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2024DeveloperSurvey

2 Technology

Each year we explore the tools and technologies developers are currently using and the ones they want to use.

This year, we included new questions about embedded technology tools and industry-sourced, community-vetted technology options.

2.1Most popular technologies

Programming, scripting, and markup languages

JavaScript has been a mainstay in the developer survey and on Stack Overflow since our first survey. The most popular programming language has been JavaScript every year we have done the survey except for 2013 and 2014, when SQL was the most popular language.

Whichprogramming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the language and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
All Respondentsto-doJS62.3%HTML/CSS52.9%PY51%SQL51%TS38.5%Bash/Shell33.9%Java30.3%C#27.1%C++23%C20.3%PHP18.2%PowerShell13.8%Go13.5%Rust12.6%Kotlin9.4%Lua6.2%Dart6%Assembly5.4%Ruby5.2%Swift4.7%R4.3%Visual Basic4.2%MATLAB4%VBA3.7%Groovy3.3%Scala2.6%Perl2.5%GDScript2.3%Objective-C2.1%Elixir2.1%Haskell2%Delphi1.8%MicroPython1.6%Lisp1.5%Clojure1.2%Julia1.1%Zig1.1%Fortran1.1%Solidity1.1%Ada0.9%Erlang0.9%F#0.9%Apex0.8%Prolog0.8%OCaml0.8%Cobol0.7%Crystal0.4%Nim0.4%Zephyr0.3%
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Responses:60,171(92%)

Databases

PostgreSQL debuted in the developer survey in 2018 when 33% of developers reported using it, compared with the most popular option that year: MySQL, in use by 59% of developers. Six years later, PostgreSQL is used by 49% of developers and is the most popular database for the second year in a row.

Whichdatabase environmentshave you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the database and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
All Respondentsto-doPostgreSQL48.7%MySQL40.3%SQLite33.1%Microsoft SQL Server25.3%MongoDB24.8%Redis20%MariaDB17.2%Elasticsearch12.5%Oracle10.1%Dynamodb7.9%Firebase Realtime Database5.8%Cloud Firestore5.4%BigQuery4.8%Microsoft Access4.2%Supabase4%H23.8%Cosmos DB3.3%Snowflake2.6%InfluxDB2.5%Cassandra2.4%Databricks SQL1.9%Neo4J1.9%IBM DB21.7%Clickhouse1.7%Solr1.5%DuckDB1.4%Firebird1.1%Couch DB1%Cockroachdb1%Couchbase0.7%Presto0.6%Datomic0.4%EventStoreDB0.3%RavenDB0.3%TiDB0.2%
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Responses:52,418(80.1%)

Cloud platforms

AWS' share of usage amongst respondents is the same in 2024 as in 2023, while Azure and Google Cloud increased their share. Azure has climbed from 26% to 28% usage and Google Cloud went from 24% to 25%.

Whichcloud platforms have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the platform and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
All Respondentsto-doAmazon Web Services48%Microsoft Azure27.8%Google Cloud25.1%Cloudflare15.1%Firebase13.9%Vercel11.9%Digital Ocean11.7%Heroku8.2%Netlify7%VMware6.6%Hetzner5%Supabase3.8%Linode, now Akamai3.1%OVH3%Managed Hosting3%Oracle Cloud Infra.2.9%Render2.8%Fly.io2.6%OpenShift2.4%Databricks2%PythonAnywhere1.9%Vultr1.7%OpenStack1.6%Alibaba Cloud1.2%IBM Cloud Or Watson1.1%Scaleway0.9%Colocation0.7%
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Responses:46,261(70.7%)

Web frameworks and technologies

Node.js peaked in 2020 with its highest recorded usage score of 51%. While not as popular, it's still the most used web technology in the survey this year and has increased popularity among those learning to code from last year.

Whichweb frameworks and web technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
All Respondentsto-doNode.js40.8%React39.5%jQuery21.4%Next.js17.9%Express17.8%Angular17.1%ASP.NET CORE16.9%Vue.js15.4%ASP.NET12.9%Flask12.9%Spring Boot12.7%Django12%WordPress11.8%FastAPI9.9%Laravel7.9%AngularJS6.8%Svelte6.5%NestJS5.8%Blazor4.9%Ruby on Rails4.7%Nuxt.js3.6%Htmx3.3%Symfony3.2%Astro3%Fastify2.2%Deno1.9%Phoenix1.9%Drupal1.9%Strapi1.7%CodeIgniter1.7%Gatsby1.6%Remix1.6%Solid.js1.2%Yii 20.9%Play Framework0.8%Elm0.6%
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Responses:48,503(74.1%)

Embedded Technologies

Embedded technologies is a new sub-section of the developer survey this year. 30% of developers are using Raspberry Pi, making it the first most popular embedded technology in the Developer Survey.

