In May 2023 over 90,000 developers responded to our annual survey about how they learn and level up, which tools they're using, and which ones they want.
Read the overview →Methodology →
In May 2023 over 90,000 developers responded to our annual survey about how they learn and level up, which tools they're using, and which ones they want.
Read the overview →Methodology →Welcome to the 2023 Developer Survey! For 13 years, we've delivered industry-leading insights regarding the developer community.
This is the voice of the developer. Analysts, IT leaders, reporters, and other developers turn to this report to stay up to date with the evolving developer experience, technologies that are rising or falling in favor, and to understand where tech might be going next.
This year, we went deep into AI/ML to capture how developers are thinking about it and using it in their workflows. Stack Overflow is investing heavily in enhancing the developer experience across our products, using AI and other technology, to get people to solutions faster.Stack Overflow Labs is where we're sharing all we're doing - check it out for a deep dive on AI/ML insights as well as see what we're experimenting with so far.
Happy reading!
Learning to code from online resources increased from 70% to 80% since the 2022 survey.
Respondents 18 and under are those most frequently selecting online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forums) to learn from. Respondents 25 - 34 were the top age cohort to have learned from online courses or certifications (52%) but still learn more from traditional school (55%).
This year, Docker is the top-used other tool amongst all respondents (53%) rising from its second place spot last year.
People learning to code are more likely to be using npm or Pip than Docker (50% and 37% respectively vs. 26%). Both are used alongside languages that are popular with students (JavaScript and Python respectively).
Why complicate it? Jira and Confluence are the top two async tools amongst all developers similar to last year, but this year a new addition to the list broke top three: 27% of respondents use markdown files as an async tool.
People who are learning to code are using GitHub Discussions more than markdown files (31% vs. 29%) and turn to Notion (26%) and Trello (23%) more than professional developers.
Rust is the most admired language, more than 80% of developers that use it want to use it again next year. Compare this to the least admired language: MATLAB. Less than 20% of developers who used this language want to use it again next year.
Phoenix is the most admired web framework and technology; more developers would choose to work with Phoenix again than those who have used the three most common: React, Node.js, and Next.js.
More respondents want to continue using Cargo next year than the top competitors (top 6 tools that respondents want to use next year), however, Docker has almost double the proportion of respondents that want to use it next year compared to all other options.
42% of ChatGPT users want to use Google Bard or Bing AI next year. These users are enjoying their experience: 79% want to use ChatGPT again next year.
Zig is the highest-paid language to know this year (a new addition), while Clojure gets knocked from the top spot with a 10% decrease from 2022.
Dart and SAS saw the highest increase in median pay during 2023, growing more than 20% year-over-year.
70% of all respondents are using or are planning to use AI tools in their development process this year. Those learning to code are more likely than professional developers to be using or use AI tools (82% vs. 70%).
For all respondents this year we see a slight increase in “Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed” and equal-sized decrease in full-time students (1 percentage point) compared to last year and other employment status' changing less than that.
The costs of investing in oneself has risen with inflation in 2023 but not enough to sway many from the opportunity to level up their developer skills.
Hybrid is here to stay for larger organizations; over half of employees in 5,000+ organizations are hybrid. The smaller organizations are most likely to be in-person, with one out of five organizations with fewer than 20 people report being in-person.
More developers this year are working in-person this year than last year (+2%). Return to office initiatives aside, coding easily lends itself to fully remote work and one third or more of all organization sizes are still fully remote.
63% of all respondents spend more than 30 minutes a day searching for answers or solutions to problems. People managers are more likely to spend less time searching than individual contributors (42% vs. 36% spend 30 minutes or less).
What we know about the global community of developers
Developer Profile
Most developers (84%) have a post-secondary education, having some college or more.
Most professional developers have attained a Bachelor's degree (47%) with a quarter attaining a Master's degree (26%).
For the developers who are learning to code, more than half are between 18-24 years old, so it makes sense that they are more likely to not have a Bachelor's degree. They are likely still in school.
| Primary/elementary school | 2.14% 1,905 |
| Secondary school (e.g. American high school, German Realschule or Gymnasium, etc.) | 9.98% 8,897 |
| Some college/university study without earning a degree | 13.18% 11,753 |
| Associate degree (A.A., A.S., etc.) | 3.15% 2,807 |
| Bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.S., B.Eng., etc.) | 41.16% 36,706 |
| Master’s degree (M.A., M.S., M.Eng., MBA, etc.) | 23.03% 20,543 |
| Professional degree (JD, MD, Ph.D, Ed.D, etc.) | 4.36% 3,887 |
| Something else | 1.65% 1,475 |
| Primary/elementary school | 0.71% 478 |
| Secondary school (e.g. American high school, German Realschule or Gymnasium, etc.) | 5.87% 3,949 |
| Some college/university study without earning a degree | 12.55% 8,437 |
| Associate degree (A.A., A.S., etc.) | 3.27% 2,201 |
| Bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.S., B.Eng., etc.) | 46.85% 31,498 |
| Master’s degree (M.A., M.S., M.Eng., MBA, etc.) | 25.62% 17,223 |
| Professional degree (JD, MD, Ph.D, Ed.D, etc.) | 3.85% 2,590 |
| Something else | 1.28% 861 |
| Primary/elementary school | 7.54% 374 |
| Secondary school (e.g. American high school, German Realschule or Gymnasium, etc.) | 31.79% 1,577 |
| Some college/university study without earning a degree | 21.81% 1,082 |
| Associate degree (A.A., A.S., etc.) | 3.53% 175 |
| Bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.S., B.Eng., etc.) | 24.29% 1,205 |
| Master’s degree (M.A., M.S., M.Eng., MBA, etc.) | 6.11% 303 |
| Professional degree (JD, MD, Ph.D, Ed.D, etc.) | 1.17% 58 |
| Something else | 3.77% 187 |
| Primary/elementary school | 6.8% 351 |
| Secondary school (e.g. American high school, German Realschule or Gymnasium, etc.) | 21.55% 1,112 |
| Some college/university study without earning a degree | 13.06% 674 |
| Associate degree (A.A., A.S., etc.) | 2.81% 145 |
| Bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.S., B.Eng., etc.) | 24.77% 1,278 |
| Master’s degree (M.A., M.S., M.Eng., MBA, etc.) | 20.45% 1,055 |
| Professional degree (JD, MD, Ph.D, Ed.D, etc.) | 7.75% 400 |
| Something else | 2.79% 144 |
Developer Profile
There are as many ways to learn to code as there are coders. Developers use a variety of tools and resources to build their skills.
Learning to code from online resources increased from 70% to 80% since the 2022 survey.
Respondents 18 and under are those most frequently selecting online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forums) to learn from. Respondents 25 - 34 were the top age cohort to have learned from online courses or certifications (52%) but still learn more from traditional school (55%).
| Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) | 80.13% 70,244 |
| Books / Physical media | 51.8% 45,406 |
| School (i.e., University, College, etc) | 50.14% 43,957 |
| Online Courses or Certification | 49.28% 43,201 |
| On the job training | 46.06% 40,380 |
| Colleague | 23.41% 20,523 |
| Friend or family member | 11.33% 9,936 |
| Coding Bootcamp | 9.81% 8,602 |
| Hackathons (virtual or in-person) | 8.02% 7,033 |
| Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) | 79.14% 3,915 |
| Online Courses or Certification | 58.9% 2,914 |
| School (i.e., University, College, etc) | 52.05% 2,575 |
| Books / Physical media | 38.31% 1,895 |
| Coding Bootcamp | 19.83% 981 |
| Friend or family member | 16.01% 792 |
| On the job training | 11.32% 560 |
| Colleague | 11.2% 554 |
| Hackathons (virtual or in-person) | 8.67% 429 |
| Under 18 years old | |
|---|---|
| Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) | 88.34% 3,469 |
| Online Courses or Certification | 39.5% 1,551 |
| School (i.e., University, College, etc) | 34.22% 1,344 |
| Books / Physical media | 36.13% 1,419 |
| Coding Bootcamp | 10.36% 407 |
| Friend or family member | 19.33% 759 |
| On the job training | 6.44% 253 |
| Colleague | 4.02% 158 |
| Hackathons (virtual or in-person) | 8.51% 334 |
| 18-24 years old | |
| Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) | 84.15% 14,727 |
| Online Courses or Certification | 47.89% 8,381 |
| School (i.e., University, College, etc) | 62.05% 10,860 |
| Books / Physical media | 37.64% 6,588 |
| Coding Bootcamp | 11.25% 1,969 |
| Friend or family member | 14.34% 2,510 |
| On the job training | 32.17% 5,630 |
| Colleague | 17.31% 3,030 |
| Hackathons (virtual or in-person) | 10.86% 1,901 |
| 25-34 years old | |
| Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) | 79.9% 26,102 |
| Online Courses or Certification | 51.98% 16,980 |
| School (i.e., University, College, etc) | 55.01% 17,970 |
| Books / Physical media | 48.27% 15,770 |
| Coding Bootcamp | 10.65% 3,478 |
| Friend or family member | 11.25% 3,674 |
| On the job training | 51.37% 16,781 |
| Colleague | 26.73% 8,734 |
| Hackathons (virtual or in-person) | 8.74% 2,855 |
| 35-44 years old | |
| Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) | 80.39% 16,139 |
| Online Courses or Certification | 51.42% 10,323 |
| School (i.e., University, College, etc) | 44.34% 8,901 |
| Books / Physical media | 61.12% 12,269 |
| Coding Bootcamp | 9.08% 1,822 |
| Friend or family member | 10.34% 2,075 |
| On the job training | 53.85% 10,810 |
| Colleague | 27.87% 5,595 |
| Hackathons (virtual or in-person) | 6.94% 1,394 |
| 45-54 years old | |
| Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) | 79.46% 6,445 |
| Online Courses or Certification | 48.53% 3,936 |
| School (i.e., University, College, etc) | 37.36% 3,030 |
| Books / Physical media | 71.35% 5,787 |
| Coding Bootcamp | 7.24% 587 |
| Friend or family member | 7.72% 626 |
| On the job training | 54.86% 4,450 |
| Colleague | 25.41% 2,061 |
| Hackathons (virtual or in-person) | 4.88% 396 |
| 55-64 years old | |
| Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) | 73.91% 2,430 |
| Online Courses or Certification | 45.95% 1,511 |
| School (i.e., University, College, etc) | 38.93% 1,280 |
| Books / Physical media | 77.07% 2,534 |
| Coding Bootcamp | 7.51% 247 |
| Friend or family member | 5.47% 180 |
| On the job training | 55.2% 1,815 |
| Colleague | 21.93% 721 |
| Hackathons (virtual or in-person) | 3.22% 106 |
| 65 years or older | |
| Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) | 63.83% 713 |
| Online Courses or Certification | 36.26% 405 |
| School (i.e., University, College, etc) | 40.29% 450 |
| Books / Physical media | 80.04% 894 |
| Coding Bootcamp | 5.73% 64 |
| Friend or family member | 4.74% 53 |
| On the job training | 50.4% 563 |
| Colleague | 16.03% 179 |
| Hackathons (virtual or in-person) | 1.79% 20 |
Like previous years, technical documentation and Stack Overflow are the top online resources people use when learning to code, with blogs rounding out the top three. Well-written documentation, an active community providing solutions, and regular posts are the trifecta of enabling people to teach themselves about a technology.
Developers see value in a variety of other resources like how-to videos, written tutorials, books, forums—they piece together the resources and formats that work best for their learning style.
| Technical documentation | 90.36% 63,329 |
| Stack Overflow | 82.56% 57,861 |
| Blogs | 76.69% 53,745 |
| How-to videos | 60.14% 42,149 |
| Written Tutorials | 59.95% 42,012 |
| Video-based Online Courses | 49.41% 34,629 |
| Online books | 43.42% 30,432 |
| Online forum | 42.49% 29,780 |
| Written-based Online Courses | 36.11% 25,309 |
| Coding sessions (live or recorded) | 28.09% 19,690 |
| Interactive tutorial | 26.03% 18,242 |
| Online challenges (e.g., daily or weekly coding challenges) | 22.18% 15,544 |
| Certification videos | 13.31% 9,326 |
| Auditory material (e.g., podcasts) | 7.95% 5,571 |
| Games that teach programming | 5.89% 4,131 |
Udemy maintains its place as the most popular online course or certification program for learning how to code.
| Udemy | 65.53% 24,296 |
| Coursera | 34.62% 12,836 |
| Codecademy | 24.31% 9,015 |
| Pluralsight | 22.83% 8,463 |
| edX | 14.93% 5,536 |
| Udacity | 10.77% 3,992 |
| Skillsoft | 2.03% 754 |
Developer Profile
The majority of developers are in their early to mid-career stage.
48% of respondents have been coding for less than ten years.
Australia and the United Kingdom respondents are the most experienced, with an average of 17.5 and 17 years of experience coding respectively.
| Less than 1 year | 1.11% 968 |
| 1 to 4 years | 14.7% 12,855 |
| 5 to 9 years | 26.44% 23,117 |
| 10 to 14 years | 19.89% 17,390 |
| 15 to 19 years | 11.71% 10,238 |
| 20 to 24 years | 9.47% 8,278 |
| 25 to 29 years | 5.88% 5,140 |
| 30 to 34 years | 4.14% 3,623 |
| 35 to 39 years | 2.71% 2,369 |
| 40 to 44 years | 2.63% 2,301 |
| 45 to 49 years | 0.78% 678 |
| More than 50 years | 0.55% 478 |
| Australia | 17.54 2,037 |
| United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 16.98 5,447 |
| United States of America | 16.49 18,264 |
| Canada | 15.42 3,445 |
| Netherlands | 15.42 2,362 |
| Germany | 14.71 7,265 |
| France | 13.82 2,906 |
| Brazil | 12.79 2,014 |
| Poland | 12.03 2,405 |
| India | 7.79 5,361 |
A majority of respondents (71%) have been working for 14 or fewer years as professional developers, and 24% have worked 15 to 29 years. This shows developers in the survey have started to skew more experienced compared to last year where 75% worked 14 or less years and 20% 15-29 years.
| Less than 1 year | 2.78% 1,836 |
| 1 to 4 years | 23.3% 15,408 |
| 5 to 9 years | 26.53% 17,545 |
| 10 to 14 years | 18.07% 11,951 |
| 15 to 19 years | 10.7% 7,074 |
| 20 to 24 years | 8.22% 5,435 |
| 25 to 29 years | 4.63% 3,059 |
| 30 to 34 years | 2.79% 1,845 |
| 35 to 39 years | 1.63% 1,075 |
| 40 to 44 years | 0.9% 598 |
| 45 to 49 years | 0.31% 203 |
| More than 50 years | 0.16% 107 |
Senior executives have the highest average years of professional coding experience (17.4), followed by desktop or enterprise applications developers (16.4) and educators (15.8).
| Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) | 17.43 1,247 |
| Developer, desktop or enterprise applications | 16.4 3,471 |
| Educator | 15.78 277 |
| Database administrator | 15.6 214 |
| Developer Advocate | 15.35 189 |
| Engineering manager | 15.14 1,948 |
| Product manager | 14.94 389 |
| Project manager | 14.6 463 |
| Research & Development role | 14.3 1,174 |
| Designer | 14.23 190 |
| Scientist | 12.77 282 |
| Developer Experience | 12.7 287 |
| Developer, embedded applications or devices | 12.69 1,603 |
| System administrator | 12.27 495 |
| Marketing or sales professional | 12.04 78 |
| DevOps specialist | 11.04 1,210 |
| Security professional | 11.03 367 |
| Cloud infrastructure engineer | 10.97 939 |
| Engineer, site reliability | 10.97 384 |
| Hardware Engineer | 10.92 226 |
| Developer, full-stack | 10.84 22,216 |
| Developer, back-end | 10.77 12,208 |
| Developer, game or graphics | 10.38 670 |
| Academic researcher | 10.36 874 |
| Data or business analyst | 10.02 602 |
| Engineer, data | 9.67 1,094 |
| Developer, mobile | 9.6 2,225 |
| Blockchain | 9.01 255 |
| Developer, QA or test | 8.78 483 |
| Developer, front-end | 8.03 4,104 |
| Data scientist or machine learning specialist | 7.89 1,282 |
| Student | 2.82 28 |
Developer Profile
Few developers consider themselves to be a single developer type and instead showcase a diversity of skills.
