↑Salehi, M. (2014). "A Study on the Influences of Islamic Values on Iranian Accounting Practice and Development".Journal of Islamic Economics, Banking and Finance.10 (2): 154–182.doi:10.12816/0025175.Zakat is a religious tax that every Muslim has to pay.
↑Lessy, Z. (2009). "Zakat (almsgiving) management in Indonesia: Whose job should it be?".La Riba Journal Ekonomi Islam.3 (1).Zakat is alms-giving and religiously obligatory tax.
↑Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan Ṭūsī (2010),Concise Description of Islamic Law and Legal Opinions,ISBN978-1904063292, pp. 131–135.
↑Hefner R.W. (2006). "Islamic economics and global capitalism".Society.44 (1): 16–22.doi:10.1007/bf02690463.S2CID153432583.Zakat is a tax levied on income and wealth for the purpose of their purification.
12Bonner, Michael (2003),Poverty and Charity in Middle Eastern Contexts, State University of New York Press,ISBN978-0791457382, p. 15: "In the old Arabic narratives about the early Muslim community and its conquests and quarrels,zakat andsadaqa loom large at several moments of crisis. These include the beginning of Muhammad's prophetic career in Mecca, when what appear to be the earliest pieces of scripture insist on almsgiving more than any other human activity. These moments of crisis also include the wars of theridda or apostasy in C.E. 632–634, just after Muhammad's death. At that time most of the Arabs throughout the peninsula refused to continue payingzakat (now a kind of tax) to the central authority in Medina; Abu Bakr, upon assuming the leadership, swore he would force them all to pay thiszakat, "even if they refuse me only a [camel's] hobble of it," and sent armies that subdued these rebels or "apostates" in large-scale battles that were soon followed by the great Islamic conquests beyond the Arabian peninsula itself."
↑Shoufani, Elias (1973),Al-Riddah and the Muslim Conquest of Arabia, University of Toronto Press,ISBN978-0802019158.
↑Décobert, C. (1991),Le mendiant et le combattant, L’institution de l’islam, Paris: Editions du Seuil, pp. 238–240.
↑Medani Ahmed and Sebastian Gianci,Zakat, Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy, p. 479, quote: "As one of the Islam's five pillars, zakat becomes an obligation due when, over a lunar year, one controls a combination of income and wealth equal to or aboveNisaab."
↑Kumaraswamy, P. R.; Copland, Ian (18 October 2013). Kumaraswamy, P.R.; Copland, Ian (บ.ก.).South Asia: The Spectre of Terrorism. Routledge. p.132.ISBN978-1317967736.
↑Ridgeon, Lloyd (2003),Major World Religions: From Their Origins to the Present, Routledge,ISBN978-0415297967, pp. 258: "The Quranic term zakat came to signify a form of obligatory charity or alms tax that was seen as a means of purifying the believer's wealth."
↑Dean, H. & Khan, Z. (1998). "Islam: A challenge to welfare professionalism".Journal of Interprofessional Care.12 (4): 399–405.doi:10.3109/13561829809024947.Zakat purifies the wealth of the individual
↑Yusuf al-Qaradawi (1999), Monzer Kahf (transl.), Fiqh az-Zakat, Dar al Taqwa, London, Volume 1,ISBN978-967-5062-766, p. XL, "Qur'an used the word zakah, in the meaning known to Muslims now, as early as the beginning of the Makkan period. This is found in Suras: 7:156, 19:31 and 55, 21:72, 23:4, 27:7, 30:39, 31:3 and 41:7."
↑The English translation of these verses can be read here"Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement". คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 10 สิงหาคม 2016. สืบค้นเมื่อ 20 สิงหาคม 2016., University of Southern California
↑Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im Na (2010),Islam and the Secular State: Negotiating the Future of Shari'a, Harvard University Press,ISBN978-0674034563, pp. 58–63
↑Koylu, Mustafa (2003),Islam and its Quest for Peace: Jihad, Justice and Education,ISBN978-1565181809, pp. 88–89
123456789Benda-Beckmann, Franz von (2007).Social security between past and future: Ambonese networks of care and support. LIT Verlag, Münster. p.167.ISBN978-3-8258-0718-4.
↑Masahiko Aoki, Timur Kuran and Gérard Roland (2012), Political consequences of the Middle East's Islamic economic legacy, in Institutions and Comparative Economic Development, Palgrave Macmillan,ISBN978-1137034038, Chapter 5, pp. 124–148
↑Böwering, Gerhard, ed. (2013),The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, Princeton University Press. p. 545
↑Lewis, Bernard (2002),The Arabs in History, Oxford: Oxford University Press,ISBN0-19-280310-7, page 70-74
↑Iqbal, Zafar and Lewis, Mervyn (2009)An Islamic Perspective on Governance,ISBN978-1847201386, pp. 99–115
↑Nienhaus, Volker (2006),Zakat, taxes and public finance in Islam, in Islam and the Everyday World: Public Policy Dilemmas. Sohrab Behdad, Farhad Nomani (eds.),ISBN978-0415368230, pp. 176–189
↑Lambton, K.S. (October 1948). "An Account of the Tārīkhi Qumm".Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies.12 (3–4): 586–596.doi:10.1017/s0041977x00083154.S2CID154257790.
↑Hamid, S. (1995). "Bookkeeping and accounting control systems in a tenth-century Muslim administrative office".Accounting, Business & Financial History.5 (3): 321–333.doi:10.1080/09585209500000049.
↑Kulke, H. and Rothermund, D. (1998),A History of India, 3rd Edition, Routledge,ISBN0-415-15482-0, pp. 158–163
↑Al-Hamar, M., Dawson, R., & Guan, L. (2010),A culture of trust threatens security and privacy in Qatar, IEEE 10th International Conference,ISBN978-1-4244-7547-6, pp. 991–995