Whichembedded systems and technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
All Respondentsto-doRaspberry Pi38.6%Arduino29.9%GNU GCC29.1%CMake28.3%LLVM's Clang17.1%Cargo15.8%MSVC8.9%Ninja7.8%PlatformIO4.8%Meson2.9%QMake2.4%Catch21.8%cppunit1.5%Boost.Test1.1%doctest1.1%SCons1.1%ZMK0.8%Micronaut0.7%build20.5%CUTE0.4%
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Responses:27,921(42.7%)

Other frameworks and libraries

.NET is the most used among other frameworks and libraries again this year for all developers. Those learning to code are using NumPy and Pandas the most (as they were last year).

Whichother frameworks and libraries have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
All Respondentsto-do.NET25.2%NumPy21.2%Pandas20.7%.NET Framework16.4%Spring Framework11.1%RabbitMQ10.9%Scikit-Learn10.6%Torch/PyTorch10.6%TensorFlow10.1%Apache Kafka9.4%Flutter9.4%Opencv8.6%React Native8.4%Qt7.3%OpenGL6.8%Electron6.5%CUDA5.8%Hugging Face Transformers4.5%Apache Spark4.4%SwiftUI4.3%Keras4.3%.NET MAUI3.1%Ruff3%Xamarin2.9%GTK2.6%Ionic2.5%Tauri2.4%Hadoop2.3%Cordova2.2%DirectX1.9%Capacitor1.8%OpenCL1.7%Tidyverse1.7%Roslyn1.7%Quarkus1.3%Ktor1.2%mlflow1.2%JAX1%MFC1%
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Responses:45,841(70.1%)

Other tools

Docker is used the most by professional developers (59%) and npm is used the most by developers learning to code (45%).

Whichdevelopertools for compiling, building and testing have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the technology and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
All Respondentsto-doDocker53.9%npm49.6%Pip32.4%Homebrew22.3%Make20.8%Vite19.9%Kubernetes19.4%Yarn18.8%Webpack18.4%NuGet16.1%Maven15.6%Visual Studio Solution15.3%Gradle15.3%MSBuild11%Terraform10.6%APT10.5%pnpm8.9%Composer8.8%Chocolatey8.8%Ansible7.9%Pacman6.8%Unity 3D5.9%Podman5%Godot4.4%Ninja4.1%Bun3.8%Google Test3.1%Unreal Engine3%Ant2.8%Nix2.7%Dagger1.2%Puppet1.2%Pulumi0.9%Chef0.7%
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Responses:54,175(82.8%)

Integrated development environment

Visual Studio Code is used by more than twice as many developers than its nearest (and related) alternative, Visual Studio.

Whichdevelopment environments did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply.
All Respondentsto-doVisual Studio Code73.6%Visual Studio29.3%IntelliJ IDEA26.8%Notepad++23.9%Vim21.6%Android Studio16.1%PyCharm15.1%Jupyter Notebook/JupyterLab12.8%Neovim12.5%Sublime Text10.9%Eclipse9.4%Xcode9.3%Nano9.2%WebStorm7.5%PhpStorm5.9%Rider5.7%DataGrip5.1%VSCodium4.8%IPython4.7%CLion4.6%Emacs4.2%Goland3.3%Netbeans2.9%RStudio2.8%Qt Creator2.7%Code::Blocks2.1%Kate1.8%Fleet1.7%Helix1.7%Spyder1.4%RubyMine1.1%Geany1%Rad Studio1%BBEdit0.9%Spacemacs0.4%
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Responses:58,121(88.8%)

Asynchronous tools

Jira and Confluence top the list for most used asynchronous tools developers use for the third year.

Whichcollaborative work management and/or code documentation tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
All Respondentsto-doJira51.4%Confluence31.6%Markdown File29.1%Trello19%Notion18.2%GitHub Discussions17.9%Azure Devops16.3%Miro13.8%Obsidian13%Wikis7.6%Asana4.7%Clickup4.3%Doxygen4.1%Lucid3.3%Redmine2.9%Linear2.8%Microsoft Planner2.7%Stack Overflow for Teams2.5%Monday.com2.4%YouTrack2.4%Airtable2.3%Basecamp1.5%Microsoft Lists1%Smartsheet0.9%Shortcut0.9%
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Responses:49,931(76.3%)

Synchronous tools

Teams is the most popular synchronous tool for professional developers (and overall) while Discord is the most popular amongst those learning to code.