Full-stack, back-end, front-end, and desktop/enterprise app developers continue to account for the majority of all respondents. We asked about developer advocates for the first time this year—almost .3% classify themselves as this type of developer.
| Developer, full-stack | 33.48% 25,735 |
| Developer, back-end | 17.88% 13,745 |
| Developer, front-end | 6.6% 5,071 |
| Developer, desktop or enterprise applications | 5.08% 3,904 |
| Developer, mobile | 3.38% 2,597 |
| Engineering manager | 2.64% 2,033 |
| Student | 2.6% 1,996 |
| Developer, embedded applications or devices | 2.4% 1,845 |
| Data scientist or machine learning specialist | 2.07% 1,588 |
| DevOps specialist | 1.8% 1,387 |
| Academic researcher | 1.76% 1,354 |
| Research & Development role | 1.76% 1,353 |
| Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) | 1.73% 1,332 |
| Engineer, data | 1.62% 1,248 |
| Cloud infrastructure engineer | 1.35% 1,036 |
| Developer, game or graphics | 1.13% 866 |
| Data or business analyst | 1.09% 837 |
| System administrator | 0.97% 743 |
| Project manager | 0.77% 589 |
| Developer, QA or test | 0.76% 586 |
| Security professional | 0.62% 474 |
| Product manager | 0.58% 446 |
| Engineer, site reliability | 0.56% 427 |
| Educator | 0.54% 415 |
| Scientist | 0.46% 351 |
| Developer Experience | 0.42% 326 |
| Blockchain | 0.42% 323 |
| Hardware Engineer | 0.37% 286 |
| Designer | 0.37% 281 |
| Database administrator | 0.33% 257 |
| Developer Advocate | 0.28% 212 |
| Marketing or sales professional | 0.19% 149 |
Developer Profile
Across the world, developers and technologists turn to Stack Overflow to gain and share knowledge. Our survey received responses from almost every country on Earth.
The United States and Germany provided the highest volume of survey responses (30% combined), followed by India and UKI (UK and Northern Ireland).
The top ten countries account for 60% of all respondents. Germany overtook India to move into second place this year, a reverse of 2022's placement. Australia broke into the top ten, coming in at ninth and displacing Spain this year.
| United States of America | 21.21% 18,647 |
| Germany | 8.34% 7,328 |
| India | 6.4% 5,625 |
| United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 6.32% 5,552 |
| Canada | 3.99% 3,507 |
| France | 3.34% 2,933 |
| Poland | 2.77% 2,435 |
| Netherlands | 2.71% 2,383 |
| Australia | 2.36% 2,078 |
| Brazil | 2.32% 2,042 |
| Response | Percentage | Responses |
|---|---|---|
| United States of America | 21.21% | 18,647 |
| Germany | 8.34% | 7,328 |
| India | 6.4% | 5,625 |
| United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 6.32% | 5,552 |
| Canada | 3.99% | 3,507 |
| France | 3.34% | 2,933 |
| Poland | 2.77% | 2,435 |
| Netherlands | 2.71% | 2,383 |
| Australia | 2.36% | 2,078 |
| Brazil | 2.32% | 2,042 |
| Italy | 2.09% | 1,835 |
| Spain | 2.09% | 1,834 |
| Sweden | 1.87% | 1,641 |
| Switzerland | 1.31% | 1,149 |
| Russian Federation | 1.24% | 1,094 |
| Czech Republic | 1.22% | 1,072 |
| Austria | 1.18% | 1,033 |
| Israel | 1.05% | 921 |
| Belgium | 1.01% | 888 |
| Turkey | 1% | 881 |
| Ukraine | 0.99% | 873 |
| Denmark | 0.97% | 850 |
| Romania | 0.94% | 829 |
| Portugal | 0.85% | 749 |
| Norway | 0.83% | 732 |
| Finland | 0.83% | 726 |
| New Zealand | 0.76% | 672 |
| China | 0.75% | 657 |
| Greece | 0.72% | 631 |
| Hungary | 0.69% | 607 |
| Mexico | 0.69% | 605 |
| Pakistan | 0.68% | 596 |
| Argentina | 0.66% | 579 |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of... | 0.66% | 577 |
| South Africa | 0.65% | 573 |
| Indonesia | 0.56% | 493 |
| Bangladesh | 0.56% | 490 |
| Bulgaria | 0.55% | 482 |
| Colombia | 0.53% | 465 |
| Ireland | 0.53% | 464 |
| Nigeria | 0.51% | 447 |
| Serbia | 0.47% | 417 |
| Viet Nam | 0.44% | 390 |
| Japan | 0.41% | 362 |
| Philippines | 0.4% | 354 |
| Slovakia | 0.4% | 352 |
| Lithuania | 0.36% | 317 |
| Singapore | 0.34% | 298 |
| Egypt | 0.34% | 296 |
| Croatia | 0.33% | 290 |
| Slovenia | 0.31% | 271 |
| Malaysia | 0.3% | 264 |
| Chile | 0.28% | 248 |
| Kenya | 0.28% | 244 |
| Taiwan | 0.27% | 239 |
| Estonia | 0.27% | 234 |
| Sri Lanka | 0.25% | 217 |
| Thailand | 0.25% | 216 |
| Nepal | 0.24% | 212 |
| Hong Kong (S.A.R.) | 0.23% | 205 |
| South Korea | 0.23% | 204 |
| United Arab Emirates | 0.2% | 178 |
| Latvia | 0.2% | 174 |
| Georgia | 0.19% | 166 |
| Morocco | 0.16% | 145 |
| Peru | 0.16% | 141 |
| Uruguay | 0.15% | 133 |
| Belarus | 0.15% | 128 |
| Armenia | 0.13% | 114 |
| Tunisia | 0.12% | 107 |
| Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of... | 0.12% | 106 |
| Saudi Arabia | 0.12% | 104 |
| Kazakhstan | 0.1% | 91 |
| Ecuador | 0.1% | 90 |
| Ghana | 0.1% | 90 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0.1% | 87 |
| Costa Rica | 0.1% | 86 |
| Ethiopia | 0.1% | 86 |
| Republic of Korea | 0.1% | 86 |
| Algeria | 0.1% | 85 |
| Cyprus | 0.1% | 84 |
| Jordan | 0.08% | 72 |
| Luxembourg | 0.08% | 72 |
| Dominican Republic | 0.08% | 71 |
| Lebanon | 0.08% | 66 |
| Afghanistan | 0.07% | 64 |
| Uzbekistan | 0.07% | 64 |
| Albania | 0.07% | 60 |
| Guatemala | 0.07% | 60 |
| Uganda | 0.07% | 60 |
| Iceland | 0.06% | 57 |
| Azerbaijan | 0.06% | 53 |
| Iraq | 0.06% | 51 |
| The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia | 0.06% | 51 |
| Republic of Moldova | 0.06% | 50 |
| Malta | 0.05% | 46 |
| Bolivia | 0.05% | 42 |
| Myanmar | 0.05% | 42 |
| Paraguay | 0.05% | 42 |
| Montenegro | 0.04% | 38 |
| Syrian Arab Republic | 0.04% | 37 |
| United Republic of Tanzania | 0.04% | 36 |
| El Salvador | 0.04% | 34 |
| Zimbabwe | 0.04% | 34 |
| Cuba | 0.04% | 33 |
| Cambodia | 0.03% | 30 |
| Cameroon | 0.03% | 30 |
| Nicaragua | 0.03% | 30 |
| Mauritius | 0.03% | 28 |
| Kosovo | 0.03% | 27 |
| Rwanda | 0.03% | 27 |
| Honduras | 0.03% | 26 |
| Zambia | 0.03% | 26 |
| Kyrgyzstan | 0.03% | 25 |
| Palestine | 0.03% | 24 |
| Panama | 0.03% | 24 |
| Jamaica | 0.02% | 21 |
| Malawi | 0.02% | 21 |
| Mongolia | 0.02% | 21 |
| Madagascar | 0.02% | 20 |
| Yemen | 0.02% | 20 |
| Bahrain | 0.02% | 19 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 0.02% | 19 |
| Kuwait | 0.02% | 18 |
| Benin | 0.02% | 17 |
| Andorra | 0.02% | 16 |
| Qatar | 0.02% | 16 |
| Somalia | 0.02% | 15 |
| Côte d'Ivoire | 0.02% | 14 |
| Angola | 0.01% | 13 |
| Isle of Man | 0.01% | 13 |
| Senegal | 0.01% | 13 |
| Maldives | 0.01% | 12 |
| Oman | 0.01% | 11 |
| Swaziland | 0.01% | 11 |
| Libyan Arab Jamahiriya | 0.01% | 10 |
| Turkmenistan | 0.01% | 10 |
| Mozambique | 0.01% | 9 |
| Fiji | 0.01% | 8 |
| Sierra Leone | 0.01% | 8 |
| Sudan | 0.01% | 8 |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 0.01% | 7 |
| Barbados | 0.01% | 6 |
| Botswana | 0.01% | 6 |
| Mali | 0.01% | 6 |
| Togo | 0.01% | 6 |
| Belize | 0.01% | 5 |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | 0.01% | 5 |
| Mauritania | 0.01% | 5 |
| Tajikistan | 0.01% | 5 |
| Burkina Faso | 0% | 4 |
| Haiti | 0% | 4 |
| Lesotho | 0% | 4 |
| Namibia | 0% | 4 |
| Niger | 0% | 4 |
| North Korea | 0% | 4 |
| Suriname | 0% | 4 |
| Bhutan | 0% | 3 |
| Brunei Darussalam | 0% | 3 |
| Guyana | 0% | 3 |
| Lao People's Democratic Republic | 0% | 3 |
| Liberia | 0% | 3 |
| Palau | 0% | 3 |
| Bahamas | 0% | 2 |
| Burundi | 0% | 2 |
| Cape Verde | 0% | 2 |
| Congo, Republic of the... | 0% | 2 |
| Djibouti | 0% | 2 |
| Dominica | 0% | 2 |
| Gabon | 0% | 2 |
| Guinea | 0% | 2 |
| Monaco | 0% | 2 |
| Saint Lucia | 0% | 2 |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 0% | 2 |
| Timor-Leste | 0% | 2 |
| Central African Republic | 0% | 1 |
| Grenada | 0% | 1 |
| Guinea-Bissau | 0% | 1 |
| Liechtenstein | 0% | 1 |
| Marshall Islands | 0% | 1 |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | 0% | 1 |
| Samoa | 0% | 1 |
| San Marino | 0% | 1 |
Developer Profile
We reduced the number of demographic questions this year, only asking about age.
43% of Professional Developers are 25-34 years old. But we see that more than half of the respondents learning to code are 18-24 years old.
| Under 18 years old | 4.63% 4,128 |
| 18-24 years old | 20.11% 17,931 |
| 25-34 years old | 37.28% 33,247 |
| 35-44 years old | 23.02% 20,532 |
| 45-54 years old | 9.34% 8,334 |
| 55-64 years old | 3.8% 3,392 |
| 65 years or older | 1.31% 1,171 |
| Prefer not to say | 0.5% 449 |
| Under 18 years old | 0.63% 422 |
| 18-24 years old | 16.36% 11,002 |
| 25-34 years old | 42.9% 28,848 |
| 35-44 years old | 25.74% 17,304 |
| 45-54 years old | 9.65% 6,487 |
| 55-64 years old | 3.64% 2,449 |
| 65 years or older | 0.88% 594 |
| Prefer not to say | 0.19% 131 |
| Under 18 years old | 17.96% 891 |
| 18-24 years old | 55.09% 2,733 |
| 25-34 years old | 16.33% 810 |
| 35-44 years old | 6.33% 314 |
| 45-54 years old | 2.28% 113 |
| 55-64 years old | 0.97% 48 |
| 65 years or older | 0.24% 12 |
| Prefer not to say | 0.81% 40 |
| Under 18 years old | 18.1% 934 |
| 18-24 years old | 23.96% 1,236 |
| 25-34 years old | 22.04% 1,137 |
| 35-44 years old | 16.4% 846 |
| 45-54 years old | 10.18% 525 |
| 55-64 years old | 5.1% 263 |
| 65 years or older | 3.14% 162 |
| Prefer not to say | 1.09% 56 |
Each year we explore the tools and technologies developers are currently using and the ones they want to use.
This year, we included new questions about AI tools.
We also introduce a new way to look at the relationship between Worked With vs. Want to Work With, calling this Admired and Desired.
Technology
This year, we're comparing the popular technologies across three different groups: All respondents, Professional Developers, and those that are learning to code.
2023 continues JavaScript’s streak as its eleventh year in a row as the most commonly-used programming language. Python has overtaken SQL as the third most commonly-used language, but placing first for those who are not professional developers or learning to code (Other Coders).
A few technologies moved up a spot this year (Bash/Shell, C, Ruby, Perl, and Erlang) with two moving up two spots (Elixir and Lisp). The big mover, gaining seven spots since 2022 was Lua, an embeddable scripting language.
Professional developers top three technologies are the same as last year—JavaScript, HTML/CSS, and SQL.
But it’s a different picture for those learning to code. HTML/CSS and JavaScript are almost tied as the most popular languages for people learning to code. Student developers use Python more than SQL (59% vs. 37%), while professional developers report using SQL more than Python (52% vs 45%).
Compared to Professional Developers, those learning to code are more likely to report using Java (37% vs 31%), C++ (32% vs 20%), and C (32% vs 17%).
