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Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2025

2 Technology

Each year we explore the tools and technologies developers are currently using and the ones they want to use.

This year, we included new questions about embedded technology tools and industry-sourced, community-vetted technology options.

2.1Most popular technologies

Programming, scripting, and markup languages

After more than a decade of steady growth, Python's adoption has accelerated significantly. It saw a 7 percentage point increase from 2024 to 2025; this speaks to its ability to be the go-to language for AI, data science, and back-end development.

Whichprogramming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the language and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
All RespondentsJavaScript66%HTML/CSS61.9%SQL58.6%Python57.9%Bash/Shell48.7%TypeScript43.6%Java29.4%C#27.8%C++23.5%PowerShell23.2%C22%PHP18.9%Go16.4%Rust14.8%Kotlin10.8%Lua9.2%Assembly7.1%Ruby6.4%Dart5.9%Swift5.4%R4.9%Groovy4.8%Visual Basic (.Net)4.4%VBA4.2%MATLAB3.9%Perl3.8%GDScript3.3%Elixir2.7%Scala2.6%Delphi2.5%Lisp2.4%MicroPython2.3%Zig2.1%Erlang1.5%Fortran1.4%Ada1.4%F#1.3%OCaml1.2%Gleam1.1%Prolog1.1%COBOL1%Mojo0.4%
Download chart
Responses:31,771(64.8%)
ResponseUse TypePercent
haskellHave Used0.1%
juliaHave Used0%
clojureHave Used0%
objectivecHave Used0%
nixHave Used0%
haskellWant to Use0.1%
juliaWant to Use0.1%
clojureWant to Use0.1%
nixWant to Use0%
odinWant to Use0%

Databases

The significant growth in usage for Redis (+8%) highlights its growing importance. As applications become more complex, the need for high-speed, in-memory caching and data structures has made Redis an essential part of the modern tech stack.

Whichdatabase environmentshave you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the database and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
All RespondentsPostgreSQL55.6%MySQL40.5%SQLite37.5%Microsoft SQL Server30.1%Redis28%MongoDB24%MariaDB22.5%Elasticsearch16.7%Oracle10.6%Dynamodb9.8%BigQuery6.5%Supabase6%Cloud Firestore5.7%H25%Firebase Realtime Database5%Microsoft Access4.8%Cosmos DB4.6%Snowflake4.1%InfluxDB3.7%Databricks SQL3.4%DuckDB3.3%Cassandra2.9%Neo4J2.6%Valkey2.4%Clickhouse2.4%IBM DB22.4%Amazon Redshift2.3%Cockroachdb1%Pocketbase1%Datomic0.6%
Download chart
Responses:26,083(53.2%)
ResponseUse TypePercent
firebirdHave Used0%
couchdbHave Used0%
opensearchHave Used0%
couchbaseHave Used0%
postgresqlHave Used0%
surrealdbWant to Use0%
firebirdWant to Use0%
couchdbWant to Use0%
spacetimedbWant to Use0%
timescaledbWant to Use0%

Cloud development

Docker has moved from a popular tool to a near-universal one. After years of growth, it experienced a +17 point jump in usage from 2024 to 2025, the largest single-year increase of any technology surveyed. This is partially due to consolidating some technology sectors in this year's survey.

Whichcloud platforms, containerization/orchestration tools, package managers, build tools, and infrastructure as code solutions have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the platform and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
All RespondentsDocker71.1%npm56.8%Amazon Web Services (AWS)43.3%Pip40.9%Kubernetes28.5%Microsoft Azure26.3%Homebrew25.7%Vite25.4%Google Cloud24.6%Make23.2%Yarn21.1%Cloudflare20.1%NuGet18.9%APT18.4%Webpack18.4%Terraform17.8%Maven (build tool)16.4%Cargo14.4%Gradle14.4%pnpm13.4%Firebase13.1%Prometheus11.8%Ansible11.7%Podman11.1%Chocolatey11%Composer11%MSBuild11%Digital Ocean10.7%Vercel10.6%Poetry9%Datadog8.9%Pacman8.7%Netlify5.9%Bun5.5%Supabase5.4%Heroku5.4%Ninja5.2%Splunk4.5%New Relic3.8%Railway1.5%IBM Cloud1.2%Yandex Cloud0.7%
Download chart
Responses:24,473(49.9%)

Web frameworks and technologies

The +5 point increase for FastAPI is one of the most significant shifts in the web framework space. This signals a strong trend towards using Python for building performant APIs and reflects the overall strength of the Python ecosystem.