Whichcommunication tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
All Respondentsto-doMicrosoft Teams53.1%Slack43.9%Zoom40%Discord38.4%Google Meet37.2%Whatsapp31.3%Telegram20.7%Skype12.3%Signal11.5%Google Chat11%Cisco Webex Teams5.9%Mattermost3.9%Matrix3.4%Jitsi2.8%IRC2.8%Rocketchat1.5%Zulip1.4%Ringcentral0.5%Symphony0.4%Wire0.3%Wickr0.2%Unify Circuit0.1%Coolfire Core0.1%
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Responses:56,109(85.7%)

Operating system

Windows is the most popular operating system for developers, across both personal and professional use.

What is the primaryoperating system in which you work?
WindowsWindowsNo descriptionPersonal use59.2%Pro. use47.6%MacOSMacOSNo descriptionPersonal use31.8%Pro. use31.8%UbuntuUbuntuNo descriptionPersonal use27.7%Pro. use27.7%AndroidAndroidNo descriptionPersonal use17.9%Pro. use8.4%Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL)Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL)No descriptionPersonal use17.1%Pro. use16.8%iOSiOSNo descriptionPersonal use11.5%Pro. use7.3%DebianDebianNo descriptionPersonal use9.8%Pro. use9.1%Other Linux-basedOther Linux-basedNo descriptionPersonal use8.4%Pro. use8%ArchArchNo descriptionPersonal use8%Pro. use4.3%iPadOSiPadOSNo descriptionPersonal use5.3%Pro. use2.7%Red HatRed HatNo descriptionPersonal use2.3%Pro. use4.9%FedoraFedoraNo descriptionPersonal use4.8%Pro. use3.3%ChromeOSChromeOSNo descriptionPersonal use1.8%Pro. use1.2%CygwinCygwinNo descriptionPersonal use1.1%Pro. use1%BSDBSDNo descriptionPersonal use1%Pro. use0.7%AIXAIXNo descriptionPersonal use0.3%Pro. use0.5%SolarisSolarisNo descriptionPersonal use0.3%Pro. use0.4%HaikuHaikuNo descriptionPersonal use0.2%Pro. use0.1%
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Responses:58,600(89.6%)

AI Search and Developer Tools

ChatGPT is used by twice as many developers as its next closest alternative, GitHub Copilot. ChatGPT has a popular free option that developers observably like.

WhichAI-powered search and developer tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply.
All Respondentsto-doChatGPT82.1%GitHub Copilot41.2%Google Gemini23.9%Bing AI15.8%Visual Studio Intellicode13.6%Claude8.1%Codeium6.1%WolframAlpha5.6%Perplexity AI5.3%Tabnine5%Phind3.8%Meta AI3.2%Amazon Q2.6%You.com1.4%Cody1.3%OpenAI Codex1.3%Whispr AI1%Quora Poe0.9%Snyk Code0.9%Replit Ghostwriter0.4%Lightning AI0.3%AskCodi0.3%Andi0.2%Neeva AI0.2%Metaphor0.2%
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Responses:46,208(70.6%)

2.2Admired and Desired

Programming, scripting, and markup languages

JavaScript, Python and SQL are all highly-desired and admired programming languages, but Rust continues to be the most-admired programming language with an 83% score this year.

Whichprogramming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the language and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Desired and Admiredto-do0.4%54.4%Zephyr0.7%23.5%Prolog0.7%26.2%Cobol0.7%42.8%Apex0.7%47.4%Crystal0.9%28.4%Fortran0.9%50.5%Nim1%41.9%Delphi1.1%40.2%Ada1.2%26.3%Objective-C1.3%24.9%VBA1.4%32.8%Perl1.5%30.5%Groovy1.6%21.7%MATLAB1.6%51.5%Solidity1.7%24.7%Visual Basic1.8%48.6%MicroPython1.8%53.1%OCaml1.9%57.7%Erlang2.1%61.7%Julia2.1%57.3%Lisp2.2%53.1%F#2.3%68.4%Clojure2.8%65.2%GDScript3%50.9%Scala3.7%41.3%R3.7%53.1%Haskell4.7%50.1%Ruby4.9%76.8%Elixir5.1%43.6%Assembly5.6%52.6%Lua6.2%73.8%Zig6.2%55%Dart6.5%63.3%Swift7.2%43.3%PowerShell9.6%43.8%PHP12.3%60.9%Kotlin13.9%47.4%C17.9%47.6%Java18.3%53.1%C++21.6%64.1%C#23%62.6%Bash/Shell23.1%67.7%Go28.7%82.2%Rust33.8%69.5%TS34.6%62.4%HTML/CSS37.4%67.4%SQL39.8%58.3%JS41.9%67.6%PYAdmiredDesired
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Responses:60,100(91.8%)

Databases

SQLite increased its desired score this year to become wanted by more developers than MySQL compared to last year, increasing from 23% to 27%.

