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Kuba

Kutoka Wikipedia, kamusi elezo huru
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Unaweza kuondoa kigezo hiki mara baada ya vyanzo sahihi kuwa vimeingizwa katika makala sehemu husika

-Kwa "kuba" (pia: kubba) kama sehemu ya jengo tazamaKuba (jengo)-
República de Cuba
Jamhuri ya Kuba
Bendera ya KubaNembo ya Kuba
BenderaNembo
Kaulimbiu ya taifa:Kihispania:Patria o Muerte
(„Taifa au mauti“)[1]
Wimbo wa taifa: "La Bayamesa" ("Wimbo la Bayamo")
Lokeshen ya Kuba
Mji mkuuHavana
23°8′ N 82°23′ W
Mji mkubwa nchiniHavana
Lugha rasmiKihispania
SerikaliJamhuri ya kijamii yachama kimoja
Miguel Díaz-Canel
Uhuru
Kutoka Hispania
tangazo la Jamhuri ya Kuba
tarehe inayokumbukwa nchini Kuba
10 Oktoba1868
20 Mei1902
1 Januari1959
Eneo
 - Jumla
 - Maji (%)		 
110,861 km² (ya 105)
negligible
Idadi ya watu
 - [[]] kadirio
 -2013 sensa
 - Msongamano wa watu		 
(ya 73)
11,210,064
102/km² (ya 106)
FedhaPeso (CUC)
Saa za eneo
 - Kiangazi (DST)		EST (UTC-5)
(Starts1 Aprili, end date varies) (UTC-4)
Intaneti TLD.cu
Kodi ya simu+53

-


Ramani ya Kuba.

Kuba (pia: Kyuba; kwaKihispania: Cuba) ninchi ya kisiwani katikaBahari ya Karibikusini kwaMarekani. Nchi hiyo inajumuishakisiwa kikuu cha Kuba ambacho pia ni kisiwa kikubwa chaAntili Kubwa pamoja na kisiwa chaIsla de la Juventud na visiwa vidogo vingine vingi.Kuba ni nchi kubwa kati ya nchi za Karibi yenye wakazi wengi.

Utamaduni wake unaonyeshaathari zahistoria yake kamakoloni laHispania kwa miaka mingi, pia ya wakazi wenye asili katikawatumwa kutokaAfrika na ya kuwa jirani na Marekani.

Jiografia

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Kuba iko katika eneo ambakoBahari Karibi,Ghuba ya Meksiko naAtlantiki zinakutana.Kisiwa kikuu kinaurefu wakilomita 1,250 na eneo lakm² 104,556. Sehemu kubwa nitambarare isipokuwamilima yaSierra Maestra katikakusinimagharibi inayofikiakimo chamita 1,974.

Kisiwa cha pili niIsla de la Juventud (Kisiwa cha Vijana) kilichoitwa Isla de Pinos (Kisiwa cha Misunobari) hadi mwaka1978. Kisiwa hiki kina eneo la km² 2,200. Kuba yote ina eneo la kilomita za mraba 110,860 pamoja na sehemu zabahari, nchi kavu peke yake ni km² 109,884.

Tabianchi yake ni ya kitropiki. Kuba inaguswa namkondo wa bahari ya Karibi unaobeba maji fufutende kutokaikweta. Majira makavu kiasi hutokea kati yaNovemba hadiAprili,majira ya mvua zaidi kuanziaMei hadiOktoba.

Halijoto yahewa yawastani nisentigredi 21°C katika Januari na 27°C wakati waJulai. Halijoto ya juu ya maji ya Bahari Karibi na kwenyeGhuba ya Meksiko husababisha kutokea kwadhoruba kali aina zatufani mara kadhaa kila mwaka.

Historia

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Koloni la Hispania

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Kuba ilikuwa koloni laHispania kuanzia kufika kwaKristoforo Kolumbus mwaka1492 hadi mwaka1898. Wenyeji asilia walikuwaWaindio lakini wengi wao walikufa haraka kutokana namagonjwa kutoka Ulaya na ukali waukoloni wa Wahispania.Baadayeuchumi wamashamba makubwa yasukari ulijengwa kwa nguvu yawatumwa kutokaAfrika.

