Picha halisi yaAlbert Einstein ya mwaka 1905 hivi, ambapo alichapishakitabu "Annus Mirabilis" yakiwemomaandishi kuhusuZur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper (yaani "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies") yaliyounda nadharia ya uhusianifu maalumu.
Uhusianifu maalumu (kwaKiingereza:special relativity) ninadharia muhimu sana yafizikia iliyoundwa naAlbert Einsteinmwaka1905. Ilichapishwa katika jarida la fizikia la Ujerumani liitwaloAnnalen der Physik chini ya kichwa "Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper" (Kwa Kiingereza: "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies")[1]. Nadharia hiyo ilileta mapinduzi makubwa katika uelewa wetu wa nafasi na wakati.[2]
Kanuni ya Uhusianifu (Principle of Relativity): Sheria za fizikia ni zile zile kwa waangalizi wote walio katika mwendo wa kasi isiyobadilika (inertial frames of reference). Hii inamaanisha kwamba huwezi kutofautisha kati ya wewe umesimama au unatembea kwa kasi isiyobadilika kwa kufanya majaribio yoyote ya fizikia ndani ya chumba kilichofungwa.
Kasi ya Nuru ni Isiyobadilika (Constancy of the Speed of Light): Kasi ya nuru katika ombwe (vacuum) ni sawa kwa waangalizi wote, bila kujali mwendo wao au mwendo wa chanzo cha nuru[4]. Kasi hii ni takribani kilomita 299,792,458 kwa sekunde (mita 300,000,000 kwa sekunde), na inawakilishwa na herufi 'c'.
Kutokana na misingi hii, Einstein alihitimisha matokeo kadhaa ya kushangaza na yanayokwenda kinyume na uzoefu wetu wa kila siku, lakini yamethibitishwa na majaribio[5]:
Uhusianifu wa Wakati (Time Dilation): Saa zinazotembea haraka huonekana kwenda polepole kwa mwangalizi anayesimama. Kadiri kitu kinavyokwenda haraka kuelekea kasi ya nuru, ndivyo wakati unavyokwenda polepole zaidi kwake.
Mkunyuko wa Urefu (Length Contraction): Vitu vinavyotembea haraka huonekana kufupishwa katika mwelekeo wa mwendo wao kwa mwangalizi anayesimama.
Usawa wa Misa na Nishati (Mass-Energy Equivalence): Huu ndio msingi wa fomula maarufu ya Einstein,E=mc², ambapo 'E' ni nishati, 'm' ni misa, na 'c' ni kasi ya nuru. Fomula hii inaonyesha kwamba misa na nishati ni pande mbili za sarafu moja na zinaweza kubadilishana. Kiasi kidogo sana cha misa kinaweza kubadilishwa kuwa kiasi kikubwa sana cha nishati.
Nafasi-Wakati (Spacetime): Nadharia hii iliunganisha nafasi (vipimo vitatu) na wakati (kipimo kimoja) kuwa kitu kimoja kinachoitwa nafasi-wakati, chenye vipimo vinne.
Uhusianifu Maalumu unatumika kwa matukio yote ya kimwili ambayo hayahusishi mvuto (gravity). Kwa matukio yanayohusisha mvuto,Uhusianifu Mkuu (General Relativity) wa Einstein, uliochapishwa mnamo 1915, unaeleza jinsi mvuto unavyopinda nafasi-wakati.
Einstein, Albert (1996).The Meaning of Relativity. Fine Communications.ISBN1-56731-136-9
Logunov, Anatoly A. (2005)Henri Poincaré and the Relativity Theory (transl. from Russian by G. Pontocorvo and V. O. Soleviev, edited by V. A. Petrov) Nauka, Moscow.
Harvey R. Brown (2005). Physical relativity: space–time structure from a dynamical perspective, Oxford University Press,ISBN0-19-927583-1;ISBN978-0-19-927583-0
Alvager, T.; Farley, F. J. M.; Kjellman, J.; Wallin, L.; nawenz. (1964). "Test of the Second Postulate of Special Relativity in the GeV region".Physics Letters.12 (3): 260.Bibcode:1964PhL....12..260A.doi:10.1016/0031-9163(64)91095-9.
Einstein LightIlihifadhiwa 30 Aprili 2013 kwenyeWayback Machine. Anaward-winning, non-technical introduction (film clips and demonstrations) supported by dozens of pages of further explanations and animations, at levels with or without mathematics.
Special Relativity Lecture Notes is a standard introduction to special relativity containing illustrative explanations based on drawings and spacetime diagrams from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
An Introduction to the Special Theory of Relativity (1964) by Robert Katz, "an introduction ... that is accessible to any student who has had an introduction to general physics and some slight acquaintance with the calculus" (130 pp; pdf format).
Original interactive FLASH Animations from John de Pillis illustrating Lorentz and Galilean frames, Train and Tunnel Paradox, the Twin Paradox, Wave Propagation, Clock Synchronization, etc.
lightspeed An OpenGL-based program developed to illustrate the effects of special relativity on the appearance of moving objects.
Animation showing the stars near Earth, as seen from a spacecraft accelerating rapidly to light speed.
Makala hii kuhusu mambo yafizikia bado nimbegu. Je, unajua kitu kuhusuUhusianifu maalumu kama historia yake au mahusiano yake na mada nyingine? Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwakuihariri na kuongeza habari.