If you're curious about SQLite,listen to our podcast interview with the creator.

Whichdatabase environmentshave you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the database and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Desired and Admiredto-do0.5%41.5%RavenDB0.5%48.8%TiDB0.7%55.1%Presto0.8%54.9%EventStoreDB0.8%32%Couchbase0.8%70.7%Datomic0.9%26.9%IBM DB20.9%39.6%Firebird1.1%41.8%Solr1.3%31.5%Couch DB1.4%23.3%Microsoft Access2.1%42.4%H22.2%44.9%InfluxDB2.3%46%Cockroachdb2.5%49.1%Databricks SQL2.6%58.4%Clickhouse3%69.2%DuckDB3.1%46.4%Neo4J3.5%50.2%Cosmos DB3.6%51.2%Snowflake4.2%52.1%Cloud Firestore4.8%36.4%Cassandra5.1%46.1%Firebase Realtime Database5.2%50.8%BigQuery5.3%37.6%Oracle5.9%60.4%Supabase6.9%49.7%Dynamodb11.6%55.8%MariaDB12.2%49.8%Elasticsearch15.4%54.5%Microsoft SQL Server21.1%67%Redis21.9%55.4%MongoDB24.6%52.5%MySQL26.8%62.7%SQLite47.1%74.5%PostgreSQLAdmiredDesired
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Responses:51,992(79.5%)

Cloud platforms

Hetzner is the most-admired cloud platform for the second year in a row with a 75% admire score, rising from their 70% score last year.

Whichcloud platforms have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the platform and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Desired and Admiredto-do0.8%62.5%Colocation0.9%55.6%Scaleway1.4%40.3%IBM Cloud Or Watson1.4%40.9%Alibaba Cloud1.5%51.1%Vultr2.1%41.6%PythonAnywhere2.1%49%OpenStack2.2%50.2%Render2.4%55.1%OVH2.4%62.6%Managed Hosting2.5%52%OpenShift2.7%54.9%Databricks2.9%56.3%Oracle Cloud Infra.3.5%55.2%Linode3.8%39.1%VMware3.9%61.7%Fly.io4%25.8%Heroku5.2%49.4%Netlify5.3%62.8%Supabase5.6%74.6%Hetzner10.4%56.6%Digital Ocean10.6%59.4%Vercel11.8%54.8%Firebase15.8%68.2%Cloudflare23.4%55.6%Google Cloud24.9%59.9%Microsoft Azure43.4%63.3%Amazon Web ServicesAdmiredDesired
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Responses:45,711(69.9%)

Web frameworks and technologies

73% of developers that used it want to keep working with Svelte. Fun fact: Our team at Stack Overflow used Svelte for the first time in building our 2024 Developer Survey results site. We could go on and on about Svelte,listen to us do just that in a interview with one of our own.

Whichweb frameworks and web technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Desired and Admiredto-do0.6%34.1%Yii 20.7%39.5%Play Framework0.8%30%CodeIgniter0.9%28.5%Drupal1%24.7%Gatsby1.4%52.4%Elm1.5%43.4%Strapi2.4%56.1%Fastify2.5%54.6%Symfony2.8%56.7%Remix3.5%83.7%Phoenix3.6%67%Solid.js4.2%56.5%Deno4.2%23.1%AngularJS4.7%60.2%Nuxt.js4.8%72.2%Astro5%55.4%Ruby on Rails5.5%34.5%WordPress6.4%61.2%Blazor6.5%60.8%NestJS6.6%56.4%Laravel7%41.6%ASP.NET8.9%46.1%Flask9.1%35.7%jQuery9.3%72.9%Htmx10.9%64.9%FastAPI10.9%62.3%Spring Boot11.3%50.7%Django11.5%72.8%Svelte11.9%53.1%Express13.9%53.4%Angular14.7%72%ASP.NET CORE16.3%60.2%Vue.js18.2%59.5%Next.js31.8%64.2%Node.js33.4%62.2%ReactAdmiredDesired
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Responses:47,707(72.9%)

Embedded Technologies

New to the survey this year, Cargo comes in with a very weighty 83% admire score.

Whichembedded systems and technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Desired and Admiredto-do0.6%54.5%CUTE0.7%48.2%build20.9%39.7%SCons1.2%70.9%ZMK1.2%49.2%Boost.Test1.3%63%doctest1.3%55.7%Micronaut1.5%49.3%cppunit1.6%37.2%QMake1.8%65%Catch22.9%53.5%Meson4.6%66.4%PlatformIO5.2%50%MSVC6.5%61.1%Ninja16.3%73.2%LLVM's Clang18.4%83%Cargo18.5%51.6%CMake22.8%68.3%GNU GCC32.7%59.5%Arduino48.4%74.3%Rasberry PiAdmiredDesired
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Responses:27,454(42%)

Other frameworks and libraries

Ruff is a new addition to technologies listed in the survey this year, and developers love it: 84% of those that use Ruff want to continue using it.