Whichweb frameworks and web technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
All RespondentsNode.js48.7%React44.7%jQuery23.4%Next.js20.8%Express19.9%ASP.NET Core19.7%Angular18.2%Vue.js17.6%FastAPI14.8%Spring Boot14.7%Flask14.4%ASP.NET14.2%WordPress13.6%Django12.6%Laravel8.9%AngularJS7.2%Svelte7.2%Blazor7%NestJS6.7%Ruby on Rails5.9%Astro4.5%Deno4%Symfony4%Nuxt.js4%Fastify2.9%Axum2.8%Phoenix2.4%Drupal2.2%
Download chart
Responses:23,678(48.3%)
ResponseUse TypePercent
htmxHave Used0%
solidjsHave Used0%
flutterHave Used0%
quarkusHave Used0%
hugoHave Used0%
htmxWant to Use0.1%
solidjsWant to Use0%
flutterWant to Use0%
leptosWant to Use0%
quarkusWant to Use0%

Dev IDEs

Subscription-based, AI-enabled IDEs weren't able to topple the dominance of Visual Studio and Visual Studio Code this year. Both maintained their top spots for the fourth year while relying on extensions as optional, paid AI services.

Whichdevelopment environments and AI-enabled code editing tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply.
All RespondentsVisual Studio Code75.9%Visual Studio29%Notepad++27.4%IntelliJ IDEA27.1%Vim24.3%Cursor17.9%PyCharm15%Android Studio15%Jupyter Nb/JupyterLab14.1%Neovim14%Nano12.2%Sublime Text10.5%Xcode10%Claude Code9.7%WebStorm7.6%Zed7.3%Rider7.1%Eclipse7.1%VSCodium6.2%PhpStorm5.8%Windsurf4.9%RustRover3.2%Lovable.dev2.4%Bolt2.3%Cline and/or Roo2.2%Aider1.9%Trae0.8%
Download chart
Responses:26,143(53.3%)
ResponseUse TypePercent
emacsHave Used0.1%
helixHave Used0.1%
clionHave Used0.1%
golandHave Used0.1%
rubymineHave Used0%
emacsWant to Use0.2%
helixWant to Use0.1%
clionWant to Use0.1%
golandWant to Use0.1%
rstudioWant to Use0%

Stack Overflow tags

Our new category for technology this year showcases some recently added (last 3 years) tags on Stack Overflow that have grown more than others in their weight class. AI tech tops the list with Google Gemini and large language models.

Which rising technology of the added asnew tag or tag subject area on Stack Overflow in the last three yearshave you used regularly in the past year, and which do youwant to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply.
All RespondentsGoogle Gemini29.2%Large language model27.6%Tailwind CSS 421.8%.NET 8+19.2%Ollama15.3%RAG10.6%Pydantic10.1%uv9.5%Shadcn/ui8.7%c++237.3%Amazon Bedrock4.7%Polars3.8%LangGraph3%hostinger2.8%Microsoft Fabric2.4%Odoo2.1%Delphi 12+ Athens1.9%SwiftData1.7%Ultralytics1.2%visionOS0.9%
Download chart
Responses:21,329(43.5%)

Community platforms

Respondents learning to code use Youtube for community more than professional developers (70% vs. 60%).