Kuanziamiaka ya 1860 watu wa Kuba walianza kupingautawala waHispania na pia kudai mwisho wautumwa. Mnamo1898manowari ya Kimarekani SS Maine ililipuka katikabandari yaHavana na tukio hili lilikuwa msingi kwaMarekani kutangaza hali yavita dhidi ya Hispania. Marekani ilishinda katikaVita ya Marekani dhidi Hispania na kutawala kisiwa katika miaka iliyofuata.

Uhuru chini ya usimamizi wa Marekani

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Baada ya majadiliano marefu Kuba ilipatauhuru wake kuanzia mwaka1902 lakini ilipaswa kukubalimkataba uliotunzahaki ya Marekani kungilia kati mambo ya ndani na kuipa Marekani eneo kwa kituo cha kijeshi.

Hadi mwaka1934 Marekani iliingilia mara mbili nakupinduamarais wawili wa Kuba, ama kwa kutumajeshi lake au kwa kutumia wanajeshi wa Kuba. Eneo laGuantanamo Bay kusini mwa Kuba limebaki hadi leo kama kituo cha kijeshi cha Marekani.

Mkataba mpya kati ya Marekani na Kuba wa mwaka 1934 uliongeza haki za Kuba. Wakati huohuo uasi wa kijeshi ulimwingizasajentiFulgencio Batista kwenye uwanja wasiasa. Batista alijipandishacheo hadikanali akashikamamlaka yote ya kijeshi na kuteua marais waliotekeleza matakwa yake.

Mwaka1940 alichaguliwa mwenyewe kuwa rais, akarudi1952 kwa kugombea tena urais lakini, baada ya kuona angeshindwa, alipinduaserikali kwa njia ya uasi wa kijeshi akasimamishakatiba na kuwadikteta wa Kuba hadi mwaka1959. Chini ya serikali ya Batista ulajirushwa na athira ya kiuchumi ya makampuni ya Kimarekani viliongezwa. Ukali wa utawala na mauaji ya wapinzani wengi vilisababisha kutokea kwa vikundi vilivyokuwa tayari kupinga serikali ya dikteta kwasilaha.

Mapinduzi ya 1959

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Fidel Castro, kiongozi wa mapinduzi na wa nchi kwa miaka 49.

Tangu mwaka1953mwanasheriaFidel Castro alijaribu kukusanya wafuasi kwa mapinduzi akishambulia kituo cha kijeshi cha Moncada akakamatwa na kutupwajela.

Mwaka1955 wafungwa walisamehewa na Batista. Castro alianza tena kukusanya wafuasi waliobaki katika "Harakati ya 26 Julai" (MR-26-7).Maandamano yaupinzani yalifuatwa napolisi kukamatawanaharakati. Fidel Castor pamoja nanduguyeRaul walikimbiaMeksiko. Hapo alikutana natabibuMwargentinaChe Guevara.

Mwaka1956 Castro pamoja na Guevara na wafuasi 80 walivuka bahari kwajahazi "Granma" wakajificha katika milima ya Sierra Madre. Kutoka huko walianza kushambulia vikosi vya jeshi la Batista. Polepole idadi ya wapiganaji waliojiunga nao iliongezeka na wanajeshi wa serikali mara nyingi walihamia upande wa Castro. Tarehe1 Januari 1959 dikteta Batista alikimbia na kuondoka Kuba, vikosi wa wanamapinduzi waliingia Havana.

Baada ya mapinduzi

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Mwanzoni Castro alionekana kama msemaji mkuu wa mapinduzi akimtangaza mwanasheriaManuel Urrutia kama rais mpya. Fidel alichukua cheo chawaziri mkuu katikaFebruari 1959. Hapo mwanzoni serikali mpya ilikuwa muungano wa wapinzani wa udikteta nawanamgambo kutoka milimani.Uchaguzi wavyama vingi ulitangazwa kama shabaha mojawapo ya kurudishademokrasia. Katika miezi iliyofuatawanasiasa wenye mwelekeo wa kati waliondolewa polepole na Castro aliongeza idadi yaWamarxisti katika vyeo vya juu.