Whichother frameworks and libraries have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Desired and Admiredto-do0.5%26.9%MFC1%23.9%Cordova1.6%68%Tidyverse1.6%64.2%mlflow1.7%54.2%Capacitor1.7%55.4%JAX1.8%20.1%Xamarin1.9%69.6%Ktor2%73.9%Roslyn2%39.6%Ionic2.1%62.1%Quarkus2.7%48%DirectX2.9%53.6%OpenCL3%36.2%Hadoop3%47%GTK3.1%84.1%Ruff4.8%60%Keras5.5%53.1%.NET MAUI5.7%73.8%Tauri6.2%57.2%Apache Spark6.3%46.5%Qt6.4%33.7%.NET Framework7%41.4%Electron7.1%72.6%Hugging Face Transformers7.1%68.1%SwiftUI8.4%55.9%OpenGL8.7%60.3%Opencv9.1%62.8%CUDA9.5%63.7%Spring Framework9.9%66.6%Scikit-Learn11.7%56.5%React Native12.3%60%RabbitMQ12.4%60.6%Flutter13.2%63.9%Apache Kafka15.5%57.8%TensorFlow15.5%69.7%Torch/PyTorch17.7%65.6%Pandas18.2%67.9%Numpy21.9%71.1%.NETAdmiredDesired
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Responses:45,166(69%)

Other tools

Docker users have elevated this tool to most-admired (78%) this year along with being most-desired for the second year in a row.

Whichdevelopertools for compiling, building and testing have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the technology and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Desired and Admiredto-do0.8%28.1%Chef1%35.6%Puppet1.2%58%Dagger1.2%30.9%Ant1.8%63.4%Pulumi3%62.5%Google Test3.3%63.2%Ninja4.3%72.4%Nix4.9%45.9%Chocolatey5.3%46%Unity 3D5.6%72.8%Pacman5.7%53.9%Unreal Engine6%61.7%Composer6%67.1%Podman6.7%73.7%Godot7.2%61.4%MSBuild7.2%76.1%Bun7.7%70.2%APT7.9%59%Ansible8.3%68.1%pnpm8.5%39%Webpack9.5%54.8%Maven9.9%52.7%Gradle11.1%51%Yarn11.5%69.3%Visual Studio Solution11.5%67.6%NuGet11.7%65.9%Terraform13.8%60.2%Make16.4%69.8%Homebrew18.6%76.6%Vite21.3%62.2%Pip25%72.4%Kubernetes31.2%59.8%npm49.5%77.5%DockerAdmiredDesired
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Responses:53,727(82.1%)

Integrated development environment

Visual Studio Code is the most-desired (and used) IDE tool (59%) for developers but the most-admired is Neovim (83%).

Whichdevelopment environments did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply.
Desired and Admiredto-do0.4%45.6%Spacemacs0.7%48.6%Geany0.7%59.7%BBEdit0.7%21.3%Code::Blocks0.8%60.6%Rad Studio0.9%42.6%Spyder1%25.2%Netbeans1.1%61.1%RubyMine1.4%64.3%Kate1.7%43.4%Fleet1.7%41.9%Qt Creator1.8%49%RStudio1.9%68.6%Helix3.4%30.1%Eclipse3.4%69.3%Goland3.6%57.4%CLion3.7%67.3%Emacs3.8%69.3%IPython4.3%63.1%PhpStorm4.3%73%DataGrip4.5%65.4%VSCodium5.5%73.4%Rider5.8%60.1%Nano6.3%65%WebStorm6.5%54.9%Sublime Text6.8%49.5%Xcode9.7%63.3%Jupyter Notebook/JupyterLab10.7%49.8%Android Studio11.3%63.8%PyCharm13.9%82.7%Neovim15.4%62.8%Notepad++16.6%69.2%Vim19.2%61.3%Visual Studio20.3%68.4%IntelliJ IDEA58.7%77.2%Visual Studio CodeAdmiredDesired
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Responses:57,940(88.5%)

Asynchronous tools

Markdown wins the popularity contest with developers this year! Not only do users say they admire it more this year than last (84% vs. 82%), but Markdown also received the highest admired score of all technologies on our survey this year.