| JavaScript | 63.61% 55,711 |
| HTML/CSS | 52.97% 46,396 |
| Python | 49.28% 43,158 |
| SQL | 48.66% 42,623 |
| TypeScript | 38.87% 34,041 |
| Bash/Shell (all shells) | 32.37% 28,351 |
| Java | 30.55% 26,757 |
| C# | 27.62% 24,193 |
| C++ | 22.42% 19,634 |
| C | 19.34% 16,940 |
| PHP | 18.58% 16,274 |
| PowerShell | 13.59% 11,902 |
| Go | 13.24% 11,592 |
| Rust | 13.05% 11,427 |
| Kotlin | 9.06% 7,935 |
| Ruby | 6.23% 5,454 |
| Lua | 6.09% 5,336 |
| Dart | 6.02% 5,273 |
| Assembly | 5.43% 4,753 |
| Swift | 4.65% 4,072 |
| R | 4.23% 3,702 |
| Visual Basic (.Net) | 4.07% 3,568 |
| MATLAB | 3.81% 3,339 |
| VBA | 3.55% 3,107 |
| Groovy | 3.4% 2,976 |
| Delphi | 3.23% 2,831 |
| Scala | 2.77% 2,422 |
| Perl | 2.46% 2,151 |
| Elixir | 2.32% 2,028 |
| Objective-C | 2.31% 2,019 |
| Haskell | 2.09% 1,829 |
| GDScript | 1.71% 1,495 |
| Lisp | 1.53% 1,342 |
| Solidity | 1.33% 1,168 |
| Clojure | 1.26% 1,105 |
| Julia | 1.15% 1,010 |
| Erlang | 0.99% 868 |
| F# | 0.97% 849 |
| Fortran | 0.95% 833 |
| Prolog | 0.89% 776 |
| Zig | 0.83% 729 |
| Ada | 0.77% 677 |
| OCaml | 0.7% 614 |
| Apex | 0.66% 579 |
| Cobol | 0.66% 576 |
| SAS | 0.49% 427 |
| Crystal | 0.44% 389 |
| Nim | 0.38% 331 |
| APL | 0.26% 225 |
| Flow | 0.24% 214 |
| Raku | 0.18% 156 |
| JavaScript | 65.82% 44,136 |
| HTML/CSS | 52.83% 35,426 |
| SQL | 51.52% 34,543 |
| Python | 45.32% 30,388 |
| TypeScript | 43.75% 29,334 |
| Bash/Shell (all shells) | 32.74% 21,956 |
| Java | 30.49% 20,444 |
| C# | 29.16% 19,555 |
| C++ | 20.21% 13,550 |
| PHP | 19.03% 12,760 |
| C | 16.66% 11,168 |
| Go | 14.32% 9,603 |
| PowerShell | 13.61% 9,126 |
| Rust | 12.21% 8,187 |
| Kotlin | 9.7% 6,501 |
| Ruby | 6.94% 4,655 |
| Dart | 6.13% 4,110 |
| Lua | 5.2% 3,485 |
| Swift | 4.96% 3,328 |
| Assembly | 4.42% 2,964 |
| Visual Basic (.Net) | 3.92% 2,628 |
| Groovy | 3.87% 2,598 |
| Delphi | 3.23% 2,165 |
| Scala | 3.21% 2,152 |
| R | 3.17% 2,123 |
| MATLAB | 2.98% 1,997 |
| VBA | 2.9% 1,943 |
| Elixir | 2.63% 1,766 |
| Objective-C | 2.6% 1,745 |
| Perl | 2.34% 1,566 |
| Haskell | 1.8% 1,208 |
| Solidity | 1.4% 939 |
| Clojure | 1.38% 927 |
| Lisp | 1.33% 894 |
| GDScript | 1.31% 881 |
| Erlang | 1.09% 730 |
| F# | 1.03% 693 |
| Julia | 0.78% 523 |
| Prolog | 0.76% 511 |
| Zig | 0.7% 472 |
| Fortran | 0.69% 461 |
| Ada | 0.65% 437 |
| Apex | 0.64% 431 |
| OCaml | 0.63% 423 |
| Cobol | 0.57% 382 |
| Crystal | 0.42% 284 |
| SAS | 0.4% 268 |
| Nim | 0.32% 213 |
| Flow | 0.25% 167 |
| APL | 0.16% 106 |
| Raku | 0.14% 93 |
| HTML/CSS | 60.73% 2,979 |
| JavaScript | 60.51% 2,968 |
| Python | 56.57% 2,775 |
| SQL | 35.29% 1,731 |
| Java | 35.17% 1,725 |
| C++ | 31.11% 1,526 |
| C | 30.58% 1,500 |
| Bash/Shell (all shells) | 22.14% 1,086 |
| TypeScript | 21.18% 1,039 |
| C# | 20.63% 1,012 |
| PHP | 15.27% 749 |
| Rust | 10.95% 537 |
| PowerShell | 9.87% 484 |
| Assembly | 7.77% 381 |
| Lua | 6.97% 342 |
| Kotlin | 6.67% 327 |
| Go | 6.18% 303 |
| Dart | 5.97% 293 |
| MATLAB | 5.42% 266 |
| R | 4.53% 222 |
| Visual Basic (.Net) | 3.87% 190 |
| Ruby | 2.55% 125 |
| Haskell | 2.51% 123 |
| GDScript | 2.49% 122 |
| Swift | 2.47% 121 |
| VBA | 2.26% 111 |
| Prolog | 1.35% 66 |
| Lisp | 1.24% 61 |
| Solidity | 1.18% 58 |
| Ada | 1.16% 57 |
| Delphi | 1% 49 |
| Julia | 0.98% 48 |
| Elixir | 0.86% 42 |
| Fortran | 0.77% 38 |
| Objective-C | 0.77% 38 |
| Scala | 0.77% 38 |
| Zig | 0.75% 37 |
| OCaml | 0.73% 36 |
| Perl | 0.65% 32 |
| Clojure | 0.63% 31 |
| F# | 0.63% 31 |
| Cobol | 0.61% 30 |
| Groovy | 0.57% 28 |
| APL | 0.55% 27 |
| SAS | 0.55% 27 |
| Apex | 0.49% 24 |
| Erlang | 0.49% 24 |
| Nim | 0.41% 20 |
| Crystal | 0.37% 18 |
| Flow | 0.27% 13 |
| Raku | 0.16% 8 |
| Python | 64.79% 3,314 |
| JavaScript | 54.45% 2,785 |
| HTML/CSS | 51.1% 2,614 |
| SQL | 40.22% 2,057 |
| Bash/Shell (all shells) | 34.47% 1,763 |
| Java | 29.97% 1,533 |
| C++ | 29.05% 1,486 |
| C | 27% 1,381 |
| C# | 23.3% 1,192 |
| TypeScript | 22.76% 1,164 |
| PHP | 17.97% 919 |
| Rust | 17.32% 886 |
| PowerShell | 14.66% 750 |
| Go | 11.16% 571 |
| Lua | 9.93% 508 |
| Assembly | 8.8% 450 |
| R | 8.6% 440 |
| Kotlin | 7.21% 369 |
| VBA | 7.1% 363 |
| MATLAB | 6.65% 340 |
| Dart | 5.81% 297 |
| Visual Basic (.Net) | 5% 256 |
| Swift | 4.2% 215 |
| Ruby | 4.07% 208 |
| Delphi | 3.77% 193 |
| Perl | 3.73% 191 |
| GDScript | 3.13% 160 |
| Haskell | 3.09% 158 |
| Julia | 2.85% 146 |
| Groovy | 2.37% 121 |
| Lisp | 2.35% 120 |
| Fortran | 2.33% 119 |
| Objective-C | 1.52% 78 |
| Scala | 1.49% 76 |
| Elixir | 1.45% 74 |
| Zig | 1.39% 71 |
| Prolog | 1.37% 70 |
| Solidity | 1.09% 56 |
| Cobol | 1% 51 |
| Ada | 0.98% 50 |
| Clojure | 0.98% 50 |
| OCaml | 0.96% 49 |
| Apex | 0.82% 42 |
| Erlang | 0.78% 40 |
| SAS | 0.76% 39 |
| F# | 0.66% 34 |
| Nim | 0.65% 33 |
| APL | 0.55% 28 |
| Crystal | 0.55% 28 |
| Raku | 0.31% 16 |
| Flow | 0.22% 11 |
This year, PostgreSQL took over the first place spot from MySQL. Professional Developers are more likely than those learning to code to use PostgreSQL (50%) and those learning are more likely to use MySQL (54%).
MongoDB is used by a similar percentage of both Professional Developers and those learning to code and it’s the second most popular database for those learning to code (behind MySQL).
| PostgreSQL | 45.55% 34,909 |
| MySQL | 41.09% 31,489 |
| SQLite | 30.9% 23,678 |
| MongoDB | 25.52% 19,556 |
| Microsoft SQL Server | 25.45% 19,506 |
| Redis | 20.41% 15,639 |
| MariaDB | 17.61% 13,495 |
| Elasticsearch | 13.39% 10,263 |
| Oracle | 9.8% 7,507 |
| Dynamodb | 8.87% 6,798 |
| Firebase Realtime Database | 6.44% 4,939 |
| Cloud Firestore | 6.4% 4,901 |
| BigQuery | 4.51% 3,456 |
| Microsoft Access | 4.25% 3,257 |
| H2 | 3.66% 2,808 |
| Cosmos DB | 3.49% 2,672 |
| Supabase | 2.77% 2,122 |
| InfluxDB | 2.73% 2,091 |
| Cassandra | 2.51% 1,927 |
| Snowflake | 2.37% 1,820 |
| Neo4J | 1.87% 1,432 |
| IBM DB2 | 1.85% 1,414 |
| Solr | 1.55% 1,189 |
| Firebird | 1.5% 1,152 |
| Couch DB | 1.16% 887 |
| Clickhouse | 1.11% 849 |
| Cockroachdb | 1.04% 795 |
| Couchbase | 0.78% 598 |
| DuckDB | 0.61% 469 |
| Datomic | 0.32% 244 |
| RavenDB | 0.3% 227 |
| TiDB | 0.2% 157 |
| PostgreSQL | 49.09% 29,634 |
| MySQL | 40.59% 24,501 |
| SQLite | 30.17% 18,213 |
| Microsoft SQL Server | 27.34% 16,505 |
| MongoDB | 25.66% 15,489 |
| Redis | 23.25% 14,033 |
| MariaDB | 17.69% 10,682 |
| Elasticsearch | 15.33% 9,255 |
| Dynamodb | 10.31% 6,222 |
| Oracle | 10.06% 6,072 |
| Cloud Firestore | 6.35% 3,832 |
| Firebase Realtime Database | 6.34% 3,827 |
| BigQuery | 4.79% 2,892 |
| H2 | 4.23% 2,552 |
| Cosmos DB | 3.97% 2,394 |
| Microsoft Access | 3.51% 2,116 |
| InfluxDB | 2.8% 1,693 |
| Cassandra | 2.71% 1,637 |
| Supabase | 2.6% 1,571 |
| Snowflake | 2.56% 1,543 |
| Neo4J | 1.92% 1,159 |
| IBM DB2 | 1.89% 1,139 |
| Solr | 1.74% 1,053 |
| Firebird | 1.53% 922 |
| Clickhouse | 1.21% 731 |
| Couch DB | 1.2% 723 |
| Cockroachdb | 1.08% 649 |
| Couchbase | 0.82% 493 |
| DuckDB | 0.59% 355 |
| Datomic | 0.32% 196 |
| RavenDB | 0.32% 193 |
| TiDB | 0.19% 114 |
| MySQL | 45.71% 1,801 |
| MongoDB | 28.15% 1,109 |
| SQLite | 26.93% 1,061 |
| PostgreSQL | 23.38% 921 |
| Microsoft SQL Server | 12.41% 489 |
| MariaDB | 12.34% 486 |
| Firebase Realtime Database | 8.38% 330 |
| Oracle | 6.88% 271 |
| Cloud Firestore | 6.75% 266 |
| Microsoft Access | 6.24% 246 |
| Redis | 5.15% 203 |
| Supabase | 3.15% 124 |
| BigQuery | 2.36% 93 |
| Elasticsearch | 1.62% 64 |
| H2 | 1.55% 61 |
| Neo4J | 1.42% 56 |
| Dynamodb | 1.19% 47 |
| Cassandra | 0.99% 39 |
| Firebird | 0.96% 38 |
| Cosmos DB | 0.84% 33 |
| InfluxDB | 0.84% 33 |
| Cockroachdb | 0.71% 28 |
| IBM DB2 | 0.61% 24 |
| Couch DB | 0.58% 23 |
| Snowflake | 0.53% 21 |
| Clickhouse | 0.43% 17 |
| Datomic | 0.43% 17 |
| Solr | 0.43% 17 |
| Couchbase | 0.36% 14 |
| DuckDB | 0.3% 12 |
| TiDB | 0.28% 11 |
| RavenDB | 0.23% 9 |
| MySQL | 42.53% 1,705 |
| SQLite | 35.64% 1,429 |
| PostgreSQL | 35.42% 1,420 |
| MongoDB | 23.02% 923 |
| Microsoft SQL Server | 19.43% 779 |
| MariaDB | 19.16% 768 |
| Redis | 11.6% 465 |
| Oracle | 9.25% 371 |
| Elasticsearch | 7.71% 309 |
| Microsoft Access | 7.26% 291 |
| Cloud Firestore | 6.39% 256 |
| Firebase Realtime Database | 6.24% 250 |
| Dynamodb | 4.79% 192 |
| BigQuery | 3.62% 145 |
| Supabase | 3.39% 136 |
| InfluxDB | 3.32% 133 |
| IBM DB2 | 2.17% 87 |
| Cosmos DB | 2.1% 84 |
| Snowflake | 2.1% 84 |
| Cassandra | 1.97% 79 |
| H2 | 1.77% 71 |
| Neo4J | 1.62% 65 |
| Firebird | 1.6% 64 |
| Couch DB | 1.27% 51 |
| Cockroachdb | 1.02% 41 |
| Solr | 1.02% 41 |
| Clickhouse | 0.85% 34 |
| Couchbase | 0.82% 33 |
| DuckDB | 0.75% 30 |
| TiDB | 0.32% 13 |
| Datomic | 0.27% 11 |
| RavenDB | 0.27% 11 |
AWS remains the most used cloud platform for all respondents. AWS handily makes it to the top spot, almost doubling the percentange of the second most used cloud platform for all respondents, Azure.
People learning to code are using AWS (19%) at parity with two other cloud platforms (19% Google Cloud and 19% Firebase) but use Azure much less than all respondents (11% vs. 26%). Interestingly, Heroku was the most used cloud platform last year by those learning to code but it dropped to fifth most used this year.
You can see the inroads that Azure has with organizations—almost three times as many professional developers are using Azure compared to people who are learning to code (28% vs. 11%).
| Amazon Web Services (AWS) | 48.62% 33,818 |
| Microsoft Azure | 26.03% 18,105 |
| Google Cloud | 23.86% 16,592 |
| Firebase | 15.47% 10,761 |
| Cloudflare | 15.24% 10,599 |
| Digital Ocean | 13.37% 9,299 |
| Heroku | 12.02% 8,358 |
| Vercel | 10.68% 7,431 |
| Netlify | 8.95% 6,228 |
| VMware | 7.14% 4,964 |
| Hetzner | 4.41% 3,069 |
| Linode, now Akamai | 3.96% 2,755 |
| Managed Hosting | 3.42% 2,379 |
| OVH | 3.42% 2,378 |
| Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) | 2.6% 1,810 |
| OpenShift | 2.4% 1,671 |
| Fly.io | 2.37% 1,649 |
| Vultr | 1.95% 1,357 |
| Render | 1.85% 1,287 |
| OpenStack | 1.55% 1,076 |
| IBM Cloud Or Watson | 1.15% 801 |
| Scaleway | 0.9% 628 |
| Colocation | 0.71% 497 |
| Amazon Web Services (AWS) | 53.08% 29,479 |
| Microsoft Azure | 27.8% 15,441 |
| Google Cloud | 23.95% 13,304 |
| Firebase | 15.39% 8,550 |
| Cloudflare | 14.99% 8,326 |
| Digital Ocean | 14.11% 7,838 |
| Heroku | 11.77% 6,535 |
| Vercel | 10.31% 5,727 |
| Netlify | 8.48% 4,708 |
| VMware | 6.45% 3,584 |
| Hetzner | 4.44% 2,465 |
| Linode, now Akamai | 3.79% 2,104 |
| OVH | 3.44% 1,912 |
| Managed Hosting | 3.4% 1,889 |
| OpenShift | 2.58% 1,432 |
| Fly.io | 2.42% 1,342 |
| Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) | 2.06% 1,146 |
| Vultr | 1.84% 1,021 |
| Render | 1.66% 920 |
| OpenStack | 1.44% 802 |
| IBM Cloud Or Watson | 1.03% 571 |
| Scaleway | 0.94% 520 |
| Colocation | 0.69% 385 |
| Amazon Web Services (AWS) | 19.43% 654 |
| Google Cloud | 19.37% 652 |
| Firebase | 18.66% 628 |
| Netlify | 14.8% 498 |
| Heroku | 14.62% 492 |
| Vercel | 14.47% 487 |
| Cloudflare | 12.48% 420 |
| Microsoft Azure | 10.99% 370 |
| VMware | 7.78% 262 |
| Digital Ocean | 7.34% 247 |
| Render | 3.92% 132 |
| Linode, now Akamai | 3.71% 125 |
| Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) | 3.65% 123 |
| OVH | 2.26% 76 |
| Fly.io | 2.14% 72 |
| Hetzner | 1.99% 67 |
| Managed Hosting | 1.87% 63 |
| Vultr | 1.63% 55 |
| IBM Cloud Or Watson | 1.57% 53 |
| OpenStack | 1.57% 53 |
| OpenShift | 0.65% 22 |
| Colocation | 0.59% 20 |
| Scaleway | 0.51% 17 |
| Amazon Web Services (AWS) | 34.35% 1,185 |
| Google Cloud | 25.1% 866 |
| Microsoft Azure | 20.7% 714 |
| Cloudflare | 18% 621 |
| Firebase | 14.09% 486 |
| Heroku | 12.12% 418 |
| VMware | 11.48% 396 |
| Digital Ocean | 11.39% 393 |
| Vercel | 11.36% 392 |
| Netlify | 9.57% 330 |
| Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) | 5.51% 190 |
| Hetzner | 5.33% 184 |
| Linode, now Akamai | 4.84% 167 |
| Managed Hosting | 3.97% 137 |
| OVH | 3.65% 126 |
| Vultr | 2.72% 94 |
| Fly.io | 2.29% 79 |
| OpenStack | 2.26% 78 |
| IBM Cloud Or Watson | 2.03% 70 |
| Render | 2% 69 |
| OpenShift | 1.91% 66 |
| Scaleway | 0.9% 31 |
| Colocation | 0.87% 30 |
Node.js and React.js are the two most common web technologies used by all respondents.
Professional Developers use both fairly equally and those learning to code use Node.js more than React (52% vs. 48%). jQuery and Express are the next two popular web technologies for all respondents, and jQuery is used more by Professional Developers than those learning to code (24% vs 18%), whereas Express is used more by those learning than professionals (25% vs. 20%).