Kuanzia1960 na baada ya jaribio la Marekani kumpindua Castro huyu aliongeza mwelekeo wake wakisoshalisti. Baada ya kupingwa na Marekani, Castro alitafutaushirikiano na usaidizi kutokaUrusi wakikomunisti.Castro alitangazasiasa ya kikomunisti akaendelea kutawala bilauchaguzi huru hadi alipojiuzulu mnamo Februari2008 kwa sababu zaafya. Baada yake aliongoza mdogo wake,Raul Castro, hadi mwaka2018Miguel Díaz-Canel alipochaguliwa kuwa rais wa nchi.

Watu

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Wakazi wengi ni machotara. Vipimo vyaDNA vimeonyesha kwamba Wazungu wameichangia 72%, Waafrika 20% na Waindio 8%.Lugha rasmi na ya kawaida niKihispania. InafuataKrioli yaHaiti.

Upande wadini, baada ya serikali kuipinga vikali kwa miaka mingi, bado 59% niWakristo, hasa waKanisa Katoliki.

Tazama pia

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Tanbihi

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  1. ↑As shown on the obverse of the coins; see"this photo of a 1992 coin". Iliwekwa mnamo2006-09-26. Note that the Spanish word "Patria" is better translated into English as homeland, rather than "fatherland" or "motherland".

