↑Jay, Peter (17 July 2000)."A Distant Mirror".TIME Europe.156 (3). คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 25 July 2008. สืบค้นเมื่อ25 January 2018.
↑Nauert, Charles G. (2006).The A to Z of the Renaissance. Scarecrow Press. p.106.ISBN978-1-4617-1896-3.
↑Jussila, Heikki; Majoral, Roser (2018).Sustainable Development and Geographical Space: Issues of Population, Environment, Globalization and Education in Marginal Regionsons. Routledge. p.13.ISBN978-1-351-72481-4.
↑Goldthwaite, Richard A. (2009).The economy of Renaissance Florence. Johns Hopkins University Press. p.278.ISBN978-0-8018-8982-0.
On page 22 of the manuscript inGallica. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 6 ตุลาคม 2016., Simon mentions the phrase "mors nigra" (Black Death): "Cum rex finisset oracula judiciorum / Mors nigra surrexit, et gentes reddidit illi;" (When the king ended the oracles of judgment / Black Death arose, and the nations surrendered to him;).
A more legible copy of the poem appears in: Emile Littré (1841)Opuscule relatif à la peste de 1348, composé par un contemporain. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 22 กรกฎาคม 2014. (Work concerning the plague of 1348, composed by a contemporary),Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes,2 (2): 201–243; see especially p. 228.
See also: Joseph Patrick Byrne,The Black Death (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2004),p. 1. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 26 เมษายน 2016.
↑Francis Aidan Gasquet,The Black Death of 1348 and 1349, 2nd ed. (London, England: George Bell and Sons, 1908),p. 7. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 4 พฤษภาคม 2016.Johan Isaksson Pontanus,Rerum Danicarum Historia ... (Amsterdam (Netherlands): Johann Jansson, 1631),p. 476. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 4 พฤษภาคม 2016.
↑The German physicianJustus Friedrich Karl Hecker (1795–1850) cited the phrase in Icelandic (Svarti Dauði), Danish (den sorte Dod), etc. See: J. F. C. Hecker,Der schwarze Tod im vierzehnten Jahrhundert [The Black Death in the Fourteenth Century] (Berlin, (Germany): Friedr. Aug. Herbig, 1832),page 3. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 29 เมษายน 2016.
↑See: Stephen d'Irsay (May 1926) "Notes to the origin of the expression: atra mors,"Isis,8 (2): 328–332.
↑Pontoppidan, Erich (1755).The Natural History of Norway: …. London, England: A. Linde. p.24. From p. 24: "Norway, indeed, cannot be said to be entirely exempt from pestilential distempers, for the Black-death, known all over Europe by its terrible ravages, from the years 1348 to 50, was felt here as in other parts, and to the great diminution of the number of the inhabitants."
↑J. M. Bennett and C. W. Hollister,Medieval Europe: A Short History (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006), p. 326.
↑John of Fordun'sScotichronicon ("there was a great pestilence and mortality of men")Horrox, Rosemary (1994).Black Death.ISBN978-0-7190-3498-5.เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 4 พฤษภาคม 2016. สืบค้นเมื่อ 3 พฤศจิกายน 2015.
↑Garrett L (2005)."The Black Death".HIV and National Security: 17–19.เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 14 ตุลาคม 2020. สืบค้นเมื่อ 3 ธันวาคม 2020.
↑Wade, Nicholas (31 October 2010)."Europe's Plagues Came From China, Study Finds".The New York Times.เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 4 November 2010. สืบค้นเมื่อ25 March 2020.The great waves of plague that twice devastated Europe and changed the course of history had their origins in China, a team of medical geneticists reported Sunday, as did a third plague outbreak that struck less harmfully in the 19th century.... In the issue ofNature Genetics published online Sunday, they conclude that all three of the great waves of plague originated from China, where the root of their tree is situated.... The likely origin of the plague in China has nothing to do with its people or crowded cities, Dr. Achtman said. The bacterium has no interest in people, whom it slaughters by accident. Its natural hosts are various species of rodent such as marmots and voles, which are found throughout China.
↑Galina Eroshenko et al. (2017) “Yersinia Pestis Strains of Ancient Phylogenetic Branch 0.ANT Are Widely Spread in the High-Mountain Plague Foci of Kyrgyzstan,” PLoS ONE, XII (e0187230); discussed in Philip Slavin,"Death by the Lake: Mortality Crisis in Early Fourteenth-Century Central Asia".,Journal of Interdisciplinary History 50/1 (Summer 2019): 59–90.
↑Wheelis M. Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2002;8(9):971–75.doi:10.3201/eid0809.010536.
↑Barras, Vincent; Greub, Gilbert (June 2014). "History of biological warfare and bioterrorism".Clinical Microbiology and Infection.20 (6): 498.doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12706.PMID24894605.In the Middle Ages, a famous although controversial example is offered by the siege of Caffa (now Feodossia in Ukraine/Crimea), a Genovese outpost on the Black Sea coast, by the Mongols. In 1346, the attacking army experienced an epidemic of bubonic plague. The Italian chronicler Gabriele de’ Mussi, in hisIstoria de Morbo sive Mortalitate quae fuit Anno Domini 1348, describes quite plausibly how the plague was transmitted by the Mongols by throwing diseased cadavers with catapults into the besieged city, and how ships transporting Genovese soldiers, fleas and rats fleeing from there brought it to the Mediterranean ports. Given the highly complex epidemiology of plague, this interpretation of the Black Death (which might have killed >25 million people in the following years throughout Europe) as stemming from a specific and localized origin of the Black Death remains controversial. Similarly, it remains doubtful whether the effect of throwing infected cadavers could have been the sole cause of the outburst of an epidemic in the besieged city.
↑"The Black Death". History – Channel 4. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 25 June 2008. สืบค้นเมื่อ3 November 2008.