Next.js moved from 11th place in 2022 to 6th this year, likely driven by its popularity with those learning to code.
| Node.js | 42.65% 30,626 |
| React | 40.58% 29,137 |
| jQuery | 21.98% 15,784 |
| Express | 19.28% 13,843 |
| Angular | 17.46% 12,537 |
| Next.js | 16.67% 11,972 |
| ASP.NET CORE | 16.57% 11,896 |
| Vue.js | 16.38% 11,758 |
| WordPress | 13.38% 9,604 |
| ASP.NET | 12.79% 9,185 |
| Flask | 12.16% 8,734 |
| Spring Boot | 11.95% 8,583 |
| Django | 11.47% 8,238 |
| Laravel | 7.58% 5,440 |
| FastAPI | 7.42% 5,325 |
| AngularJS | 7.21% 5,176 |
| Svelte | 6.62% 4,753 |
| Ruby on Rails | 5.49% 3,940 |
| NestJS | 5.13% 3,681 |
| Blazor | 4.88% 3,501 |
| Nuxt.js | 3.69% 2,652 |
| Symfony | 3.2% 2,301 |
| Deno | 2.36% 1,697 |
| Gatsby | 2.33% 1,675 |
| Fastify | 2.05% 1,474 |
| Phoenix | 2.04% 1,468 |
| Drupal | 1.87% 1,343 |
| CodeIgniter | 1.72% 1,238 |
| Solid.js | 1.36% 979 |
| Remix | 1.27% 912 |
| Elm | 0.81% 580 |
| Play Framework | 0.76% 545 |
| Lit | 0.68% 490 |
| Qwik | 0.54% 389 |
| React | 42.87% 24,325 |
| Node.js | 42.73% 24,248 |
| jQuery | 22.87% 12,979 |
| Angular | 19.89% 11,287 |
| Express | 19.51% 11,069 |
| ASP.NET CORE | 18.86% 10,700 |
| Vue.js | 17.64% 10,011 |
| Next.js | 17.3% 9,818 |
| ASP.NET | 14.16% 8,033 |
| Spring Boot | 13.54% 7,681 |
| WordPress | 12.59% 7,145 |
| Flask | 11.21% 6,358 |
| Django | 10.88% 6,175 |
| Laravel | 8.32% 4,720 |
| AngularJS | 7.96% 4,515 |
| FastAPI | 7.67% 4,353 |
| Ruby on Rails | 6.15% 3,488 |
| Svelte | 6.01% 3,411 |
| NestJS | 5.81% 3,297 |
| Blazor | 5.41% 3,072 |
| Nuxt.js | 3.89% 2,207 |
| Symfony | 3.67% 2,083 |
| Gatsby | 2.54% 1,444 |
| Phoenix | 2.3% 1,304 |
| Fastify | 2.22% 1,259 |
| Deno | 2.2% 1,248 |
| CodeIgniter | 1.85% 1,051 |
| Drupal | 1.85% 1,050 |
| Remix | 1.37% 775 |
| Solid.js | 1.25% 708 |
| Play Framework | 0.84% 477 |
| Elm | 0.81% 457 |
| Lit | 0.74% 418 |
| Qwik | 0.49% 280 |
| Node.js | 42.44% 1,673 |
| React | 36.66% 1,445 |
| Express | 20.8% 820 |
| jQuery | 15.4% 607 |
| Next.js | 15.12% 596 |
| Django | 13.52% 533 |
| WordPress | 13.27% 523 |
| Flask | 11.95% 471 |
| Vue.js | 9.69% 382 |
| ASP.NET CORE | 7.2% 284 |
| Angular | 7.15% 282 |
| Spring Boot | 6.82% 269 |
| ASP.NET | 6.47% 255 |
| Svelte | 6.42% 253 |
| Laravel | 5.33% 210 |
| FastAPI | 4.67% 184 |
| AngularJS | 3.45% 136 |
| Blazor | 2.56% 101 |
| NestJS | 2.38% 94 |
| Nuxt.js | 2.05% 81 |
| Ruby on Rails | 1.8% 71 |
| Deno | 1.75% 69 |
| Solid.js | 1.62% 64 |
| CodeIgniter | 1.27% 50 |
| Symfony | 1.17% 46 |
| Drupal | 1.01% 40 |
| Gatsby | 0.96% 38 |
| Fastify | 0.89% 35 |
| Phoenix | 0.81% 32 |
| Remix | 0.76% 30 |
| Qwik | 0.68% 27 |
| Elm | 0.53% 21 |
| Play Framework | 0.48% 19 |
| Lit | 0.43% 17 |
| Node.js | 42.07% 1,515 |
| React | 30.13% 1,085 |
| jQuery | 19.74% 711 |
| Express | 17.5% 630 |
| Flask | 17.27% 622 |
| WordPress | 17% 612 |
| Django | 14.11% 508 |
| Next.js | 13.64% 491 |
| Vue.js | 12.61% 454 |
| Svelte | 9.8% 353 |
| Angular | 8.28% 298 |
| ASP.NET CORE | 7.75% 279 |
| ASP.NET | 7.5% 270 |
| FastAPI | 6.89% 248 |
| Spring Boot | 6% 216 |
| Laravel | 4.67% 168 |
| AngularJS | 3.94% 142 |
| Deno | 3.55% 128 |
| Ruby on Rails | 3.42% 123 |
| Nuxt.js | 3.17% 114 |
| Blazor | 2.89% 104 |
| NestJS | 2.5% 90 |
| Drupal | 2.11% 76 |
| Solid.js | 1.97% 71 |
| Gatsby | 1.83% 66 |
| Fastify | 1.75% 63 |
| Symfony | 1.69% 61 |
| CodeIgniter | 1.31% 47 |
| Remix | 1.03% 37 |
| Phoenix | 0.89% 32 |
| Elm | 0.69% 25 |
| Qwik | 0.64% 23 |
| Lit | 0.33% 12 |
| Play Framework | 0.33% 12 |
This year we disaggregated .NET to be more specific, and specifically .NET (5+) is top of the list again this year for other frameworks and libraries. Those learning to code are using NumPy and Pandas more than .NET (5+).
We added a few new options this year as well, and see RabbitMQ is fairly popular with professionals (14%). Python-compatible libraries continue the trend of scoring higher in this category amongst those learning to code, like last year, but interspersed amongst old favorites and new options, we see Opencv and OpenGL rise up into the top 10 list (13% and 11% respectively).
| .NET (5+) | 25.29% 17,005 |
| NumPy | 20.25% 13,614 |
| Pandas | 18.97% 12,756 |
| .NET Framework (1.0 - 4.8) | 17.03% 11,452 |
| Spring Framework | 11.1% 7,460 |
| RabbitMQ | 10.33% 6,942 |
| TensorFlow | 9.53% 6,405 |
| Scikit-Learn | 9.43% 6,339 |
| Flutter | 9.12% 6,132 |
| Apache Kafka | 8.9% 5,984 |
| Torch/PyTorch | 8.75% 5,884 |
| React Native | 8.43% 5,667 |
| Opencv | 8.11% 5,455 |
| Electron | 6.97% 4,685 |
| OpenGL | 6.94% 4,664 |
| Qt | 6.55% 4,401 |
| CUDA | 4.52% 3,042 |
| Keras | 4.22% 2,839 |
| Apache Spark | 4.09% 2,748 |
| SwiftUI | 3.93% 2,643 |
| Xamarin | 3.32% 2,233 |
| Ionic | 2.9% 1,948 |
| Hugging Face Transformers | 2.75% 1,852 |
| GTK | 2.51% 1,690 |
| Cordova | 2.4% 1,616 |
| .NET MAUI | 2.34% 1,573 |
| Hadoop | 2.29% 1,539 |
| Tauri | 2.25% 1,516 |
| Capacitor | 1.68% 1,127 |
| Tidyverse | 1.55% 1,045 |
| Quarkus | 1.13% 763 |
| Ktor | 1.1% 740 |
| MFC | 1% 671 |
| JAX | 0.95% 641 |
| Micronaut | 0.66% 441 |
| Uno Platform | 0.53% 357 |
| .NET (5+) | 27.11% 14,112 |
| .NET Framework (1.0 - 4.8) | 18.69% 9,729 |
| NumPy | 17.59% 9,154 |
| Pandas | 17.19% 8,949 |
| Spring Framework | 12.89% 6,711 |
| RabbitMQ | 12.22% 6,361 |
| Apache Kafka | 10.37% 5,395 |
| Flutter | 9.21% 4,794 |
| React Native | 9.14% 4,758 |
| TensorFlow | 8.41% 4,379 |
| Scikit-Learn | 8.37% 4,358 |
| Torch/PyTorch | 7.89% 4,108 |
| Opencv | 7.29% 3,794 |
| Electron | 6.82% 3,549 |
| OpenGL | 5.94% 3,092 |
| Qt | 5.82% 3,028 |
| Apache Spark | 4.39% 2,285 |
| CUDA | 4.17% 2,168 |
| SwiftUI | 4.06% 2,111 |
| Keras | 3.77% 1,961 |
| Xamarin | 3.61% 1,880 |
| Ionic | 3.33% 1,734 |
| Cordova | 2.74% 1,427 |
| Hugging Face Transformers | 2.66% 1,386 |
| .NET MAUI | 2.46% 1,278 |
| Hadoop | 2.36% 1,226 |
| Tauri | 1.95% 1,014 |
| GTK | 1.93% 1,005 |
| Capacitor | 1.91% 992 |
| Quarkus | 1.32% 689 |
| Ktor | 1.16% 605 |
| MFC | 1.09% 569 |
| Tidyverse | 0.99% 515 |
| JAX | 0.94% 488 |
| Micronaut | 0.71% 371 |
| Uno Platform | 0.5% 258 |
| NumPy | 22.8% 794 |
| Pandas | 18.75% 653 |
| .NET (5+) | 17.2% 599 |
| TensorFlow | 11.06% 385 |
| Flutter | 10.37% 361 |
| Scikit-Learn | 9.82% 342 |
| .NET Framework (1.0 - 4.8) | 9.71% 338 |
| Opencv | 8.87% 309 |
| Torch/PyTorch | 8.24% 287 |
| OpenGL | 7.61% 265 |
| Qt | 6.78% 236 |
| React Native | 6.66% 232 |
| Spring Framework | 5.46% 190 |
| Electron | 5.4% 188 |
| Keras | 4.48% 156 |
| CUDA | 3.82% 133 |
| SwiftUI | 2.84% 99 |
| GTK | 2.81% 98 |
| Tauri | 2.58% 90 |
| .NET MAUI | 2.27% 79 |
| Hugging Face Transformers | 1.98% 69 |
| Xamarin | 1.98% 69 |
| Apache Spark | 1.78% 62 |
| RabbitMQ | 1.69% 59 |
| Tidyverse | 1.58% 55 |
| Apache Kafka | 1.55% 54 |
| Ionic | 1.44% 50 |
| Hadoop | 1.35% 47 |
| Cordova | 1.26% 44 |
| Capacitor | 1.03% 36 |
| Ktor | 0.83% 29 |
| Uno Platform | 0.83% 29 |
| JAX | 0.66% 23 |
| MFC | 0.49% 17 |
| Micronaut | 0.43% 15 |
| Quarkus | 0.4% 14 |
| NumPy | 31.25% 1,201 |
| Pandas | 27.24% 1,047 |
| .NET (5+) | 19.54% 751 |
| TensorFlow | 14.47% 556 |
| Scikit-Learn | 13.69% 526 |
| Torch/PyTorch | 12.78% 491 |
| OpenGL | 11.68% 449 |
| Opencv | 11.61% 446 |
| .NET Framework (1.0 - 4.8) | 11.24% 432 |
| Qt | 9.65% 371 |
| Electron | 9.13% 351 |
| Flutter | 8.93% 343 |
| CUDA | 6.51% 250 |
| Keras | 6.14% 236 |
| React Native | 5.41% 208 |
| GTK | 5.02% 193 |
| Spring Framework | 4.81% 185 |
| RabbitMQ | 4.63% 178 |
| Apache Kafka | 4.27% 164 |
| Tidyverse | 4.09% 157 |
| Tauri | 3.8% 146 |
| SwiftUI | 3.75% 144 |
| Hugging Face Transformers | 3.49% 134 |
| Apache Spark | 3.12% 120 |
| Hadoop | 2.39% 92 |
| Xamarin | 2.21% 85 |
| .NET MAUI | 1.64% 63 |
| Ionic | 1.14% 44 |
| Cordova | 1.07% 41 |
| Ktor | 0.83% 32 |
| Capacitor | 0.75% 29 |
| JAX | 0.75% 29 |
| MFC | 0.7% 27 |
| Uno Platform | 0.57% 22 |
| Quarkus | 0.47% 18 |
| Micronaut | 0.39% 15 |
This year, Docker is the top-used other tool amongst all respondents (53%) rising from its second place spot last year.
People learning to code are more likely to be using npm or Pip than Docker (50% and 37% respectively vs. 26%). Both are used alongside languages that are popular with students (JavaScript and Python respectively).