Whichcommunity platforms have you utilized considerably or consistently in the past year, and which would you like to use next year? Select all that apply.
All RespondentsStack Overflow84.2%GitHub (public)66.9%YouTube60.5%Reddit53.7%Stack Exchange46.5%Discord38.9%LinkedIn37.2%Medium29.3%Hacker News19.6%X17.1%Slack (public)15.7%Dev.to11.5%Bluesky10.8%Twitch8.9%Substack7.1%Company forum6.2%Kaggle4.3%Hashnode1.2%
Download chart
Responses:30,190(61.6%)
ResponseUse TypePercent
mastodonHave Used0.2%
lobste.rsHave Used0%
matrixHave Used0%
lemmyHave Used0%
discourseHave Used0%
mastodonWant to Use0.2%
matrixWant to Use0%
lobste.rsWant to Use0%
lemmyWant to Use0%
fediverseWant to Use0%

Large language models

OpenAI's GPT models top the large language model list with 82% of developers indicating they used them for development work in the past year. Anthropic's Claude Sonnet models are used more by professional developers (45%) than by those learning to code (30%).

WhichLLM models for AI tools have you used for development work in the past year, and which would you like to use next year? Select all that apply.
All RespondentsOpenAI GPT81.4%Claude Sonnet42.8%Gemini Flash35.3%OpenAI Reasoning34.6%OpenAI Image26.6%Gemini Reasoning25.6%DeepSeek Reasoning23.3%Meta Llama17.8%DeepSeek General14.3%X Grok11.1%Mistral10.4%Perplexity Sonar7.6%Alibaba Qwen5.2%Microsoft Phi-4 models5%Amazon Titan models1.7%Cohere: Command A0.8%Reka (Flash 3 or other Reka models)0.4%
Download chart
Responses:16,474(33.6%)
ResponseUse TypePercent
copilotHave Used0.1%
github copilotHave Used0.1%
gemmaHave Used0.1%
qwenHave Used0%
microsoft copilotHave Used0%
copilotWant to Use0.1%
gemmaWant to Use0.1%
github copilotWant to Use0.1%
qwenWant to Use0%
ollamaWant to Use0%

Code documentation and collaboration tools

Professional developers that use AI compared to all professional developers show a slight preference for Miro (17% vs. 16%) and Notion (19% vs. 17%) - could this be due to the AI integrations both tools have recently incorporated?

Whichcollaborative work management and/or code documentation tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
All RespondentsGitHub81.1%Jira46.4%GitLab35.6%Markdown File34.8%Confluence32.8%Azure Devops16.6%Notion16.5%Obsidian16.1%Google Workspace15.2%Miro14.3%Trello13.7%Wikis10.4%Google Colab7%Lucid (includes Lucidchart)5.3%Asana4.4%Doxygen4.3%Clickup3.9%Linear3.7%Microsoft Planner2.9%Monday.com2.6%Redmine2.5%Airtable2.5%YouTrack2.4%Stack Overflow for Teams2.4%Coda1%
Download chart
Responses:30,065(61.3%)
ResponseUse TypePercent
bitbucketHave Used0.1%
giteaHave Used0.1%
codebergHave Used0%
forgejoHave Used0%
slackHave Used0%
codebergWant to Use0.1%
giteaWant to Use0.1%
forgejoWant to Use0.1%
bitbucketWant to Use0%
logseqWant to Use0%

Computer operating systems

We know developers prefer Android over iOS for personal use since we began measuring them both in 2023, and this year Android also surpasses Ubuntu for personal use (29% vs. 28%).

What is the primaryoperating system in which you work?
WindowsWindowsPersonal use56.7%Professional use49.5%MacOSMacOSPersonal use32.7%Professional use32.9%AndroidAndroidPersonal use29.1%Professional use11.9%UbuntuUbuntuPersonal use27.8%Professional use27.7%iOSiOSPersonal use18.9%Professional use10.5%Linux (non-WSL)Linux (non-WSL)Personal use17.6%Professional use16.7%Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL)Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL)Personal use15.9%Professional use16.8%DebianDebianPersonal use11.4%Professional use10.4%ArchArchPersonal use9.7%Professional use4.6%iPadOSiPadOSPersonal use8.1%Professional use2.8%FedoraFedoraPersonal use5.8%Professional use3.7%Red HatRed HatPersonal use1.8%Professional use5.7%NixOSNixOSPersonal use3.4%Professional use1.8%Pop!_OSPop!_OSPersonal use2.3%Professional use1.1%ChromeOSChromeOSPersonal use2.3%Professional use1.2%
Download chart
Responses:31,569(64.4%)