Whichcollaborative work management and/or code documentation tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
Desired and Admiredto-do0.5%33.1%Smartsheet0.7%56.2%Shortcut0.8%45.6%Microsoft Lists1.2%39.5%Basecamp1.3%34.9%Airtable1.3%29.7%Monday.com1.4%39.9%Redmine1.8%42.5%Microsoft Planner2%51.1%YouTrack2.1%52.8%Lucid2.4%38.9%Asana2.4%44%Clickup3%58.6%Doxygen3.1%69.7%Linear3.4%58.2%Stack Overflow for Teams5.9%68%Wikis7.7%50.3%Miro10.3%45.4%Trello12.1%61.4%Azure Devops12.8%75.9%Obsidian13.4%60.7%Notion15.8%70.5%GitHub Discussions17.7%52.5%Confluence25.3%84.3%Markdown File31.6%55.4%JiraAdmiredDesired
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Responses:49,126(75.1%)

Synchronous tools

Signal users greatly admire the tool (74% admiration score) despite its being ranked eighth on the list for synchronous tools users want to use.

Whichcommunication tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
Desired and Admiredto-do0.2%57.1%Unify Circuit0.2%63.2%Coolfire Core0.2%38.7%Wickr0.3%37.4%Symphony0.3%35.7%Ringcentral0.3%44.8%Wire1.1%42.8%Rocketchat1.4%61.7%Zulip2.1%28.9%Cisco Webex Teams2.5%60.4%Jitsi2.9%61.8%IRC3%56.8%Mattermost4.3%71.4%Matrix4.5%33.7%Skype6.2%50.6%Google Chat10.2%74%Signal14.9%66.8%Telegram19.5%46.6%Zoom19.6%61.2%Whatsapp25.4%65.2%Google Meet27.1%48.6%Microsoft Teams29.9%70.9%Discord34.5%69.2%SlackAdmiredDesired
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Responses:55,859(85.4%)

AI Search and Developer Tools

Most developers who use ChatGPT want to keep using it (75% Admired), while most who use Replit Ghostwrite or Tabnine are least likely to keep using it (36% Admired). If you aren't familiar with Replit,we have an interview for you to familiarize yourself.

WhichAI-powered search and developer tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply.
Desired and Admiredto-do0.3%46.3%Neeva AI0.3%56.6%Metaphor0.3%53.6%Andi0.4%45.4%AskCodi0.4%36.1%Replit Ghostwriter0.6%62%Lightning AI0.7%47.3%Quora Poe0.9%43.2%You.com0.9%53.3%Snyk Code1.1%49.7%Cody1.2%51.3%Whispr AI1.9%52.6%OpenAI Codex2.4%46.3%Amazon Q2.5%36.1%Tabnine2.6%59.6%Phind3.9%55.2%Meta AI4.7%62.1%Perplexity AI4.8%66.4%WolframAlpha5.4%67.3%Codeium8.2%62.8%Claude9.3%52.1%Bing AI12.2%73%Visual Studio Intellicode21.1%62.1%Google Gemini41.4%72.1%GitHub Copilot63.6%74.4%ChatGPTAdmiredDesired
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Responses:45,809(70%)

2.3Worked with vs. want to work with

Programming, scripting, and markup languages

Those learning to code want to try more languages next year compared to their professional counterparts. On average, each user who is learning to code wants to try 12 other languages in the next year versus users who are professional devs who want to try eight.

Whichprogramming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the language and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
All Respondentsto-doBash/Shell (all shells)CC#C++GoHTML/CSSJavaJavaScriptKotlinPHPPowerShellPythonRustSQLTypeScript
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Databases

28% of PostgreSQL users would like to use Redis next year.

Whichdatabase environmentshave you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the database and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
All Respondentsto-doElasticsearchMariaDBMicrosoft SQL ServerMongoDBMySQLPostgreSQLRedisSQLite
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Cloud platforms

22% of Microsoft Azure users and 24% of AWS users would like to use Google Cloud next year. Google Cloud users would like to use tools that are lesser known next year, such as Supabase, Vercel, and Cloudflare.

Whichcloud platforms have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the platform and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
All Respondentsto-doAmazon Web Services (AWS)CloudflareDatabricksDigital OceanFirebaseFly.ioGoogle CloudHerokuHetznerLinodeManaged HostingMicrosoft AzureNetlifyOVHOpenShiftOracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI)RenderSupabaseVMwareVercelOpenStack
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Web frameworks and technologies

The top web framework Node.js users want to use next year is React (45%), while not many React users want to use Node.js, but would like to use Next.js (34%). Meanwhile, most Next.js users indicated the only tool they want to work with next year is Next.js.