| Docker | 51.55% 41,369 |
| npm | 49.36% 39,609 |
| Pip | 29.01% 23,281 |
| Homebrew | 21.99% 17,647 |
| Yarn | 21.86% 17,545 |
| Webpack | 20.77% 16,665 |
| Make | 20.14% 16,161 |
| Kubernetes | 19.02% 15,260 |
| NuGet | 15.25% 12,235 |
| Maven (build tool) | 15.09% 12,109 |
| Gradle | 14.9% 11,961 |
| Vite | 14.71% 11,807 |
| Visual Studio Solution | 14.64% 11,751 |
| CMake | 14.34% 11,506 |
| Cargo | 12.97% 10,409 |
| GNU GCC | 12.51% 10,038 |
| Terraform | 11.3% 9,068 |
| MSBuild | 10.62% 8,520 |
| Ansible | 8.62% 6,921 |
| Chocolatey | 8.11% 6,509 |
| Composer | 7.81% 6,266 |
| LLVM's Clang | 7.43% 5,959 |
| APT | 7.2% 5,780 |
| Unity 3D | 6.93% 5,561 |
| Pacman | 6.58% 5,280 |
| pnpm | 6.28% 5,036 |
| MSVC | 4.57% 3,666 |
| Podman | 3.9% 3,129 |
| Ninja | 3.65% 2,928 |
| Unreal Engine | 3.09% 2,482 |
| Godot | 3.09% 2,478 |
| Ant | 2.95% 2,371 |
| Google Test | 2.67% 2,146 |
| Nix | 2.05% 1,647 |
| Meson | 1.31% 1,052 |
| QMake | 1.22% 983 |
| Puppet | 1.12% 900 |
| Dagger | 1.08% 866 |
| Chef | 0.94% 758 |
| Catch2 | 0.83% 663 |
| Pulumi | 0.82% 659 |
| Bun | 0.77% 620 |
| Wasmer | 0.54% 431 |
| doctest | 0.49% 393 |
| SCons | 0.47% 378 |
| bandit | 0.45% 362 |
| cppunit | 0.43% 346 |
| Boost.Test | 0.43% 342 |
| build2 | 0.2% 159 |
| tunit | 0.09% 69 |
| lest | 0.07% 55 |
| snitch | 0.07% 55 |
| CUTE | 0.07% 54 |
| ELFspy | 0.06% 51 |
| liblittletest | 0.05% 37 |
| Docker | 56.61% 35,538 |
| npm | 51.98% 32,630 |
| Pip | 26.94% 16,913 |
| Yarn | 24.48% 15,367 |
| Homebrew | 24.33% 15,271 |
| Webpack | 23.65% 14,845 |
| Kubernetes | 21.67% 13,600 |
| Make | 19.97% 12,537 |
| NuGet | 17.17% 10,777 |
| Maven (build tool) | 16.24% 10,196 |
| Gradle | 15.59% 9,784 |
| Vite | 15.08% 9,463 |
| Visual Studio Solution | 14.75% 9,262 |
| CMake | 13.3% 8,346 |
| Terraform | 12.82% 8,045 |
| MSBuild | 12.1% 7,596 |
| Cargo | 11.77% 7,389 |
| GNU GCC | 10.34% 6,490 |
| Ansible | 8.98% 5,640 |
| Composer | 8.73% 5,482 |
| Chocolatey | 8% 5,024 |
| LLVM's Clang | 6.83% 4,286 |
| APT | 6.67% 4,185 |
| pnpm | 6.49% 4,075 |
| Unity 3D | 5.63% 3,533 |
| Pacman | 5.41% 3,394 |
| MSVC | 4.36% 2,735 |
| Podman | 4.04% 2,535 |
| Ninja | 3.52% 2,208 |
| Ant | 3.16% 1,982 |
| Google Test | 2.87% 1,802 |
| Unreal Engine | 2.53% 1,591 |
| Godot | 2.49% 1,560 |
| Nix | 1.95% 1,224 |
| Dagger | 1.25% 784 |
| QMake | 1.15% 723 |
| Meson | 1.09% 687 |
| Puppet | 1.09% 686 |
| Chef | 0.96% 601 |
| Pulumi | 0.91% 573 |
| Catch2 | 0.87% 549 |
| Bun | 0.71% 447 |
| Wasmer | 0.53% 332 |
| SCons | 0.46% 290 |
| doctest | 0.46% 288 |
| bandit | 0.45% 284 |
| cppunit | 0.44% 276 |
| Boost.Test | 0.4% 249 |
| build2 | 0.16% 101 |
| tunit | 0.07% 41 |
| snitch | 0.06% 35 |
| lest | 0.05% 31 |
| CUTE | 0.05% 29 |
| ELFspy | 0.04% 25 |
| liblittletest | 0.03% 19 |
| npm | 44.22% 1,799 |
| Pip | 32.62% 1,327 |
| Docker | 22.89% 931 |
| GNU GCC | 19.03% 774 |
| Vite | 17.55% 714 |
| CMake | 14.7% 598 |
| Visual Studio Solution | 13.37% 544 |
| Cargo | 13.35% 543 |
| Make | 13.05% 531 |
| Unity 3D | 12.56% 511 |
| Yarn | 11.46% 466 |
| Gradle | 10.84% 441 |
| Webpack | 10.82% 440 |
| Maven (build tool) | 10.74% 437 |
| Pacman | 9.93% 404 |
| Homebrew | 9.05% 368 |
| Chocolatey | 7.5% 305 |
| APT | 7.33% 298 |
| LLVM's Clang | 7.3% 297 |
| NuGet | 6.78% 276 |
| pnpm | 6.27% 255 |
| Unreal Engine | 5.29% 215 |
| Godot | 4.45% 181 |
| Composer | 3.88% 158 |
| MSVC | 3.86% 157 |
| Kubernetes | 3.69% 150 |
| Ninja | 3.2% 130 |
| MSBuild | 2.83% 115 |
| Ansible | 2.38% 97 |
| Nix | 1.87% 76 |
| Google Test | 1.77% 72 |
| Podman | 1.55% 63 |
| Terraform | 1.5% 61 |
| Ant | 1.45% 59 |
| Meson | 1.45% 59 |
| QMake | 1.13% 46 |
| Bun | 0.96% 39 |
| Catch2 | 0.71% 29 |
| doctest | 0.64% 26 |
| Dagger | 0.61% 25 |
| Boost.Test | 0.59% 24 |
| Chef | 0.47% 19 |
| Puppet | 0.44% 18 |
| Wasmer | 0.44% 18 |
| bandit | 0.39% 16 |
| cppunit | 0.39% 16 |
| SCons | 0.34% 14 |
| CUTE | 0.27% 11 |
| ELFspy | 0.25% 10 |
| tunit | 0.25% 10 |
| Pulumi | 0.22% 9 |
| build2 | 0.22% 9 |
| lest | 0.22% 9 |
| snitch | 0.2% 8 |
| liblittletest | 0.17% 7 |
| npm | 38.12% 1,666 |
| Pip | 37.48% 1,638 |
| Docker | 36.77% 1,607 |
| Make | 23.23% 1,015 |
| GNU GCC | 20.53% 897 |
| Cargo | 18.72% 818 |
| CMake | 18.4% 804 |
| Homebrew | 15.22% 665 |
| Visual Studio Solution | 14.53% 635 |
| Gradle | 13.04% 570 |
| Yarn | 12.91% 564 |
| Vite | 11.6% 507 |
| Maven (build tool) | 11.44% 500 |
| Kubernetes | 11.4% 498 |
| Pacman | 11.24% 491 |
| Unity 3D | 10.66% 466 |
| APT | 10.37% 453 |
| LLVM's Clang | 10.21% 446 |
| Webpack | 9.61% 420 |
| Ansible | 8.83% 386 |
| Chocolatey | 8.7% 380 |
| NuGet | 8.54% 373 |
| Terraform | 7% 306 |
| MSVC | 5.7% 249 |
| MSBuild | 5.68% 248 |
| Godot | 5.58% 244 |
| pnpm | 5.31% 232 |
| Unreal Engine | 5.03% 220 |
| Composer | 4.76% 208 |
| Ninja | 4.14% 181 |
| Podman | 4.12% 180 |
| Nix | 2.68% 117 |
| Ant | 2.63% 115 |
| Meson | 2.4% 105 |
| Google Test | 2.06% 90 |
| Puppet | 1.65% 72 |
| QMake | 1.35% 59 |
| Bun | 1.12% 49 |
| Chef | 0.89% 39 |
| Wasmer | 0.73% 32 |
| Catch2 | 0.69% 30 |
| Boost.Test | 0.62% 27 |
| doctest | 0.59% 26 |
| SCons | 0.57% 25 |
| bandit | 0.5% 22 |
| Pulumi | 0.48% 21 |
| build2 | 0.43% 19 |
| Dagger | 0.39% 17 |
| cppunit | 0.37% 16 |
| CUTE | 0.16% 7 |
| ELFspy | 0.16% 7 |
| lest | 0.14% 6 |
| liblittletest | 0.09% 4 |
| tunit | 0.09% 4 |
| snitch | 0.07% 3 |
Visual Studio Code remains the preferred IDE across all developers, increasing its use among those learning to code compared to professional developers (78% vs. 74%).
| Visual Studio Code | 73.71% 63,793 |
| Visual Studio | 28.43% 24,605 |
| IntelliJ IDEA | 26.82% 23,209 |
| Notepad++ | 24.54% 21,240 |
| Vim | 22.29% 19,294 |
| Android Studio | 16.82% 14,553 |
| PyCharm | 14.63% 12,658 |
| Jupyter Notebook/JupyterLab | 12.74% 11,024 |
| Sublime Text | 12.61% 10,914 |
| Neovim | 11.88% 10,282 |
| Eclipse | 9.9% 8,565 |
| Xcode | 9.45% 8,180 |
| Nano | 8.98% 7,769 |
| WebStorm | 7.38% 6,388 |
| PhpStorm | 6.09% 5,274 |
| Atom | 5.63% 4,874 |
| Rider | 5.57% 4,819 |
| DataGrip | 5.08% 4,396 |
| CLion | 4.9% 4,240 |
| IPython | 4.88% 4,226 |
| Emacs | 4.69% 4,058 |
| VSCodium | 4.19% 3,627 |
| Goland | 3.23% 2,795 |
| Netbeans | 3.19% 2,760 |
| RStudio | 2.71% 2,343 |
| Code::Blocks | 2.4% 2,077 |
| Qt Creator | 2.35% 2,031 |
| Rad Studio (Delphi, C++ Builder) | 2.27% 1,961 |
| Fleet | 1.9% 1,642 |
| Helix | 1.61% 1,391 |
| Kate | 1.58% 1,367 |
| Spyder | 1.47% 1,273 |
| RubyMine | 1.29% 1,115 |
| Geany | 0.97% 841 |
| BBEdit | 0.83% 722 |
| TextMate | 0.68% 592 |
| Micro | 0.64% 551 |
| Nova | 0.29% 250 |
| condo | 0.18% 152 |
| Visual Studio Code | 74.09% 49,244 |
| Visual Studio | 28.74% 19,106 |
| IntelliJ IDEA | 28.06% 18,649 |
| Notepad++ | 24.49% 16,276 |
| Vim | 22.59% 15,018 |
| Android Studio | 16.82% 11,181 |
| PyCharm | 13.35% 8,875 |
| Sublime Text | 12.73% 8,460 |
| Jupyter Notebook/JupyterLab | 11.2% 7,443 |
| Neovim | 11.14% 7,406 |
| Xcode | 10.34% 6,872 |
| Eclipse | 9.69% 6,439 |
| Nano | 8.54% 5,678 |
| WebStorm | 8.08% 5,373 |
| PhpStorm | 6.92% 4,600 |
| Rider | 6.31% 4,192 |
| DataGrip | 5.81% 3,859 |
| Atom | 4.95% 3,289 |
| CLion | 4.62% 3,068 |
| Emacs | 4.47% 2,968 |
| IPython | 4.34% 2,884 |
| Goland | 3.64% 2,420 |
| VSCodium | 3.34% 2,222 |
| Netbeans | 3.09% 2,054 |
| Rad Studio (Delphi, C++ Builder) | 2.29% 1,519 |
| Qt Creator | 2.18% 1,447 |
| RStudio | 1.93% 1,285 |
| Fleet | 1.82% 1,213 |
| Code::Blocks | 1.62% 1,076 |
| RubyMine | 1.47% 980 |
| Helix | 1.38% 919 |
| Kate | 1.3% 863 |
| Spyder | 1.01% 674 |
| BBEdit | 0.79% 523 |
| Geany | 0.71% 472 |
| TextMate | 0.7% 463 |
| Micro | 0.48% 316 |
| Nova | 0.27% 178 |
| condo | 0.11% 75 |
| Visual Studio Code | 78.39% 3,740 |
| Visual Studio | 31.29% 1,493 |
| IntelliJ IDEA | 25.49% 1,216 |
| PyCharm | 21.44% 1,023 |
| Notepad++ | 20.86% 995 |
| Android Studio | 19.2% 916 |
| Vim | 16.45% 785 |
| Jupyter Notebook/JupyterLab | 15.45% 737 |
| Neovim | 13.96% 666 |
| Sublime Text | 12.76% 609 |
| Eclipse | 11.21% 535 |
| Atom | 8.61% 411 |
| Nano | 8.45% 403 |
| Code::Blocks | 7.94% 379 |
| VSCodium | 6.73% 321 |
| CLion | 6.16% 294 |
| WebStorm | 5.62% 268 |
| Netbeans | 4.78% 228 |
| Xcode | 4.67% 223 |
| IPython | 3.88% 185 |
| Emacs | 3.86% 184 |
| RStudio | 3.48% 166 |
| PhpStorm | 3.37% 161 |
| Rider | 3% 143 |
| Qt Creator | 2.41% 115 |
| DataGrip | 2.39% 114 |
| Spyder | 2.28% 109 |
| Helix | 2.05% 98 |
| Kate | 2.03% 97 |
| Fleet | 1.99% 95 |
| Geany | 1.53% 73 |
| Goland | 1.32% 63 |
| Micro | 1.07% 51 |
| Rad Studio (Delphi, C++ Builder) | 0.69% 33 |
| condo | 0.57% 27 |
| RubyMine | 0.44% 21 |
| BBEdit | 0.4% 19 |
| TextMate | 0.36% 17 |
| Nova | 0.31% 15 |
| Visual Studio Code | 70.8% 3,538 |
| Visual Studio | 26.98% 1,348 |
| Notepad++ | 25.62% 1,280 |
| Vim | 22.39% 1,119 |
| IntelliJ IDEA | 22.13% 1,106 |
| Jupyter Notebook/JupyterLab | 18.93% 946 |
| PyCharm | 18.57% 928 |
| Android Studio | 15.93% 796 |
| Neovim | 13.93% 696 |
| Sublime Text | 12.15% 607 |
| Nano | 11.59% 579 |
| Eclipse | 10.53% 526 |
| IPython | 7.78% 389 |
| Atom | 7.66% 383 |
| VSCodium | 7.16% 358 |
| Xcode | 6.86% 343 |
| RStudio | 5.82% 291 |
| CLion | 5.72% 286 |
| Emacs | 5.68% 284 |
| WebStorm | 4.7% 235 |
| Code::Blocks | 3.84% 192 |
| PhpStorm | 3.42% 171 |
| Spyder | 3.2% 160 |
| Netbeans | 3.04% 152 |
| Rider | 2.96% 148 |
| DataGrip | 2.94% 147 |
| Qt Creator | 2.9% 145 |
| Kate | 2.7% 135 |
| Rad Studio (Delphi, C++ Builder) | 2.52% 126 |
| Helix | 2.42% 121 |
| Fleet | 2.34% 117 |
| Goland | 2.2% 110 |
| Geany | 2.04% 102 |
| Micro | 1.22% 61 |
| BBEdit | 1.2% 60 |
| TextMate | 0.8% 40 |
| RubyMine | 0.72% 36 |
| Nova | 0.46% 23 |
| condo | 0.32% 16 |
Why complicate it? Jira and Confluence are the top two async tools amongst all developers similar to last year, but this year a new addition to the list broke top three: 27% of respondents use markdown files as an async tool.
People who are learning to code are using GitHub Discussions more than markdown files (31% vs. 29%) and turn to Notion (26%) and Trello (23%) more than professional developers.
| Jira | 52.37% 37,642 |
| Confluence | 34.16% 24,551 |
| Markdown File | 26.17% 18,813 |
| Trello | 19.36% 13,919 |
| Notion | 17.8% 12,793 |
| GitHub Discussions | 16.98% 12,205 |
| Azure Devops | 15.56% 11,186 |
| Miro | 14.55% 10,458 |
| Wikis | 7.46% 5,364 |
| Asana | 5.04% 3,624 |
| Clickup | 4.02% 2,887 |
| Doxygen | 3.73% 2,683 |
| Redmine | 2.68% 1,929 |
| Monday.com | 2.63% 1,887 |
| Stack Overflow for Teams | 2.52% 1,813 |
| YouTrack | 2.39% 1,718 |
| Microsoft Planner | 2.28% 1,639 |
| Airtable | 2.13% 1,530 |
| Linear | 2.07% 1,490 |
| Basecamp | 1.61% 1,156 |
| Microsoft Lists | 1.04% 747 |
| Smartsheet | 1.02% 731 |
| Shortcut | 0.96% 687 |
| Wrike | 0.52% 373 |
| Adobe Workfront | 0.5% 360 |
| Redocly | 0.3% 216 |
| Document360 | 0.25% 177 |
| Nuclino | 0.25% 177 |
| Swit | 0.16% 114 |
| Dingtalk (Teambition) | 0.15% 107 |
| Tettra | 0.13% 97 |
| Workzone | 0.13% 92 |
| Planview Projectplace Or Clarizen | 0.11% 81 |
| Wimi | 0.08% 57 |
| Cerri | 0.07% 53 |
| Leankor | 0.06% 46 |
| Jira | 58.03% 34,195 |
| Confluence | 37.73% 22,235 |
| Markdown File | 25.03% 14,748 |
| Trello | 19.08% 11,241 |
| Notion | 17.83% 10,508 |
| Azure Devops | 17.13% 10,096 |
| Miro | 15.78% 9,301 |
| GitHub Discussions | 15.46% 9,111 |
| Wikis | 7.21% 4,248 |
| Asana | 5.27% 3,103 |
| Clickup | 4.17% 2,457 |
| Doxygen | 3.53% 2,078 |
| Redmine | 2.82% 1,660 |
| Monday.com | 2.66% 1,567 |
| Stack Overflow for Teams | 2.48% 1,460 |
| YouTrack | 2.44% 1,439 |
| Linear | 2.31% 1,359 |
| Airtable | 2.09% 1,233 |
| Microsoft Planner | 1.91% 1,123 |
| Basecamp | 1.66% 980 |
| Shortcut | 1.03% 609 |
| Smartsheet | 0.9% 531 |
| Microsoft Lists | 0.77% 456 |
| Wrike | 0.51% 298 |
| Adobe Workfront | 0.33% 193 |
| Redocly | 0.31% 181 |
| Nuclino | 0.23% 136 |
| Document360 | 0.19% 111 |
| Swit | 0.12% 68 |
| Tettra | 0.11% 65 |
| Dingtalk (Teambition) | 0.11% 63 |
| Workzone | 0.09% 51 |
| Planview Projectplace Or Clarizen | 0.08% 48 |
| Wimi | 0.05% 29 |
| Cerri | 0.05% 28 |
| Leankor | 0.04% 25 |
| GitHub Discussions | 26.81% 732 |
| Markdown File | 24.51% 669 |
| Notion | 22.05% 602 |
| Trello | 19.56% 534 |
| Jira | 12.64% 345 |
| Miro | 5.46% 149 |
| Azure Devops | 5.09% 139 |
| Confluence | 4.73% 129 |
| Stack Overflow for Teams | 4.25% 116 |
| Wikis | 4.14% 113 |
| Doxygen | 4.07% 111 |
| Clickup | 3.88% 106 |
| Asana | 3.22% 88 |
| Adobe Workfront | 2.56% 70 |
| Microsoft Planner | 2.38% 65 |
| YouTrack | 2.16% 59 |
| Airtable | 1.94% 53 |
| Microsoft Lists | 1.79% 49 |
| Monday.com | 1.76% 48 |
| Basecamp | 1.03% 28 |
| Document360 | 0.99% 27 |
| Redmine | 0.84% 23 |
| Shortcut | 0.84% 23 |
| Smartsheet | 0.84% 23 |
| Wrike | 0.7% 19 |
| Linear | 0.62% 17 |
| Dingtalk (Teambition) | 0.59% 16 |
| Swit | 0.55% 15 |
| Nuclino | 0.51% 14 |
| Workzone | 0.51% 14 |
| Planview Projectplace Or Clarizen | 0.48% 13 |
| Redocly | 0.44% 12 |
| Wimi | 0.4% 11 |
| Tettra | 0.37% 10 |
| Cerri | 0.29% 8 |
| Leankor | 0.29% 8 |
| Markdown File | 33.59% 1,115 |
| Jira | 30.46% 1,011 |
| GitHub Discussions | 23.29% 773 |
| Confluence | 21.54% 715 |
| Trello | 21.42% 711 |
| Notion | 16.48% 547 |
| Wikis | 10.03% 333 |
| Miro | 9.31% 309 |
| Azure Devops | 8.53% 283 |
| Doxygen | 4.55% 151 |
| Microsoft Planner | 4.28% 142 |
| Asana | 3.92% 130 |
| Clickup | 3.37% 112 |
| Monday.com | 2.95% 98 |
| Redmine | 2.71% 90 |
| Stack Overflow for Teams | 2.71% 90 |
| YouTrack | 2.59% 86 |
| Airtable | 2.53% 84 |
| Microsoft Lists | 2.47% 82 |
| Smartsheet | 1.93% 64 |
| Basecamp | 1.54% 51 |
| Linear | 1.18% 39 |
| Adobe Workfront | 0.84% 28 |
| Shortcut | 0.48% 16 |
| Wrike | 0.48% 16 |
| Document360 | 0.45% 15 |
| Dingtalk (Teambition) | 0.39% 13 |
| Nuclino | 0.39% 13 |
| Swit | 0.36% 12 |
| Workzone | 0.33% 11 |
| Planview Projectplace Or Clarizen | 0.27% 9 |
| Tettra | 0.24% 8 |
| Redocly | 0.21% 7 |
| Cerri | 0.18% 6 |
| Leankor | 0.15% 5 |
| Wimi | 0.15% 5 |
The three most popular synchronous tools are universal for all respondents: Microsoft Teams, Slack, and Zoom. Zoom was top of the list last year but is third place this year with about 10 percentage points fewer people having worked with it in the past year.