2.2Admired and Desired

To better gauge hype versus reality, we created a visualization that shows the distance between the proportion of respondents who want to use a technology (“desired”) and the proportion of users that have used the same technology in the past year and want to continue using it (“admired”).

Programming, scripting, and markup languages

Rust is yet again the most admired programming language (72%), followed by Gleam (70%), Elixir (66%) and Zig (64%). Gleam is a new addition to the list, and for good reason - developers like it!

Whichprogramming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the language and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Desired and Admired39.3%56.4%Python35.6%56.4%SQL33.8%52.1%HTML/CSS33.5%46.8%JavaScript31.9%58%TypeScript29.2%72.4%Rust27.4%52.8%Bash/Shell23.4%56.5%Go19.4%55.8%C#16.7%46.6%C++15.8%41.8%Java14.5%45%C12%51%Kotlin9.6%35.4%PowerShell9.2%38.9%PHP7.7%64.2%Zig7.6%46.9%Lua6.9%45.3%Assembly6.5%51.9%Swift5.8%65.9%Elixir5.3%47%Dart5.1%44.3%Ruby4.2%39.6%R3.6%57.9%Lisp3.4%56.9%GDScript3.1%70.8%Gleam3.1%50%Erlang3%39.4%Scala2.9%49.1%F#2.8%51.5%OCaml2.7%44.4%MicroPython2.3%32.5%Perl2%24%MATLAB2%25.9%Groovy1.9%24.5%Visual Basic (.Net)1.9%49.3%Mojo1.9%46%Delphi1.8%41.2%Ada1.6%24.5%VBA1.4%32.6%Prolog1.4%28.2%COBOL1.3%29%FortranDesiredAdmired
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Responses:31,771(64.8%)

Databases

What is it like to be the most desired and the most admired technology in your category? The answer lies with PostgreSQL, ranked highest for both since 2023!

Whichdatabase environmentshave you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the database and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Desired and Admired46.5%65.5%PostgreSQL28.3%59%SQLite23.5%54.9%Redis20.5%43.2%MySQL17.6%45.7%MongoDB15.2%44.9%Microsoft SQL Server12.9%39.4%Elasticsearch12.8%45.8%MariaDB6.9%39.7%Dynamodb6.4%47.2%Supabase5.7%58.8%DuckDB5.6%38.9%BigQuery5.2%32%Oracle4.9%64.7%Valkey4.9%31.8%Cassandra4.3%39.6%Snowflake4.2%35.9%Firebase Realtime Database4%38.1%Cosmos DB4%40.1%Cloud Firestore3.9%41.7%Neo4J3.7%40.5%Databricks SQL3.4%48.1%Clickhouse2.9%38.1%InfluxDB2.8%31.6%Amazon Redshift2.6%37%Cockroachdb2.5%34.8%H21.7%49.2%Pocketbase1.7%21.9%Microsoft Access1.5%29%IBM DB21.2%43.9%DatomicDesiredAdmired
Download chart
Responses:26,083(53.2%)

Cloud development

Rust's growth is directly tied to the success of its build tool and package manager, Cargo, which is the most admired (71%) cloud development and infrastructure tool this year.