Marejeo

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Albornoz, Sara Carrillo de (2006). "On a mission: how Cuba uses its doctors abroad".BMJ.333: 464.doi:10.1136/bmj.333.7566.464.JSTOR 40700096.{{cite journal}}:Invalid|ref=harv (help)
Alvarez, José (2001). "Rationed Products and Something Else: Food Availability and Distribution in 2000".Cuba in Transition, Volume 11. Silver Spring, MD:ASCE. ku. 305–322.ISBN 0-9649082-0-4. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutokachanzo mnamo 2014-09-07. Iliwekwa mnamo25 Machi 2013.{{cite book}}:External link in|chapterurl= (help);Invalid|ref=harv (help);Unknown parameter|chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
Alvarez, José (2004).Cuban Agriculture Before 1959: The Social Situation(PDF). Gainesville, FL: Department of Food and Resource Economics,University of Florida. Iliwekwa mnamo25 Machi 2013.{{cite book}}:Invalid|ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
Baklanoff, Eric N. (1998). "Cuba on the Eve of the Socialist Transition: A Reassessment of the Backwardness-Stagnation Thesis".Cuba in Transition, Volume 8. Silver Spring, MD:ASCE. ku. 260–272.ISBN 0-9649082-7-1. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutokachanzo mnamo 2014-09-07. Iliwekwa mnamo25 Machi 2013.{{cite book}}:External link in|chapterurl= (help);Invalid|ref=harv (help);Unknown parameter|chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
Chomsky, Aviva; Carr, Barry; Smorkaloff, Pamela Maria, whr. (2004).The Cuba Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Durham, NC:Duke University Press.ISBN 978-0-8223-3197-1.{{cite book}}:Invalid|ref=harv (help)
Corbett, Ben (2002).This Is Cuba: An Outlaw Culture Survives.Westview Press.ISBN 978-0-8133-3826-2.{{cite book}}:Invalid|ref=harv (help)
Crespo, Nicolás; Negrón Díaz, Santos (1997). "Cuban Tourism in 2007: Economic Impact".Cuba in Transition, Volume 7. Silver Spring, MD:ASCE. ku. 150–161.ISBN 0-9649082-6-3. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutokachanzo mnamo 2014-09-07. Iliwekwa mnamo25 Machi 2013.{{cite book}}:External link in|chapterurl= (help);Invalid|ref=harv (help);Unknown parameter|chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
Domínguez, Jorge I. (1978).Cuba: Order and Revolution. Cambridge, MA:Belknap Press.ISBN 978-0-674-17925-7.{{cite book}}:Invalid|ref=harv (help)
Domínguez, Jorge I. (1989).To Make a World Safe for Revolution: Cuba's Foreign Policy. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.ISBN 978-0-674-89325-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Domínguez, Jorge I. (2003).A Constitution for Cuba's Political Transition: The Utility of Retaining (and Amending) the 1992 Constitution(PDF). Coral Gables, FL: Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies,University of Miami.ISBN 978-1-932385-04-5. Iliwekwa mnamo19 Agosti 2012.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Espino, María Dolores (2000). "Cuban Tourism During the Special Period".Cuba in Transition, Volume 10. Silver Spring, MD:ASCE.ISBN 0-9649082-8-X. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutokachanzo mnamo 2014-09-07. Iliwekwa mnamo25 Machi 2013.{{cite book}}:External link in|chapterurl= (help);Invalid|ref=harv (help);Unknown parameter|chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
Falk, Pamela S. (1988)."Washing and Havana".The Wilson Quarterly.12 (5): 64–74.JSTOR 40257732.{{cite journal}}:Invalid|ref=harv (help)
Feinsilver, Julie M. (1989)."Cuba as a 'World Medical Power': The Politics of Symbolism".Latin American Research Review.24 (2): 1–34.JSTOR 2503679.{{cite journal}}:Invalid|ref=harv (help)
Gebru Tareke (2009).The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa. New Haven, CT:Yale University Press.ISBN 978-0-300-14163-4.
Gleijeses, Piero (1994)."'Flee! The White Giants are Coming!': The United States, the Mercenaries, and the Congo, 1964–1965"(PDF).Diplomatic History.18 (2): 207–237.doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1994.tb00611.x. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutokachanzo(PDF) mnamo 2013-01-17. Iliwekwa mnamo2021-01-17.{{cite journal}}:Invalid|ref=harv (help);Unknown parameter|dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
Gleijeses, Piero (1996). "Cuba's First Venture in Africa: Algeria, 1961–1965".Journal of Latin American Studies.28 (1): 159–195.doi:10.1017/s0022216x00012670.JSTOR 157991.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Gleijeses, Piero (1997). "The First Ambassadors: Cuba's Contribution to Guinea-Bissau's War of Independence".Journal of Latin American Studies.29 (1): 45–88.doi:10.1017/s0022216x96004646.JSTOR 158071.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Gleijeses, Piero (2002).Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959–1976. Chapel Hill, NC:University of North Carolina Press.ISBN 978-0-8078-2647-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Gleijeses, Piero (2010). "Cuba and the Cold War, 1959–1980".InMelvyn P. Leffler &Odd Arne Westad, eds., The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume II: Crises and Détente. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. ku. 327–348.ISBN 978-0-521-83720-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Gleijeses, Piero (2013).Visions of Freedom: Havana, Washington, Pretoria, and the Struggle for Southern Africa, 1976–1991. Chapel Hill, NC:University of North Carolina Press.ISBN 978-1-4696-0968-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Gott, Richard (2004).Cuba: A New History. New Haven, CT:Yale University Press.ISBN 978-0-300-10411-0.{{cite book}}:Invalid|ref=harv (help)