For those learning, Discord and Whatsapp are used more than any of the top three (70% and 45% respectively).
| Microsoft Teams | 51.71% 43,511 |
| Slack | 47.59% 40,048 |
| Zoom | 45.25% 38,078 |
| Discord | 40.26% 33,882 |
| Google Meet | 36.22% 30,484 |
| 30.47% 25,640 | |
| Telegram | 18.91% 15,909 |
| Skype | 13.65% 11,488 |
| Signal | 11.66% 9,809 |
| Google Chat | 11.01% 9,261 |
| Cisco Webex Teams | 7.17% 6,031 |
| Mattermost | 3.87% 3,256 |
| Jitsi | 3.6% 3,029 |
| Matrix | 3.32% 2,791 |
| IRC | 3.01% 2,533 |
| Rocketchat | 1.68% 1,415 |
| Zulip | 1.33% 1,116 |
| Ringcentral | 0.53% 445 |
| Symphony | 0.4% 340 |
| Wire | 0.31% 264 |
| Wickr | 0.25% 214 |
| Unify Circuit | 0.1% 83 |
| Coolfire Core | 0.08% 66 |
| Microsoft Teams | 54.4% 35,543 |
| Slack | 53.63% 35,035 |
| Zoom | 45.73% 29,876 |
| Google Meet | 38.32% 25,036 |
| Discord | 35.42% 23,139 |
| 28.17% 18,407 | |
| Telegram | 17.84% 11,654 |
| Skype | 13.99% 9,137 |
| Signal | 11.35% 7,415 |
| Google Chat | 11.12% 7,267 |
| Cisco Webex Teams | 6.94% 4,534 |
| Mattermost | 4.13% 2,695 |
| Jitsi | 3.62% 2,362 |
| Matrix | 2.77% 1,811 |
| IRC | 2.59% 1,694 |
| Rocketchat | 1.78% 1,165 |
| Zulip | 1.3% 849 |
| Ringcentral | 0.53% 344 |
| Symphony | 0.41% 265 |
| Wire | 0.27% 175 |
| Wickr | 0.22% 141 |
| Unify Circuit | 0.07% 45 |
| Coolfire Core | 0.05% 32 |
| Discord | 68.12% 2,991 |
| 43.52% 1,911 | |
| Zoom | 39.26% 1,724 |
| Google Meet | 31.97% 1,404 |
| Microsoft Teams | 31.54% 1,385 |
| Telegram | 27.88% 1,224 |
| Slack | 18.56% 815 |
| Skype | 10.93% 480 |
| Google Chat | 9.93% 436 |
| Signal | 8.49% 373 |
| Cisco Webex Teams | 5.35% 235 |
| Matrix | 3.26% 143 |
| IRC | 2.6% 114 |
| Jitsi | 1.91% 84 |
| Mattermost | 1.41% 62 |
| Zulip | 1.09% 48 |
| Rocketchat | 0.61% 27 |
| Wire | 0.59% 26 |
| Wickr | 0.41% 18 |
| Ringcentral | 0.39% 17 |
| Symphony | 0.39% 17 |
| Coolfire Core | 0.32% 14 |
| Unify Circuit | 0.32% 14 |
| Discord | 54.77% 2,578 |
| Microsoft Teams | 45.74% 2,153 |
| Zoom | 44.76% 2,107 |
| 36.88% 1,736 | |
| Slack | 29.68% 1,397 |
| Google Meet | 28.04% 1,320 |
| Telegram | 21.82% 1,027 |
| Signal | 14.66% 690 |
| Skype | 12.92% 608 |
| Google Chat | 10.75% 506 |
| Cisco Webex Teams | 8.22% 387 |
| Matrix | 5.99% 282 |
| IRC | 4.89% 230 |
| Jitsi | 4.19% 197 |
| Mattermost | 3.51% 165 |
| Rocketchat | 1.72% 81 |
| Zulip | 1.57% 74 |
| Ringcentral | 0.74% 35 |
| Wire | 0.62% 29 |
| Symphony | 0.53% 25 |
| Wickr | 0.4% 19 |
| Coolfire Core | 0.17% 8 |
| Unify Circuit | 0.15% 7 |
Windows is the most popular operating system for developers, across both personal and professional use.
| Windows | |
|---|---|
| Personal use | 59.72% 52,086 |
| Professional use | 46.91% 40,917 |
| MacOS | |
| Personal use | 32.57% 28,407 |
| Professional use | 33% 28,786 |
| Ubuntu | |
| Personal use | 27.28% 23,791 |
| Professional use | 26.69% 23,281 |
| Android | |
| Personal use | 17.59% 15,343 |
| Professional use | 8.23% 7,175 |
| Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) | |
| Personal use | 16.87% 14,710 |
| Professional use | 15.68% 13,674 |
| iOS | |
| Personal use | 11.74% 10,237 |
| Professional use | 7.37% 6,429 |
| Debian | |
| Personal use | 8.39% 7,317 |
| Professional use | 8.09% 7,059 |
| Other Linux-based | |
| Personal use | 8.16% 7,115 |
| Professional use | 7.7% 6,712 |
| Arch | |
| Personal use | 8.06% 7,029 |
| Professional use | 4.37% 3,809 |
| iPadOS | |
| Personal use | 5.68% 4,956 |
| Professional use | 2.77% 2,418 |
| Red Hat | |
| Personal use | 2.14% 1,864 |
| Professional use | 4.64% 4,043 |
| Fedora | |
| Personal use | 4.37% 3,812 |
| Professional use | 3.05% 2,662 |
| ChromeOS | |
| Personal use | 1.88% 1,636 |
| Professional use | 1.06% 927 |
| Cygwin | |
| Personal use | 1.04% 908 |
| Professional use | 0.92% 805 |
| BSD | |
| Personal use | 0.96% 839 |
| Professional use | 0.59% 517 |
| AIX | |
| Personal use | 0.29% 251 |
| Professional use | 0.41% 355 |
| Solaris | |
| Personal use | 0.32% 280 |
| Professional use | 0.36% 318 |
| Haiku | |
| Personal use | 0.2% 176 |
| Professional use | 0.08% 74 |
This is a new section this year, and respondents' top choice for AI search tools is ChatGPT: 83% of respondents have used it in the past year. This is above and beyond the second choice of Bing AI with 20% having used it.
The hype around emerging AI search technology has room to grow while the ChatGPT competitors grow their user base; only four tools had 10% or higher selection for those that want to try it in the next year.
| ChatGPT | 83.24% 52,462 |
| Bing AI | 20.6% 12,981 |
| WolframAlpha | 13.36% 8,419 |
| Google Bard AI | 9.86% 6,217 |
| Phind | 3.28% 2,067 |
| You.com | 2.54% 1,601 |
| Other (please specify) | 1.29% 815 |
| Perplexity AI | 1.17% 739 |
| Quora Poe | 1.02% 643 |
| Neeva AI | 0.46% 289 |
| Andi | 0.31% 193 |
| Metaphor | 0.2% 126 |
| ChatGPT | 83.25% 39,288 |
| Bing AI | 18.8% 8,871 |
| WolframAlpha | 11.15% 5,261 |
| Google Bard AI | 9.13% 4,308 |
| Phind | 3.11% 1,470 |
| You.com | 2.17% 1,025 |
| Other (please specify) | 1.21% 569 |
| Perplexity AI | 0.97% 458 |
| Quora Poe | 0.77% 362 |
| Neeva AI | 0.36% 170 |
| Andi | 0.2% 96 |
| Metaphor | 0.13% 61 |
| ChatGPT | 85.07% 3,585 |
| Bing AI | 28.71% 1,210 |
| WolframAlpha | 14.59% 615 |
| Google Bard AI | 13.17% 555 |
| Phind | 4.79% 202 |
| You.com | 4.56% 192 |
| Quora Poe | 2.52% 106 |
| Perplexity AI | 2.11% 89 |
| Other (please specify) | 1.21% 51 |
| Andi | 0.97% 41 |
| Neeva AI | 0.95% 40 |
| Metaphor | 0.66% 28 |
| ChatGPT | 82.5% 3,167 |
| Bing AI | 24.2% 929 |
| WolframAlpha | 21.67% 832 |
| Google Bard AI | 11.36% 436 |
| You.com | 3.41% 131 |
| Phind | 3.13% 120 |
| Perplexity AI | 1.88% 72 |
| Other (please specify) | 1.43% 55 |
| Quora Poe | 1.35% 52 |
| Neeva AI | 0.52% 20 |
| Andi | 0.44% 17 |
| Metaphor | 0.29% 11 |
In addition to asking about search tools beginning this year, we also asked about AI developer tools. GitHub Copilot is the overall pick for most used AI developer tool with 55% of respondents using it this past year, quadrupling the second top pick of Tabnine at 13%.
Those learning are using Tabnine a little more (18%) and Copilot a little less (45%), possibly due to costs associated with Copilot.
| GitHub Copilot | 54.77% 22,078 |
| Tabnine | 12.88% 5,193 |
| AWS CodeWhisperer | 5.14% 2,071 |
| Other (please specify) | 1.92% 773 |
| Synk Code | 1.33% 538 |
| Codeium | 1.25% 504 |
| Whispr AI | 1.13% 455 |
| Replit Ghostwriter | 0.83% 335 |
| Mintlify | 0.52% 211 |
| Adrenaline | 0.43% 174 |
| Rubber Duck.AI | 0.37% 151 |
| GitHub Copilot | 56.04% 17,432 |
| Tabnine | 11.74% 3,651 |
| AWS CodeWhisperer | 4.91% 1,527 |
| Other (please specify) | 1.83% 568 |
| Synk Code | 1.33% 413 |
| Codeium | 1.07% 333 |
| Whispr AI | 0.9% 280 |
| Replit Ghostwriter | 0.47% 145 |
| Mintlify | 0.44% 138 |
| Adrenaline | 0.3% 94 |
| Rubber Duck.AI | 0.25% 79 |
| GitHub Copilot | 45.05% 1,161 |
| Tabnine | 17.85% 460 |
| AWS CodeWhisperer | 6.79% 175 |
| Codeium | 2.17% 56 |
| Replit Ghostwriter | 2.17% 56 |
| Whispr AI | 1.86% 48 |
| Other (please specify) | 1.79% 46 |
| Synk Code | 1.51% 39 |
| Adrenaline | 1.24% 32 |
| Mintlify | 0.97% 25 |
| Rubber Duck.AI | 0.89% 23 |
| GitHub Copilot | 51.89% 1,137 |
| Tabnine | 17.39% 381 |
| AWS CodeWhisperer | 5.11% 112 |
| Other (please specify) | 2.28% 50 |
| Codeium | 2.05% 45 |
| Whispr AI | 2.01% 44 |
| Replit Ghostwriter | 1.96% 43 |
| Synk Code | 1.23% 27 |
| Rubber Duck.AI | 0.87% 19 |
| Adrenaline | 0.82% 18 |
| Mintlify | 0.59% 13 |
Technology
In addition to reporting what popular technologies developers used in the past year, we have some technologies/tools that developers are currently using and know they want to use again in the future.
This year we added a new section to the survey results for technology trends for those who have used or want to use programming languages, tools, environments, libraries, etc. that we have dubbed “Admired and Desired”. To better gauge hype versus reality, we created a visualization that shows the distance between the proportion of respondents who want to use a technology (“desired”) and the proportion of users that have used the same technology in the past year and want to continue using it (“admired”). Wide distances means that momentum generated by the hype grows with hands-on use, and shorter distances means that the hype is doing much of the heavy lifting as far as general popularity is concerned. For example, we can see JavaScript, our most used programming language since 2011, has a relatively short distance between admired and desired (<10 percentage points), while Rust, a top choice for developers who want to use a new technology for the past 8 years, shows a wide distance (>60 percentage points); Rust is a language that generates for desire to use it once you get to know it than JavaScript. Seeing this growth in admiration for certain technologies gives us insight into what has staying power and what needs help in order to generate coveted evangelists to convert new users that will stick around.
This new visualization of the data replaces the old Loved, Dreaded, Wanted analysis.
Rust is the most admired language, more than 80% of developers that use it want to use it again next year. Compare this to the least admired language: MATLAB. Less than 20% of developers who used this language want to use it again next year.
PostgreSQL, Redis, and Datomic are the most admired databases with Datomic having the least users. That kind of admiration should push others to consider Datomic as a viable option.
Hetzner and Vercel have a large proportion that have used and want to continue using them (69%+); more developers would choose to work with these two cloud platforms over those that would choose to and have worked with the top three (AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud).
Phoenix is the most admired web framework and technology; more developers would choose to work with Phoenix again than those who have used the three most common: React, Node.js, and Next.js.
The most admired of the other frameworks and libraries category are Tauri, Hugging Face Transformers and .NET(5+). .NET(5+) is the most popular of it's category this year, while Tauri and Hugging Face Transformers are much less well known but have more admiration among its users.
More respondents want to continue using Cargo next year than the top competitors (top 6 tools that respondents want to use next year), however, Docker has almost double the proportion of respondents that want to use it next year compared to all other options.
Visual Studio Code is the preferred IDE as far as what users want but Neovim has a higher proportion of users that want to continue using it next year (81% vs 77%).
Markdown files are the second most desired asynchronous tool and the most admired asynchronous tool. Markdown files can be deployed in various hosted instances and show an opportunity for paid solutions to reduce friction for sharing information.
Microsoft Teams and Zoom have the lowest proportion of users that want to continue using given first-hand experience out the top five solutions users want to use next year.
Developers want to keep using ChatGPT for their AI Search. Other tools they want to use are Phind and WolframAlpha.
Developers want to continue using GitHub Copilot and, in a flip, we see more developers overall who want to try it over the next year than those currently using Copilot.
Technology
Developers are naturally curious and interested in new technologies. We look at what technologies they are interested in trying based on what they are using now.