Whichcloud platforms, containerization/orchestration tools, package managers, build tools, and infrastructure as code solutions have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the platform and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Desired and Admired50.4%63.6%Docker29.5%51.9%Amazon Web Services (AWS)27.9%58%Kubernetes26.8%45%npm19.5%45%Pip18.3%61.1%Vite17%49.6%Microsoft Azure16.7%46.1%Google Cloud16%57.5%Cloudflare15.7%51.8%Terraform15.2%56.4%Homebrew13.9%70.8%Cargo12.6%47.6%Make11.5%58.8%APT11%53.8%NuGet10.3%57.4%Podman9.9%54.7%Prometheus9.8%49.6%Ansible9.3%53.9%pnpm9.1%45.4%Firebase8.8%34.8%Yarn8.2%43.5%Maven (build tool)7.5%42.1%Gradle7.5%46.9%Digital Ocean6.8%44.4%Vercel6.4%49%Composer6.3%63%Pacman6.2%55.8%Bun6%43.8%Datadog5.9%25.7%Webpack5.9%46.9%MSBuild5.4%50.9%Supabase5%35%Chocolatey4.5%35.4%Poetry3.9%45%Netlify3.6%50.8%Ninja3%26.6%Heroku2.7%35%Splunk2.3%37.5%New Relic1.6%38.4%IBM Cloud1.5%47.1%Railway0.9%48.5%Yandex CloudDesiredAdmired
Download chart
Responses:24,473(49.9%)

Web frameworks and technologies

While its overall usage is still smaller than almost all other web frameworks in the survey, Phoenix's key story is in its developer satisfaction. It is the most admired web framework in 2025 (79%), and has been since 2023.

Whichweb frameworks and web technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Desired and Admired30.7%52.1%React29.7%52.2%Node.js15.3%50.9%Vue.js14.9%45.5%Next.js14.7%61.3%ASP.NET Core13%55.5%FastAPI12.6%44.7%Angular11.4%45.5%Express11.1%62.4%Svelte11%53.7%Spring Boot10.4%46.4%Django9%31.4%jQuery8.9%41.7%Flask7.1%51.9%Blazor6.5%47.8%Laravel6.5%52.1%Deno6.5%34.1%ASP.NET6%49.8%NestJS5.9%62.2%Astro5.7%30.4%WordPress5.5%52%Ruby on Rails4%46.4%Nuxt.js4%21.9%AngularJS4%79%Phoenix3.8%76.4%Axum3.1%50%Symfony2.7%49.7%Fastify1.4%33.7%DrupalDesiredAdmired
Download chart
Responses:23,678(48.3%)

Dev IDEs

Not only is Visual Studio Code the most used IDE for five years in a row, it is also consistently ranked the most desired IDE. Developers that haven't used VS Code overwhelmingly want to use it in the next year.

Whichdevelopment environments and AI-enabled code editing tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply.
Desired and Admired48.9%62.6%Visual Studio Code17.5%58.2%IntelliJ IDEA16%51.8%Visual Studio15.7%59.3%Vim15.5%54.7%Notepad++14.6%46.7%Cursor13.3%74.4%Neovim10.3%52.5%Claude Code9.6%52.9%PyCharm9.3%53.8%Jupyter Nb/JupyterLab8.8%43.2%Android Studio7.5%57%Zed6.7%51.2%Nano6.1%41.3%Xcode5.9%50.1%Sublime Text5.7%59.1%WebStorm5.6%60.8%Rider5%56.7%VSCodium4.3%41.8%Windsurf3.8%53.8%PhpStorm3.7%62.6%RustRover3%32.9%Eclipse1.9%36.6%Lovable.dev1.8%44.8%Cline and/or Roo1.8%43.9%Aider1.6%36.4%Bolt0.8%41.5%TraeDesiredAdmired
Download chart
Responses:26,143(53.3%)

Stack Overflow tags

uv is a Python package manager built in Rust; need we say more about why this is the most admired (74%) SO tag technology this year?