Whichweb frameworks and web technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
All Respondentsto-doASP.NETASP.NET COREAngularDjangoExpressFastAPIFlaskLaravelNext.jsNode.jsReactSpring BootSvelteVue.jsWordPressjQueryBlazorNestJSHtmx
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Embedded Technologies

53% of users who used Arduino this year want to use Raspberry Pi next, but no Raspberry Pi users want to use Arduino next.

Whichembedded systems and technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
All Respondentsto-doArduinoCMakeCargoGNU GCCLLVM's ClangMSVCNinjaPlatformIORasberry PiMeson
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Other frameworks and libraries

Developers who used Numpy or Pandas in the last year are interested in trying the most other frameworks or libraries next year: Numpy users are interested in trying 24 and Pandas users are interested in 22 next year.

Whichother frameworks and libraries have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
All Respondentsto-do.NET (5+).NET Framework (1.0 - 4.8).NET MAUIApache KafkaApache SparkCUDAElectronFlutterGTKHugging Face TransformersKerasNumpyOpenGLOpencvPandasQtRabbitMQReact NativeRoslynRuffScikit-LearnSpring FrameworkSwiftUITauriTensorFlowTidyverseTorch/PyTorchXamarinHadoopOpenCLmlflow
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Other tools

Docker users, of which there are many, are interested in trying Kubernetes, Vite, Terraform, and Ansible next year.

Whichdevelopertools for compiling, building and testing have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the technology and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
All Respondentsto-doAPTComposerDockerGradleHomebrewKubernetesMSBuildMakeMaven (build tool)NuGetPipTerraformVisual Studio SolutionViteWebpackYarnnpmpnpmAnsibleBun
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Integrated development environment

74% of respondents used Visual Studio Code this past year, and of those that may want to try a different IDE next year are only interested in Vim or Neovim. Vim and Neovim users are mostly interested in staying put.

Whichdevelopment environments did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply.
All Respondentsto-doAndroid StudioEclipseIntelliJ IDEAJupyter Notebook/JupyterLabNanoNeovimNotepad++PyCharmSublime TextVimVisual StudioVisual Studio CodeXcode
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Asynchronous tools

Now that's brand loyalty: Obsidian users have no desire to try any other asynchronous tools next year, and nine different groups of asynchronous tools users would like to switch to see why next year.

Whichcollaborative work management and/or code documentation tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
All Respondentsto-doAsanaAzure DevopsClickupConfluenceDoxygenGitHub DiscussionsJiraLinearLucidMarkdown FileMicrosoft PlannerMiroNotionObsidianRedmineStack Overflow for TeamsTrelloWikisYouTrack
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Synchronous tools

27% of Microsoft Teams users would like to use Slack next year, but the feeling is not mutual: less than 2% of Slack users reported wanting to use Microsoft Teams next year.

Whichcommunication tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
All Respondentsto-doCisco Webex TeamsDiscordGoogle ChatGoogle MeetIRCJitsiMatrixMattermostMicrosoft TeamsSignalSkypeSlackTelegramWhatsappZoom
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AI Search and Developer Tools

Most developers use ChatGPT of all the AI tools, and 74% want to keep using it next year. 41% of ChatGPT users want to use GitHub Copilot next year.

WhichAI-powered search and developer tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply.
All Respondentsto-doAmazon QBing AIChatGPTClaudeCodeiumGitHub CopilotGoogle GeminiMeta AIPerplexity AIPhindTabnineVisual Studio IntellicodeWolframAlphaOpenAI Codex
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2.4Top paying technologies

Top paying technologies

Erlang developers take the top spot this year for highest reported median salary.

What is your current totalannual compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
Programming, Scripting, and Markup Languagesto-doErlang$100,636Elixir$96,000Clojure$95,541Nim$94,924Ruby$90,221Perl$90,000Scala$88,619Apex$82,500F#$80,555Lisp$80,555Groovy$79,330Go$76,433Rust$76,292Zig$75,332Bash/Shell$75,184MicroPython$75,184OCaml$75,184Swift$75,184Objective-C$73,648Crystal$73,036PowerShell$72,673Lua$72,542Fortran$70,351Cobol$70,000Julia$70,000Haskell$68,337PY$67,723Solidity$66,228C#$66,066TS$65,907Kotlin$65,815SQL$64,919C++$64,444Delphi$64,444R$64,444VBA$64,444Zephyr$64,444C$63,694JS$63,694Visual Basic$63,694Java$61,714HTML/CSS$61,485Assembly$60,834GDScript$60,684MATLAB$53,703PHP$49,586Dart$44,576Prolog$43,327Ada$42,584
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Responses:23,352(35.7%)

Change in salaries between 2023 and 2024

Nim, Erlang, and Apex developers all saw an increase in the median reported salary in 2024. All other developer technologies reported a decrease in median salary.