A lot of our top used programming languages are popular because those that use them want to use them again. JavaScript, TypeScript, and HTML/CSS users all selected these three languages as their top three they want to use next year.
Minimum 5,000 respondents per connection.
Minimum 5,000 respondents per connection.
Minimum 500 respondents per connection.
Minimum 500 respondents per connection.
~11K PostgreSQL users want to use Redis next year and ~9K Redis users want to use PostgreSQL next year, an indication of complementary database environments among our top ten.
Minimum 5,000 respondents per connection.
Minimum 5,000 respondents per connection.
Minimum 500 respondents per connection.
Minimum 500 respondents per connection.
~14K AWS developers—a little less than half—want to develop in Google Cloud or Microsoft Azure next year.
Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.
Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.
Minimum 100 respondents per connection.
Minimum 100 respondents per connection.
More jQuery users want to use Node.js or React next year rather than jQuery.
Minimum 4,000 respondents per connection.
Minimum 4,000 respondents per connection.
Minimum 400 respondents per connection.
Minimum 400 respondents per connection.
The top three selections .NET(5+) users want to use next year are .NET(5+), .NET MAUI, and .NET Framework (1.0 - 4.8). .NET favoritism is strong within their community.
Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.
Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.
Minimum 100 respondents per connection.
Minimum 100 respondents per connection.
We see a lot of people working with npm, Kubernetes, and Docker who also want to work with those same technologies.
Minimum 5,000 respondents per connection.
Minimum 5,000 respondents per connection.
Minimum 500 respondents per connection.
Minimum 500 respondents per connection.
More than half of Visual Studio users want to use VS Code next year, while just 20% of VS Code users want to use Visual Studio next year. VS Code has a wide array of extensions and plugins unlike Visual Studio, making it more compatible for more developer needs.
Minimum 5,000 respondents per connection.
Minimum 5,000 respondents per connection.
Minimum 500 respondents per connection.
Minimum 500 respondents per connection.
Jira and Confluence are most closely interconnected, which makes sense given they are under the same company.
We see interest in working with other asynchronous tools, likely because each of these tools serves a different purpose in a developer’s workflow.
Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.
Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.
Minimum 100 respondents per connection.
Minimum 100 respondents per connection.
Discord is the third pick for synch tools users want to use next year for all three of the top synch tools users have used this past year: Microsoft Teams, Slack, and Zoom.
Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.
Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.
Minimum 100 respondents per connection.
Minimum 100 respondents per connection.
42% of ChatGPT users want to use Google Bard or Bing AI next year. These users are enjoying their experience: 79% want to use ChatGPT again next year.
Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.
Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.
Minimum 100 respondents per connection.
Minimum 100 respondents per connection.
70%+ of GitHub Copilot users want to use it again next year.
Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.
Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.
Minimum 100 respondents per connection.
Minimum 100 respondents per connection.
Technology
Zig is the highest-paid language to know this year (a new addition), while Clojure gets knocked from the top spot with a 10% decrease from 2022.
Dart and SAS saw the highest increase in median pay during 2023, growing more than 20% year-over-year.
| Zig | $103,611 273 |
| Erlang | $99,492 522 |
| F# | $99,311 507 |
| Ruby | $98,522 3,547 |
| Clojure | $96,381 693 |
| Elixir | $96,381 1,288 |
| Lisp | $96,381 557 |
| Scala | $96,381 1,570 |
| Perl | $94,540 1,193 |
| Go | $92,760 6,916 |
| OCaml | $91,026 246 |
| Objective-C | $90,000 1,203 |
| Flow | $88,934 113 |
| Rust | $87,012 5,413 |
| Swift | $86,897 2,290 |
| Groovy | $86,271 2,007 |
| Bash/Shell (all shells) | $85,672 16,425 |
| Haskell | $85,672 649 |
| Apex | $81,552 313 |
| PowerShell | $81,311 6,979 |
| SAS | $81,000 205 |
| Lua | $80,690 2,314 |
| Nim | $80,000 129 |
| Raku | $79,448 63 |
| Python | $78,331 21,636 |
| Kotlin | $78,207 4,372 |
| APL | $77,500 62 |
| Crystal | $77,104 192 |
| TypeScript | $77,104 20,541 |
| Assembly | $77,010 1,562 |
| Fortran | $76,104 382 |
| Cobol | $76,000 247 |
| C# | $74,963 13,649 |
| C++ | $74,963 8,211 |
| Julia | $74,963 401 |
| R | $74,963 1,659 |
| SQL | $74,963 24,852 |
| C | $74,351 6,462 |
| JavaScript | $74,034 30,777 |
| Java | $72,701 13,111 |
| Solidity | $72,656 556 |
| Ada | $71,500 257 |
| HTML/CSS | $70,148 24,660 |
| Prolog | $70,000 248 |
| Delphi | $69,608 1,354 |
| GDScript | $69,608 536 |
| VBA | $65,698 1,626 |
| Visual Basic (.Net) | $65,000 1,856 |
| MATLAB | $61,735 1,241 |
| PHP | $58,899 8,513 |
| Dart | $55,862 2,455 |
Median salary for all respondents increased 10% and increased 11% for professional developers.
| SAS | |
|---|---|
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $64,243 184 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $81,000 205 |
| Dart | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $43,724 1,989 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $55,862 2,455 |
| Kotlin | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $69,318 3,413 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $78,207 4,372 |
| JavaScript | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $65,580 25,147 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $74,034 30,777 |
| Swift | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $78,468 1,902 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $86,897 2,290 |
| PHP | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $50,496 7,475 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $58,899 8,513 |
| Java | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $64,572 11,333 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $72,701 13,111 |
| R | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $67,734 1,414 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $74,963 1,659 |
| Python | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $71,105 16,288 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $78,331 21,636 |
| C | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $67,186 4,988 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $74,351 6,462 |
| C++ | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $68,000 6,332 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $74,963 8,211 |
| Objective-C | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $83,165 990 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $90,000 1,203 |
| TypeScript | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $70,276 15,077 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $77,104 20,541 |
| HTML/CSS | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $63,984 20,231 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $70,148 24,660 |
| SQL | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $69,108 20,150 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $74,963 24,852 |
| Delphi | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $63,984 1,161 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $69,608 1,354 |
| Ruby | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $93,000 2,850 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $98,522 3,547 |
| C# | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $69,516 11,121 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $74,963 13,649 |
| Haskell | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $80,250 530 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $85,672 649 |
| Perl | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $90,073 894 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $94,540 1,193 |
| MATLAB | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $57,588 1,039 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $61,735 1,241 |
| OCaml | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $86,948 132 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $91,026 246 |
| F# | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $95,526 426 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $99,311 507 |
| Scala | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $92,780 1,135 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $96,381 1,570 |
| Go | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $89,204 4,567 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $92,760 6,916 |
| Elixir | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $92,959 995 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $96,381 1,288 |
| VBA | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $62,328 1,652 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $65,698 1,626 |
| PowerShell | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $78,084 4,934 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $81,311 6,979 |
| Solidity | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $70,368 439 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $72,656 556 |
| Assembly | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $75,000 1,202 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $77,010 1,562 |
| APL | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $75,932 128 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $77,500 62 |
| Lua | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $79,568 1,130 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $80,690 2,314 |
| Groovy | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $85,320 1,605 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $86,271 2,007 |
| Rust | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $87,047 3,076 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $87,012 5,413 |
| Julia | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $77,966 426 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $74,963 401 |
| Erlang | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $103,000 371 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $99,492 522 |
| Fortran | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $80,000 292 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $76,104 382 |
| Crystal | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $84,690 162 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $77,104 192 |
| Clojure | |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $106,644 681 |
| 2023 Median yearly salary (USD) | $96,381 693 |
This was a new section for 2023 – we have a deeper dive into all of this data on ourStack Overflow Labs write-up.
We wanted to gain insight into the real sentiments behind this year’s surge in AI popularity. Is it making a real impact in the way developers work or is it all hype?
AI
We asked a number of questions this year about perceptions of AI, how AI tools may or may not impact developer workflows, and more. We have a deeper dive into all of this data on ourStack Overflow Labs write-up
70% of all respondents are using or are planning to use AI tools in their development process this year. Those learning to code are more likely than professional developers to be using or use AI tools (82% vs. 70%).
| Yes | 43.78% 39,042 |
| No, but I plan to soon | 25.46% 22,710 |
| No, and I don't plan to | 29.4% 26,221 |
| Yes | 44.17% 29,697 |
| No, but I plan to soon | 25.88% 17,401 |
| No, and I don't plan to | 29.95% 20,139 |
| Yes | 54.87% 2,722 |
| No, but I plan to soon | 27.39% 1,359 |
| No, and I don't plan to | 17.74% 880 |
| Yes | 42.12% 2,173 |
| No, but I plan to soon | 25.2% 1,300 |
| No, and I don't plan to | 32.68% 1,686 |
77% of all respondents are favorable or very favorable of AI tools for development. Professional developers are more likely to be indifferent than those learning to code (17% vs. 15%).
| Very favorable | 27.72% 17,050 |
| Favorable | 48.56% 29,863 |
| Indifferent | 16.5% 10,147 |
| Unsure | 4.02% 2,471 |
| Unfavorable | 2.76% 1,698 |
| Very unfavorable | 0.44% 272 |
| Very favorable | 27.71% 13,002 |
| Favorable | 48.41% 22,717 |
| Indifferent | 16.8% 7,884 |
| Unsure | 3.88% 1,821 |
| Unfavorable | 2.78% 1,305 |
| Very unfavorable | 0.42% 199 |
| Very favorable | 27.21% 1,101 |
| Favorable | 50.06% 2,026 |
| Indifferent | 14.58% 590 |
| Unsure | 5.14% 208 |
| Unfavorable | 2.32% 94 |
| Very unfavorable | 0.69% 28 |
| Very favorable | 28.04% 971 |
| Favorable | 48.8% 1,690 |
| Indifferent | 15.54% 538 |
| Unsure | 4.33% 150 |
| Unfavorable | 2.95% 102 |
| Very unfavorable | 0.35% 12 |
AI
Increasing productivity is the biggest benefit that developers see from AI tools. Speeding up learning and greater efficiency are tied for secondary benefits.
| Increase productivity | 32.81% 32,509 |
| Speed up learning | 25.17% 24,938 |
| Greater efficiency | 24.96% 24,739 |
| Improve accuracy in coding | 13.31% 13,189 |
| Improve collaboration | 3.75% 3,721 |
We see developers split on their trust in the accuracy of the AI output from tools. About 42% trust the accuracy of the output, while 31% are on the fence.
| Highly trust | 2.85% 1,751 |
| Somewhat trust | 39.3% 24,128 |
| Neither trust nor distrust | 30.68% 18,837 |
| Somewhat distrust | 21.71% 13,330 |
| Highly distrust | 5.46% 3,350 |
Those currently using AI tools mostly report benefits for writing code, while those not interested in using AI tools find this the least beneficial. This disconnect most likely is with the fundamental difference of type of developers not interested in using these tools with those that are interested and have more applicable use cases for the current functionality available.
| Writing code | 82.55% 31,131 |
| Debugging and getting help | 48.89% 18,437 |
| Documenting code | 34.37% 12,963 |
| Learning about a codebase | 30.1% 11,350 |
| Testing code | 23.87% 9,000 |
| Project planning | 13.52% 5,097 |
| Committing and reviewing code | 10.09% 3,806 |
| Deployment and monitoring | 4.74% 1,788 |
| Collaborating with teammates | 3.65% 1,377 |
| Writing code | 23.72% 8,945 |
| Debugging and getting help | 40.66% 15,335 |
| Documenting code | 50.24% 18,945 |
| Learning about a codebase | 48.97% 18,467 |
| Testing code | 55.17% 20,807 |
| Project planning | 38.54% 14,534 |
| Committing and reviewing code | 49.51% 18,670 |
| Deployment and monitoring | 45.44% 17,137 |
| Collaborating with teammates | 29.98% 11,305 |
| Writing code | 4.48% 1,690 |
| Debugging and getting help | 6.37% 2,401 |
| Documenting code | 8.07% 3,042 |
| Learning about a codebase | 13.09% 4,936 |
| Testing code | 11.44% 4,316 |
| Project planning | 29.77% 11,227 |
| Committing and reviewing code | 22.95% 8,654 |
| Deployment and monitoring | 28.33% 10,682 |
| Collaborating with teammates | 41.38% 15,606 |
Regardless of being a professional developer or someone learning to code, people believe that their development workflow will be different in a year because of AI tools.
Work
For all respondents this year we see a slight increase in “Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed” and equal-sized decrease in full-time students (1 percentage point) compared to last year and other employment status' changing less than that.
The costs of investing in oneself has risen with inflation in 2023 but not enough to sway many from the opportunity to level up their developer skills.
| Employed, full-time | 69.28% 60,899 |
| Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed | 15.91% 13,988 |
| Student, full-time | 13.39% 11,768 |
| Employed, part-time | 5.72% 5,029 |
| Not employed, but looking for work | 4.75% 4,178 |
| Student, part-time | 3.86% 3,390 |
| Not employed, and not looking for work | 1.57% 1,380 |
| Retired | 0.84% 737 |
| I prefer not to say | 0.62% 549 |
| Employed, full-time | 79.85% 53,663 |
| Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed | 17.42% 11,704 |
| Student, full-time | 5.55% 3,733 |
| Employed, part-time | 5.46% 3,670 |
| Student, part-time | 3.06% 2,055 |
| Not employed, but looking for work | 2.97% 1,994 |
| Not employed, and not looking for work | 0.49% 331 |
| Retired | 0.27% 179 |
| I prefer not to say | 0.23% 157 |
Full-time employment has gone down in the top five countries while Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed has gone up (all less than 1%).
| Employed, full-time | 68.91% 14,461 |
| Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed | 9.79% 2,055 |
| Student, full-time | 9.29% 1,950 |
| Not employed, but looking for work | 3.82% 801 |
| Employed, part-time | 3.06% 642 |
| Student, part-time | 2.04% 428 |
| Retired | 1.37% 288 |
| Not employed, and not looking for work | 1.16% 244 |
| I prefer not to say | 0.55% 115 |
| Employed, full-time | 56.41% 4,816 |
| Student, full-time | 14.63% 1,249 |
| Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed | 10.92% 932 |
| Employed, part-time | 10.18% 869 |
| Student, part-time | 4.2% 359 |
| Not employed, but looking for work | 1.66% 142 |
| Not employed, and not looking for work | 1.08% 92 |
| Retired | 0.54% 46 |
| I prefer not to say | 0.39% 33 |
| Employed, full-time | 56.02% 3,607 |
| Student, full-time | 17.18% 1,106 |
| Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed | 10.47% 674 |
| Not employed, but looking for work | 6.93% 446 |
| Student, part-time | 3.84% 247 |
| Employed, part-time | 3.01% 194 |
| Not employed, and not looking for work | 1.63% 105 |
| I prefer not to say | 0.81% 52 |
| Retired | 0.12% 8 |
| Employed, full-time | 67.8% 4,101 |
| Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed | 12.38% 749 |
| Student, full-time | 10.76% 651 |
| Employed, part-time | 2.96% 179 |
| Not employed, but looking for work | 2.03% 123 |
| Retired | 1.45% 88 |
| Not employed, and not looking for work | 1.11% 67 |
| Student, part-time | 0.99% 60 |
| I prefer not to say | 0.51% 31 |
| Employed, full-time | 64.93% 2,586 |
| Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed | 12.63% 503 |
| Student, full-time | 11.02% 439 |
| Not employed, but looking for work | 3.72% 148 |
| Employed, part-time | 2.76% 110 |
| Student, part-time | 2.21% 88 |
| Not employed, and not looking for work | 1.31% 52 |
| Retired | 0.83% 33 |
| I prefer not to say | 0.6% 24 |
Hybrid is here to stay for larger organizations; over half of employees in 5,000+ organizations are hybrid. The smaller organizations are most likely to be in-person, with one out of five organizations with fewer than 20 people report being in-person.