Which rising technology of the added asnew tag or tag subject area on Stack Overflow in the last three yearshave you used regularly in the past year, and which do youwant to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply.
Desired and Admired27.3%67.6%Large language model24.9%58.9%Google Gemini22.1%62.1%Tailwind CSS 416.7%67.1%.NET 8+15.4%59.9%Ollama13.9%61.4%RAG12.4%65.1%c++2311.3%74.2%uv9.4%62.6%Shadcn/ui9.2%61.2%Pydantic6.2%67.9%Polars5.6%49.2%Amazon Bedrock4.6%51.7%LangGraph3.8%46.2%Microsoft Fabric2.8%59.8%SwiftData2.7%45.7%hostinger2.6%51.9%visionOS2.6%39.2%Odoo2.3%69.5%Delphi 12+ Athens1.3%48.4%UltralyticsDesiredAdmired
Download chart
Responses:21,329(43.5%)

Community platforms

You like us, you really like us! Stack Overflow is the most used community platform this year but is also the most desirable community platform this year. GitHub is also making the top of the list this year as most admired community platform.

Whichcommunity platforms have you utilized considerably or consistently in the past year, and which would you like to use next year? Select all that apply.
Desired and Admired60.9%70.7%Stack Overflow50.5%72.4%GitHub (public)42.1%68.4%YouTube34.4%71.4%Stack Exchange32.8%59%Reddit25.6%60.7%Discord20.7%52.3%LinkedIn15.4%49.6%Medium14.2%63.3%Hacker News10%54%Slack (public)9.1%65.7%Bluesky8.9%47.7%X7.5%55.3%Dev.to6.3%59.3%Twitch4.8%54%Substack4%56.1%Company forum3.9%56.5%Kaggle1.1%52.9%HashnodeDesiredAdmired
Download chart
Responses:30,190(61.6%)

Large language models

Anthropic's Claude Sonnet is the most admired LLM this year (behind Gemini Reasoning) and second most desired (33%).

WhichLLM models for AI tools have you used for development work in the past year, and which would you like to use next year? Select all that apply.
Desired and Admired51.2%61.2%OpenAI GPT33.3%67.5%Claude Sonnet25.9%63.6%OpenAI Reasoning24%56.6%Gemini Flash22.7%65.2%Gemini Reasoning18.7%59.4%OpenAI Image17.1%51.5%DeepSeek Reasoning12.5%48.3%Meta Llama11.4%51.2%DeepSeek General8.9%52%X Grok8%49.6%Mistral6.3%54.7%Perplexity Sonar4.3%53.8%Alibaba Qwen4%42.6%Microsoft Phi-4 models2.1%42.9%Amazon Titan models1.1%41.7%Cohere: Command A0.9%61.4%Reka (Flash 3 or other Reka models)DesiredAdmired
Download chart
Responses:16,474(33.6%)

Code documentation and collaboration tools

Jira steps down as the most desired tool for code documentation and collaboration and the new top desired tool is GitHub. Markdown continues to be the most admired sync tool for the third year.

Whichcollaborative work management and/or code documentation tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
Desired and Admired59.3%70.1%GitHub27%75.8%Markdown File25.6%59.5%GitLab22%42.1%Jira14.3%40.2%Confluence13.8%66.6%Obsidian9.9%49.1%Azure Devops9.7%46.1%Notion9.5%54.3%Google Workspace7.5%63.4%Wikis6.8%38.4%Trello6.4%38.6%Miro4.9%50.3%Google Colab3.6%58.8%Linear3%49.6%Doxygen2.7%42.3%Lucid (includes Lucidchart)2.6%46.3%Stack Overflow for Teams2%30.5%Asana2%33%Clickup1.9%46.7%YouTrack1.5%33.9%Microsoft Planner1.5%29.9%Airtable1.5%40.5%Redmine1.2%22.3%Monday.com0.8%35%CodaDesiredAdmired
Download chart
Responses:30,065(61.3%)

2.3Worked with vs. want to work with

Knowing that developers want to use something is only half of the story. These charts show the technologies developers want to use next year aggregated by the technologies they already use. The sankey chart highlights the strongest relationships between what developers use and want to use, with technologies used justified left and technologies wanted justified right.

Programming, scripting, and markup languages

Python developers aspire to use Rust and Go as the path to high-performance systems programming.