Horowitz, Irving Louis (1988).Cuban Communism. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.ISBN 0-88738-672-5.{{cite book}}:Invalid|ref=harv (help)
Luxenberg, Alan H. (1988). "Did Eisenhower Push Castro into the Arms of the Soviets?".Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs.30 (1): 37–71.JSTOR 165789.{{cite journal}}:Invalid|ref=harv (help)
Kolko, Gabriel (1994).Century of War: Politics, Conflicts, and Society since 1914. New York, NY:The New Press.ISBN 978-1-56584-191-8.{{cite book}}:Invalid|ref=harv (help)
McAlister, Lyle N. (1984).Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700. Minneapolis, MN:University of Minnesota Press.ISBN 978-0-8166-1216-1.{{cite book}}:Invalid|ref=harv (help)
Pedraza, Silvia (2007).Political Disaffection in Cuba's Revolution and Exodus. New York, NY:Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-86787-0.{{cite book}}:Invalid|ref=harv (help)
Pérez-López, Jorge F. (1996). "Cuban Military Expenditures: Concepts, Data and Burden Measures".Cuba in Transition, Volume 6. Washington, DC:ASCE. ku. 124–144.ISBN 0-9649082-5-5. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutokachanzo mnamo 2014-09-07. Iliwekwa mnamo25 Machi 2013.{{cite book}}:External link in|chapterurl= (help);Invalid|ref=harv (help);Unknown parameter|chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
Ramazani, Rouhollah K. (1975).The Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz. Alphen aan den Rijn: Sijthoff & Noordhoff.ISBN 90-286-0069-8.{{cite book}}:Invalid|ref=harv (help)
Roberg, Jeffrey L.; Kuttruff, Alyson (2007)."Cuba: Ideological Success or Ideological Failure?".Human Rights Quarterly.29 (3): 779–795.doi:10.1353/hrq.2007.0033.JSTOR 20072822.{{cite journal}}:Invalid|ref=harv (help)
Roy, Joaquín (2000).Cuba, the United States, and the Helms-Burton Doctrine: International Reactions. Gainesville, FL:University of Florida Press.ISBN 978-0-8130-1760-0.{{cite book}}:Invalid|ref=harv (help)
Scheina, Robert L. (2003).Latin America's Wars, Volume I: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899. Dulles, VA: Brassey's.ISBN 978-1-57488-449-4.{{cite book}}:Invalid|ref=harv (help)
Scott, Rebecca J. (2000) [1985].Slave Emancipation in Cuba: The Transition to Free Labor, 1860–1899. Pittsburgh, PA:University of Pittsburgh Press.ISBN 978-0-8229-5735-5.{{cite book}}:Invalid|ref=harv (help)
Smith, Wayne S. (1996). "Cuba's Long Reform".Foreign Affairs.75 (2): 99–112.JSTOR 20047491.{{cite journal}}:Invalid|ref=harv (help)
Smith, Kirby; Llorens, Hugo (1998). "Renaisssance and Decay: A Comparison of Socioeconomic Indicators in Pre-Castro and Current-Day Cuba".Cuba in Transition, Volume 8. Silver Spring, MD:ASCE. ku. 247–259.ISBN 0-9649082-7-1. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutokachanzo mnamo 2014-09-07. Iliwekwa mnamo25 Machi 2013.{{cite book}}:External link in|chapterurl= (help);Invalid|ref=harv (help);Unknown parameter|chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
Sweig, Julia E. (2004) [2002].Inside the Cuban Revolution: Fidel Castro and the Urban Underground (tol. la New). Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.ISBN 978-0-674-01612-5.{{cite book}}:Invalid|ref=harv (help)
Thomas, Hugh (1997).The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440–1870. New York, NY:Simon & Schuster.ISBN 978-0-684-81063-8.{{cite book}}:Invalid|ref=harv (help)
Thomas, Hugh (1998) [1971].Cuba; or, The Pursuit of Freedom (tol. la updated). Cambridge, MA:Da Capo Press.ISBN 978-0-306-80827-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Westad, Odd Arne (2012).Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750. London:The Bodley Head.ISBN 978-1-84792-197-0.{{cite book}}:Invalid|ref=harv (help)
Whiteford, Linda M.; Branch, Laurence G. (2008).Primary Health Care in Cuba: The Other Revolution. Lanham, MD:Rowman & Littlefield.ISBN 978-0-7425-5994-3.{{cite book}}:Invalid|ref=harv (help)
Wright, Irene Aloha (1916).The Early History of Cuba, 1492–1586. New York, NY:The Macmillan Company.{{cite book}}:Invalid|ref=harv (help)

Viungo vya nje

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Makala hii kuhusu maeneo yaBahari ya Karibi bado nimbegu.
Je unajua kitu kuhusuKuba kama historia yake, biashara, taasisi zilizopo, watu au utamaduni?
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