ศัพทมูลวิทยา ของมักกะฮ์ยังคงกำกวม[ 14] กะอ์บะฮ์ [ 15] [ 16]
↑ อัลกุรอาน 48:22 ↑ Merriam-Webster, Inc (2001).Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary 724.ISBN 978-0-87779-546-9 ↑ "Government statistics of Makkah in 2015" (PDF) . 17 November 2018. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF) เมื่อ 17 November 2018. สืบค้นเมื่อ27 June 2020 .↑ Ogle, Vanessa (2015).The Global Transformation of Time: 1870–1950 173 .ISBN 9780674286146 Mecca, "the fountainhead and cradle of Islam," would be the center of Islamic timekeeping. ↑ Nicholson, Reynold A. (2013).Literary History Of The Arabs . Routledge. p. 62.ISBN 9781136170164 Mecca was the cradle of Islam, and Islam, according to Muhammad, is the religion of Abraham. ↑ Khan, A M (2003).Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith 26–.ISBN 978-81-87746-47-8 Al-Laithy, Ahmed (2005).What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an 61–.ISBN 978-90-441-1774-5 ↑ Nasr, Seyyed (2005).Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam . Aperture.ISBN 0-89381-752-X ↑ "Wahhābī (Islamic movement)" .Encyclopædia Britannica Edinburgh :Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 9 June 2020.เก็บ จากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 26 June 2020. สืบค้นเมื่อ8 September 2020 .BecauseWahhābism prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with theearly history of Islam , such as the homes and graves ofcompanions ofMuhammad , were demolished under Saudi rule.Preservationists have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca andMedina have been razed. ↑ Taylor, Jerome (24 September 2011)."Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas' .The Independent เก็บ จากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 16 June 2017. ↑ A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else,The Economist (24 June 2010), Cairo. ↑ Fattah, Hassan M.Islamic Pilgrims Bring Cosmopolitan Air to Unlikely City เก็บถาวร 24 กันยายน 2014 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน The New York Times ↑ Peters, Francis E. (1994).The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places 206 .ISBN 978-0-691-02619-0 ↑ Esposito, John L. (2011).What everyone needs to know about Islam Oxford University Press . p. 25.ISBN 978-0-19-979413-3 Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims ↑ Versteegh, Kees (2008). C.H.M. Versteegh; Kees Versteegh (บ.ก.).Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, Volume 4 ed.). Brill. p. 513.ISBN 978-90-04-14476-7 ↑ อัลกุรอาน 3:96 ↑ Peterson, Daniel C. (2007).Muhammad, prophet of God 22–25.ISBN 978-0-8028-0754-0 Bianca, Stefano (2000),"Case Study 1: The Holy Cities of Islam – The Impact of Mass Transportation and Rapid Urban Change" ,Urban Form in the Arab World , Zurich:ETH Zurich ,ISBN 978-3-7281-1972-8 Bosworth, C. Edmund, บ.ก. (2007). "Mecca".Historic Cities of the Islamic World . Leiden:Koninklijke Brill . Dumper, Michael R. T.; Stanley, Bruce E., บ.ก. (2008), "Makkah",Cities of the Middle East and North Africa , Santa Barbara, CA:ABC-CLIO Rosenthal, Franz;Ibn Khaldun (1967).The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History ISBN 978-0-691-09797-8 Watt, W. Montgomery. "Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods."Encyclopaedia of Islam Winder, R.B. "Makka – The Modern City."Encyclopaedia of Islam . Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 2008 "Quraysh" .Encyclopædia Britannica . สืบค้นเมื่อ19 February 2007 .Mecca Saudi Arabia , inEncyclopædia Britannica Online , by John Bagot Glubb, Assʿad Sulaiman Abdo, Swati Chopra, Darshana Das, Michael Levy, Gloria Lotha, Michael Ray, Surabhi Sinha, Noah Tesch, Amy Tikkanen, Grace Young and Adam Zeidan
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