Whichprogramming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the language and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
All RespondentsNo descriptionBash/ShellHTML/CSSJavaJavaScriptPowerShellPythonSQLC#C++CTypeScriptPHPGoRustKotlin
Download chart

Databases

Developers using MongoDB or Redis show a strong desire to also work with PostgreSQL. They see the value in adding relational database skills to their toolkit.

Whichdatabase environmentshave you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the database and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
All RespondentsNo descriptionMariaDBMicrosoft SQL ServerMongoDBMySQLRedisSQLitePostgreSQL
Download chart

Cloud development

Users of all major cloud platforms (AWS, Azure, Google Cloud) show a very strong desire to learn both Docker, highlighting that containerization skills are essential for modern cloud development.

Whichcloud platforms, containerization/orchestration tools, package managers, build tools, and infrastructure as code solutions have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the platform and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
All RespondentsNo descriptionAPTAmazon Web Services (AWS)PipnpmDockerGoogle CloudHomebrewMakeMicrosoft AzureViteWebpackYarnKubernetesCargoCloudflareTerraform
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Web frameworks and technologies

Node.js users want to use React, Next.js and Vue.js. This indicates developers wishing to skill up into a role that can handle more aspects of the codebase.

Whichweb frameworks and web technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
All RespondentsNo descriptionExpressNode.jsReactNext.jsVue.js
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Dev IDEs

The newer AI-enabled editors like Claude Code and Cursor are attracting interest from developers already using the industry standard IDE, VS Code.

Whichdevelopment environments and AI-enabled code editing tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply.
All RespondentsNo descriptionAndroid StudioVisual Studio CodeJupyter Nb/JupyterLabNotepad++VimVisual StudioClaude CodeCursorIntelliJ IDEANeovim
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Stack Overflow tags

Most professional developers who indicated they used Google Gemini last year, are interested in other AI-oriented subjects like "Large Language Model" or "RAG", and tools like "Ollama".

This pattern holds true for both Professional Developers and those Learning to Code, showing that developers at all levels are actively exploring the rapidly evolving AI landscape rather than committing to a single tool or platform.

Which rising technology of the added asnew tag or tag subject area on Stack Overflow in the last three yearshave you used regularly in the past year, and which do youwant to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply.
All RespondentsNo descriptionGoogle Gemini.NET 8+Large language modelOllamaTailwind CSS 4PydanticRAGShadcn/uiuvLangGraphc++23
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Community platforms

Developers who use community platforms also express a strong desire to use many other communities in the coming year. Most developers that have worked with other community platforms in the past year want to work with GitHub public repos. This shows the strong connection developers have with open source technologies and the abundance of technical documentation available on GitHub.

Whichcommunity platforms have you utilized considerably or consistently in the past year, and which would you like to use next year? Select all that apply.
All RespondentsNo descriptionDiscordLinkedInMediumRedditHacker NewsSlack (public)Stack ExchangeStack OverflowXYouTubeGitHub (public)
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Large language models

While developers have explored many large language models, OpenAI's GPT models function as the ecosystem's center of gravity. OpenAI GPT users and other LLM users show significant interest in trying Claude Sonnet and Gemini Reasoning models

WhichLLM models for AI tools have you used for development work in the past year, and which would you like to use next year? Select all that apply.
All RespondentsNo descriptionOpenAI GPTDeepSeek GeneralDeepSeek ReasoningGemini FlashClaude SonnetMeta LlamaMistralOpenAI ImageOpenAI ReasoningPerplexity SonarX GrokAlibaba QwenGemini Reasoning
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Code documentation and collaboration tools

The data shows the demand to continue using code documentation tools they are currently using is higher for tools that developers adopt for personal knowledge management and documentation, most notably Obsidian, which a significant proportion of Jira and Confluence users that want to use next year.

Whichcollaborative work management and/or code documentation tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
All RespondentsNo descriptionAsanaConfluenceAzure DevopsJiraClickupMiroDoxygenGitLabGoogle ColabGoogle WorkspaceGitHubLucid (includes Lucidchart)Microsoft PlannerNotionTrelloWikisMarkdown FileObsidianLinearStack Overflow for Teams
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