, Wahren LK (June 2002). "Normal oral, rectal, tympanic and axillary body temperature in adult men and women: a systematic literature review".Scand J Caring Sci.16 (2): 122–8.doi:10.1046/j.1471-6712.2002.00069.x.PMID12000664.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (ลิงก์)
↑Hilson AJ (July 1995). "Pel-Ebstein fever".N. Engl. J. Med.333 (1): 66–7.doi:10.1056/NEJM199507063330118.PMID7777006.. They cite Richard Asher's lectureMaking Sense (Lancet, 1959, 2, 359)
↑13.013.113.2Loscalzo, Joseph; Fauci, Anthony S.; Braunwald, Eugene; Dennis L. Kasper; Hauser, Stephen L; Longo, Dan L. (2008).Harrison's principles of internal medicine. McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. Chapter 17, Fever versus hyperthermia.ISBN0-07-146633-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (ลิงก์)
↑Marx, John (2006).Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice. Mosby/Elsevier. p. 2506.ISBN9780323028455.
↑Marx, John (2006).Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice. Mosby/Elsevier. p. 2506.ISBN9780323028455.
↑Hart, B. L. (1988) "Biological basis of the behavior of sick animals". Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 12: 123-137.PMID3050629
↑Johnson, R. (2002) "The concept of sickness behavior: a brief chronological account of four key discoveries". Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 87: 443-450PMID12072271
↑Kelley, K. W., Bluthe, R. M., Dantzer, R., Zhou, J. H., Shen, W. H., Johnson, R. W. Broussard, S. R. (2003) "Cytokine-induced sickness behavior". Brain Behav Immun. 17 Suppl 1: S112-118PMID12615196
↑20.020.1Fauci, Anthony; และคณะ (2008).Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (17 ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 117–121.ISBN9780071466332.
↑21.021.1 Chapter 58 in:Walter F., PhD. Boron (2003).Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 1300.ISBN1-4160-2328-3.
↑22.022.1Schaffner A. Fever—useful or noxious symptom that should be treated?Ther Umsch 2006;63: 185-8.PMID 16613288
↑Soszynski D. The pathogenesis and the adaptive value of fever.Postepy Hig Med Dosw 2003;57: 531-54.PMID 14737969
↑Su, F.; Nguyen, N.D.; Wang, Z.; Cai, Y.; Rogiers, P.; Vincent, J.L. Fever control in septic shock: beneficial or harmful?Shock 2005;23: 516-20.PMID 15897803
↑Schulman, C.I.; Namias, N.; Doherty, J., et al. The effect of antipyretic therapy upon outcomes in critically ill patients: a randomized, prospective study.Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2005;6:369-75.PMID 16433601
↑Rantala S, Vuopio-Varkila J, Vuento R, Huhtala H, Syrjänen J. Predictors of mortality in beta-hemolytic streptococcal bacteremia: A population-based study.J Infect. March 2, 2009.PMID 19261333
↑Fischler, M.P.; Reinhart, W.H. Fever: friend or enemy?Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1997;127: 864-70.PMID 9289813
↑Craven, R and Hirnle, C. (2006). Fundamentals of nursing: Human health and function. Fourth edition. p. 1044
↑29.029.1Lewis, SM, Heitkemper, MM, and Dirksen, SR. (2007). Medical-surgical nursing: Assessment and management of clinical problems. sixth edition. p. 212
↑"Fever".Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia. U.S. National Library of Medicine. สืบค้นเมื่อ20 May 2009.
↑Meremikwu M, Oyo-Ita A (2003). "Physical methods for treating fever in children".Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2): CD004264.doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004264.PMID12804512.
↑Perrott DA, Piira T, Goodenough B, Champion GD (June 2004). "Efficacy and safety of acetaminophen vs ibuprofen for treating children's pain or fever: a meta-analysis".Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.158 (6): 521–6.doi:10.1001/archpedi.158.6.521.PMID15184213.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (ลิงก์)
↑Southey ER, Soares-Weiser K, Kleijnen J (September 2009). "Systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical safety and tolerability of ibuprofen compared with paracetamol in paediatric pain and fever".Curr Med Res Opin.25 (9): 2207–22.doi:10.1185/03007990903116255.PMID19606950.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (ลิงก์)
↑Autret E, Reboul-Marty J, Henry-Launois B; และคณะ (1997). "Evaluation of ibuprofen versus aspirin and paracetamol on efficacy and comfort in children with fever".Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol.51 (5): 367–71.doi:10.1007/s002280050215.PMID9049576.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (ลิงก์)
Rhoades, R. and Pflanzer, R. Human physiology, third edition, chapter 27Regulation of body temperature, p. 820Clinical focus: pathogenesis of fever.ISBN 0-03-005159-2