What is your current totalannual compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
NimNimNo description2023 Median yearly salary$80,0002024 Median yearly salary$94,924ErlangErlangNo description2023 Median yearly salary$99,4922024 Median yearly salary$100,636ApexApexNo description2023 Median yearly salary$81,5522024 Median yearly salary$82,500ElixirElixirNo description2023 Median yearly salary$96,3812024 Median yearly salary$96,000ClojureClojureNo description2023 Median yearly salary$96,3812024 Median yearly salary$95,541VBAVBANo description2023 Median yearly salary$65,6982024 Median yearly salary$64,444Visual Basic (.Net)Visual Basic (.Net)No description2023 Median yearly salary$65,0002024 Median yearly salary$63,694CrystalCrystalNo description2023 Median yearly salary$77,1042024 Median yearly salary$73,036PerlPerlNo description2023 Median yearly salary$94,5402024 Median yearly salary$90,000JuliaJuliaNo description2023 Median yearly salary$74,9632024 Median yearly salary$70,000DelphiDelphiNo description2023 Median yearly salary$69,6082024 Median yearly salary$64,444FortranFortranNo description2023 Median yearly salary$76,1042024 Median yearly salary$70,351CobolCobolNo description2023 Median yearly salary$76,0002024 Median yearly salary$70,000SoliditySolidityNo description2023 Median yearly salary$72,6562024 Median yearly salary$66,228GroovyGroovyNo description2023 Median yearly salary$86,2712024 Median yearly salary$79,330ScalaScalaNo description2023 Median yearly salary$96,3812024 Median yearly salary$88,619MATLABMATLABNo description2023 Median yearly salary$61,7352024 Median yearly salary$53,703LuaLuaNo description2023 Median yearly salary$80,6902024 Median yearly salary$72,542RubyRubyNo description2023 Median yearly salary$98,5222024 Median yearly salary$90,221PowerShellPowerShellNo description2023 Median yearly salary$81,3112024 Median yearly salary$72,673HTML/CSSHTML/CSSNo description2023 Median yearly salary$70,1482024 Median yearly salary$61,485C#C#No description2023 Median yearly salary$74,9632024 Median yearly salary$66,066GDScriptGDScriptNo description2023 Median yearly salary$69,6082024 Median yearly salary$60,684PHPPHPNo description2023 Median yearly salary$58,8992024 Median yearly salary$49,586SQLSQLNo description2023 Median yearly salary$74,9632024 Median yearly salary$64,919JavaScriptJavaScriptNo description2023 Median yearly salary$74,0342024 Median yearly salary$63,694Bash/Shell (all shells)Bash/Shell (all shells)No description2023 Median yearly salary$85,6722024 Median yearly salary$75,184C++C++No description2023 Median yearly salary$74,9632024 Median yearly salary$64,444RRNo description2023 Median yearly salary$74,9632024 Median yearly salary$64,444PythonPythonNo description2023 Median yearly salary$78,3312024 Median yearly salary$67,723CCNo description2023 Median yearly salary$74,3512024 Median yearly salary$63,694RustRustNo description2023 Median yearly salary$87,0122024 Median yearly salary$76,292JavaJavaNo description2023 Median yearly salary$72,7012024 Median yearly salary$61,714TypeScriptTypeScriptNo description2023 Median yearly salary$77,1042024 Median yearly salary$65,907DartDartNo description2023 Median yearly salary$55,8622024 Median yearly salary$44,576SwiftSwiftNo description2023 Median yearly salary$86,8972024 Median yearly salary$75,184KotlinKotlinNo description2023 Median yearly salary$78,2072024 Median yearly salary$65,815LispLispNo description2023 Median yearly salary$96,3812024 Median yearly salary$80,555OCamlOCamlNo description2023 Median yearly salary$91,0262024 Median yearly salary$75,184AssemblyAssemblyNo description2023 Median yearly salary$77,0102024 Median yearly salary$60,834GoGoNo description2023 Median yearly salary$92,7602024 Median yearly salary$76,433Objective-CObjective-CNo description2023 Median yearly salary$90,0002024 Median yearly salary$73,648HaskellHaskellNo description2023 Median yearly salary$85,6722024 Median yearly salary$68,337F#F#No description2023 Median yearly salary$99,3112024 Median yearly salary$80,555PrologPrologNo description2023 Median yearly salary$70,0002024 Median yearly salary$43,327ZigZigNo description2023 Median yearly salary$103,6112024 Median yearly salary$75,332AdaAdaNo description2023 Median yearly salary$71,5002024 Median yearly salary$42,584
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