More developers this year are working in-person this year than last year (+2%). Return to office initiatives aside, coding easily lends itself to fully remote work and one third or more of all organization sizes are still fully remote.
| Hybrid (some remote, some in-person) | 42.18% 31,131 |
| Remote | 41.41% 30,566 |
| In-person | 16.41% 12,113 |
Work
40% of respondents work for an organization that has less than 100 employees.
| Just me - I am a freelancer, sole proprietor, etc. | 5.35% 3,597 |
| 2 to 9 employees | 8.92% 6,000 |
| 10 to 19 employees | 7.41% 4,981 |
| 20 to 99 employees | 18.64% 12,534 |
| 100 to 499 employees | 16.75% 11,262 |
| 500 to 999 employees | 6.06% 4,074 |
| 1,000 to 4,999 employees | 9.61% 6,463 |
| 5,000 to 9,999 employees | 3.51% 2,361 |
| 10,000 or more employees | 10.44% 7,021 |
| I don’t know | 1.55% 1,043 |
Work
Senior roles like c-suite executives and engineering managers tend to have the highest salaries.
In Germany, engineering managers make comparable salaries to c-suite executives, and in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada we see that Developer Experience professionals have as high or higher salaries than c-suite.
Median yearly salary in USD
| Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) | $124,753.5 776 |
| Engineering manager | $124,138 1,311 |
| Marketing or sales professional | $116,000 40 |
| Engineer, site reliability | $115,657 319 |
| Developer Experience | $107,090 219 |
| Cloud infrastructure engineer | $105,000 766 |
| Blockchain | $103,743 185 |
| Developer Advocate | $100,312.5 116 |
| Security professional | $99,311 237 |
| Scientist | $92,321 196 |
| Product manager | $88,934 221 |
| Hardware Engineer | $85,672 163 |
| Research & Development role | $85,672 827 |
| Engineer, data | $83,515 904 |
| Data scientist or machine learning specialist | $80,317 992 |
| DevOps specialist | $80,158.5 982 |
| Database administrator | $78,686.5 134 |
| Developer, embedded applications or devices | $77,104 1,267 |
| Developer, back-end | $76,034 9,557 |
| Developer, full-stack | $71,140 17,060 |
| Developer, game or graphics | $71,007 491 |
| Developer, desktop or enterprise applications | $70,759 2,435 |
| Developer, mobile | $68,192.5 1,646 |
| Educator | $65,269.5 156 |
| Developer, QA or test | $63,927 360 |
| Project manager | $63,183 255 |
| Data or business analyst | $61,555 450 |
| Developer, front-end | $59,970 3,271 |
| Designer | $59,815 109 |
| System administrator | $55,764 328 |
| Academic researcher | $53,545 615 |
| Student | $15,421 23 |
Median yearly salary in USD
| Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) | $220,000 224 |
| Developer Experience | $210,000 77 |
| Product manager | $198,500 64 |
| Engineering manager | $195,000 434 |
| Cloud infrastructure engineer | $185,000 258 |
| Engineer, site reliability | $180,000 113 |
| Security professional | $173,000 86 |
| Developer, back-end | $165,000 1,985 |
| Developer, mobile | $163,000 287 |
| Data scientist or machine learning specialist | $160,000 250 |
| DevOps specialist | $160,000 224 |
| Engineer, data | $160,000 248 |
| Research & Development role | $160,000 212 |
| Developer, game or graphics | $158,000 107 |
| Designer | $151,000 32 |
| Developer, embedded applications or devices | $140,000 368 |
| Developer, front-end | $140,000 655 |
| Developer, full-stack | $140,000 4,383 |
| Hardware Engineer | $140,000 61 |
| Scientist | $132,500 82 |
| Developer, desktop or enterprise applications | $130,000 597 |
| Project manager | $125,000 41 |
| Developer, QA or test | $124,000 89 |
| Database administrator | $120,000 46 |
| Data or business analyst | $105,000 143 |
| Educator | $100,000 51 |
| Academic researcher | $90,000 100 |
| System administrator | $87,500 97 |
Median yearly salary in USD
| Engineering manager | $42,409 44 |
| DevOps specialist | $26,051 32 |
| Data scientist or machine learning specialist | $24,234 43 |
| Developer, desktop or enterprise applications | $24,234 51 |
| Engineer, data | $23,628 38 |
| Developer, back-end | $21,228.5 414 |
| Developer, full-stack | $16,964 675 |
| Developer, front-end | $15,146 218 |
| Developer, mobile | $13,934 123 |
Median yearly salary in USD
| Engineering manager | $107,090 90 |
| Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) | $104,412.5 62 |
| Data scientist or machine learning specialist | $87,813 69 |
| Engineer, data | $85,672 82 |
| Research & Development role | $85,672 71 |
| Cloud infrastructure engineer | $85,227 74 |
| Developer, mobile | $83,530 119 |
| Developer, back-end | $80,317 690 |
| Project manager | $80,317 32 |
| Developer, embedded applications or devices | $74,963 151 |
| DevOps specialist | $70,679 95 |
| Developer, desktop or enterprise applications | $69,608 280 |
| Developer, full-stack | $69,608 1,400 |
| Developer, front-end | $68,537 225 |
| Developer, game or graphics | $64,254 37 |
| Academic researcher | $62,112 140 |
| System administrator | $56,354 34 |
Median yearly salary in USD
| Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) | $155,173 55 |
| Engineering manager | $117,931 125 |
| Cloud infrastructure engineer | $105,517 49 |
| Developer, mobile | $99,311 96 |
| DevOps specialist | $93,104 69 |
| Developer, back-end | $89,379 745 |
| Data scientist or machine learning specialist | $86,897 77 |
| Research & Development role | $86,897 61 |
| Developer, game or graphics | $82,552 48 |
| Engineer, data | $80,690 81 |
| Developer, desktop or enterprise applications | $77,715 171 |
| Developer, embedded applications or devices | $76,966 98 |
| Developer, full-stack | $74,483 1,271 |
| Developer, front-end | $71,689.5 198 |
| Academic researcher | $52,348 33 |
| Data or business analyst | $46,552 40 |
Median yearly salary in USD
| Engineering manager | $126,397 67 |
| Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) | $120,000 38 |
| Cloud infrastructure engineer | $109,668.5 40 |
| Developer, game or graphics | $107,810 55 |
| Developer, back-end | $104,092 383 |
| Data scientist or machine learning specialist | $97,400 38 |
| Developer, mobile | $92,939 53 |
| Developer, front-end | $85,504 119 |
| DevOps specialist | $84,575 54 |
| Developer, desktop or enterprise applications | $82,530.5 134 |
| Developer, embedded applications or devices | $81,787 41 |
| Developer, full-stack | $81,787 784 |
| Research & Development role | $75,838 38 |
Years of experience continues to be the determining factor in higher salaries. The three highest-paid roles have, on average, more than 11 years of experience.
Zig developers are paid the most per years of experience compared to other languages (11 years average) with the same or more experience. Raku and Cobol developers have much more experience (19 years average) but make at least 25% less.
Work
Similarly to last year, 66% of Professional Developers have at least some influence over their organization’s purchases of new technologies.
Developer positions with the most influence are senior executives and engineering managers; 99% of senior-level positions have some or a great deal of influence when purchasing new technologies, followed by 86% of engineering managers.
| I have little or no influence | 34.99% 22,734 |
| I have some influence | 41.26% 26,805 |
| I have a great deal of influence | 23.74% 15,425 |
Most respondents investigate new technology purchases on their own (80%) instead of relying on a list provided to them.
| Investigate | 80.87% 49,212 |
| Given a list | 13.04% 7,935 |
| Other | 6.09% 3,704 |
Starting a free trial is the most common way to evaluate new tools and is up 2% among all respondents from last year's survey.
Full-stack and mobile developers prefer to start a free trial, while SRE and embedded application developers are more likely to ask a colleague/friend, indicating a need for different perspectives in the research process for certain roles.
| Start a free trial | 73.74% 61,210 |
| Ask developers I know/work with | 71.02% 58,955 |
| Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow | 64.11% 53,221 |
| Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd | 33.64% 27,928 |
| Ask a generative AI tool | 15.39% 12,775 |
| Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit | 14.86% 12,338 |
| Research companies that have emailed me | 5.46% 4,533 |
| Academic researcher | |
|---|---|
| Start a free trial | 66.58% 805 |
| Ask developers I know/work with | 71.13% 860 |
| Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow | 63.36% 766 |
| Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd | 30.93% 374 |
| Ask a generative AI tool | 11.17% 135 |
| Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit | 11.33% 137 |
| Research companies that have emailed me | 5.21% 63 |
| Blockchain | |
| Start a free trial | 68.79% 205 |
| Ask developers I know/work with | 71.14% 212 |
| Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow | 50.67% 151 |
| Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd | 34.9% 104 |
| Ask a generative AI tool | 26.51% 79 |
| Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit | 15.1% 45 |
| Research companies that have emailed me | 5.7% 17 |
| Cloud infrastructure engineer | |
| Start a free trial | 73.18% 715 |
| Ask developers I know/work with | 74.51% 728 |
| Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow | 64.79% 633 |
| Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd | 31.63% 309 |
| Ask a generative AI tool | 13.61% 133 |
| Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit | 15.97% 156 |
| Research companies that have emailed me | 6.86% 67 |
| Data or business analyst | |
| Start a free trial | 72.24% 557 |
| Ask developers I know/work with | 66.15% 510 |
| Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow | 64.98% 501 |
| Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd | 31.91% 246 |
| Ask a generative AI tool | 16.34% 126 |
| Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit | 19.58% 151 |
| Research companies that have emailed me | 8.69% 67 |
| Data scientist or machine learning specialist | |
| Start a free trial | 69.78% 1,037 |
| Ask developers I know/work with | 73.35% 1,090 |
| Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow | 66.15% 983 |
| Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd | 31.02% 461 |
| Ask a generative AI tool | 20.19% 300 |
| Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit | 16.69% 248 |
| Research companies that have emailed me | 7.34% 109 |
| Database administrator | |
| Start a free trial | 76.86% 186 |
| Ask developers I know/work with | 64.05% 155 |
| Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow | 59.5% 144 |
| Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd | 30.17% 73 |
| Ask a generative AI tool | 9.09% 22 |
| Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit | 16.12% 39 |
| Research companies that have emailed me | 8.26% 20 |
| Designer | |
| Start a free trial | 80.23% 211 |
| Ask developers I know/work with | 54.75% 144 |
| Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow | 55.89% 147 |
| Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd | 36.88% 97 |
| Ask a generative AI tool | 17.11% 45 |
| Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit | 15.97% 42 |
| Research companies that have emailed me | 7.6% 20 |
| DevOps specialist | |
| Start a free trial | 75.85% 1,005 |
| Ask developers I know/work with | 76.08% 1,008 |
| Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow | 68.45% 907 |
| Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd | 36.68% 486 |
| Ask a generative AI tool | 14.11% 187 |
| Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit | 15.92% 211 |
| Research companies that have emailed me | 6.87% 91 |
| Developer Advocate | |
| Start a free trial | 81.34% 170 |
| Ask developers I know/work with | 79.43% 166 |
| Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow | 51.2% 107 |
| Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd | 33.97% 71 |
| Ask a generative AI tool | 13.88% 29 |
| Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit | 16.75% 35 |
| Research companies that have emailed me | 6.7% 14 |
| Developer Experience | |
| Start a free trial | 75.25% 225 |
| Ask developers I know/work with | 78.93% 236 |
| Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow | 59.53% 178 |
| Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd | 31.77% 95 |
| Ask a generative AI tool | 15.05% 45 |
| Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit | 19.73% 59 |
| Research companies that have emailed me | 8.36% 25 |
| Developer, QA or test | |
| Start a free trial | 75.5% 416 |
| Ask developers I know/work with | 74.59% 411 |
| Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow | 64.79% 357 |
| Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd | 33.03% 182 |
| Ask a generative AI tool | 15.06% 83 |
| Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit | 13.43% 74 |
| Research companies that have emailed me | 4.9% 27 |
| Developer, back-end | |
| Start a free trial | 76.38% 9,797 |
| Ask developers I know/work with | 77.88% 9,989 |
| Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow | 63.23% 8,110 |
| Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd | 30.2% 3,874 |
| Ask a generative AI tool | 12.85% 1,648 |
| Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit | 12.55% 1,610 |
| Research companies that have emailed me | 4.01% 514 |
| Developer, desktop or enterprise applications | |
| Start a free trial | 78.13% 2,869 |
| Ask developers I know/work with | 68.63% 2,520 |
| Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow | 69.85% 2,565 |
| Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd | 32.57% 1,196 |
| Ask a generative AI tool | 9.89% 363 |
| Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit | 15.47% 568 |
| Research companies that have emailed me | 4.98% 183 |
| Developer, embedded applications or devices | |
| Start a free trial | 70.47% 1,193 |
| Ask developers I know/work with | 78.56% 1,330 |
| Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow | 70.05% 1,186 |
| Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd | 29.83% 505 |
| Ask a generative AI tool | 8.74% 148 |
| Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit | 13.76% 233 |
| Research companies that have emailed me | 5.38% 91 |
| Developer, front-end | |
| Start a free trial | 76.48% 3,635 |
| Ask developers I know/work with | 72.42% 3,442 |
| Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow | 59.27% 2,817 |
| Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd | 32.55% 1,547 |
| Ask a generative AI tool | 16.66% 792 |
| Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit | 14.31% 680 |
| Research companies that have emailed me | 4.12% 196 |
| Developer, full-stack | |
| Start a free trial | 78.28% 19,215 |
| Ask developers I know/work with | 73.85% 18,129 |
| Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow | 66.07% 16,217 |
| Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd | 34.44% 8,453 |
| Ask a generative AI tool | 15.57% 3,823 |
| Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit | 14.71% 3,611 |
| Research companies that have emailed me | 4.84% 1,187 |
| Developer, game or graphics | |
| Start a free trial | 74.18% 612 |
| Ask developers I know/work with | 74.67% 616 |
| Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow | 60.24% 497 |
| Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd | 32.48% 268 |
| Ask a generative AI tool | 13.7% 113 |
| Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit | 11.39% 94 |
| Research companies that have emailed me | 5.09% 42 |
| Developer, mobile | |
| Start a free trial | 79.19% 1,948 |
| Ask developers I know/work with | 72.76% 1,790 |
| Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow | 60.89% 1,498 |
| Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd | 29.23% 719 |
| Ask a generative AI tool | 13.82% 340 |
| Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit | 15.77% 388 |
| Research companies that have emailed me | 4.76% 117 |
| Educator | |
| Start a free trial | 73.44% 282 |
| Ask developers I know/work with | 56.25% 216 |
| Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow | 65.36% 251 |
| Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd | 37.24% 143 |
| Ask a generative AI tool | 14.84% 57 |
| Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit | 14.58% 56 |
| Research companies that have emailed me | 7.29% 28 |
| Engineer, data | |
| Start a free trial | 75.49% 890 |
| Ask developers I know/work with | 74.98% 884 |
| Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow | 66.41% 783 |
| Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd | 34.44% 406 |
| Ask a generative AI tool | 16.2% 191 |
| Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit | 17.56% 207 |
| Research companies that have emailed me | 7.46% 88 |
| Engineer, site reliability | |
| Start a free trial | 69.87% 276 |
| Ask developers I know/work with | 79.75% 315 |
| Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow | 58.23% 230 |
| Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd | 31.39% 124 |
| Ask a generative AI tool | 12.41% 49 |
| Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit | 19.49% 77 |
| Research companies that have emailed me | 9.87% 39 |
| Engineering manager | |
| Start a free trial | 83.38% 1,640 |
| Ask developers I know/work with | 83.27% 1,638 |
| Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow | 63.75% 1,254 |
| Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd | 37.57% 739 |
| Ask a generative AI tool | 13.42% 264 |
| Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit | 20.03% 394 |
| Research companies that have emailed me | 7.93% 156 |
| Hardware Engineer | |
| Start a free trial | 68.48% 189 |
| Ask developers I know/work with | 71.74% 198 |
| Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow | 59.78% 165 |
| Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd | 34.78% 96 |
| Ask a generative AI tool | 10.51% 29 |
| Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit | 23.55% 65 |
| Research companies that have emailed me | 11.23% 31 |
| Marketing or sales professional | |
| Start a free trial | 76.26% 106 |
| Ask developers I know/work with | 53.96% 75 |
| Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow | 64.03% 89 |
| Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd | 42.45% 59 |
| Ask a generative AI tool | 17.27% 24 |
| Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit | 23.74% 33 |
| Research companies that have emailed me | 11.51% 16 |
| Product manager | |
| Start a free trial | 81.86% 352 |
| Ask developers I know/work with | 73.26% 315 |
| Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow | 60.47% 260 |
| Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd | 40.7% 175 |
| Ask a generative AI tool | 16.74% 72 |
| Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit | 17.91% 77 |
| Research companies that have emailed me | 9.77% 42 |
| Project manager | |
| Start a free trial | 79.27% 455 |
| Ask developers I know/work with | 68.82% 395 |
| Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow | 63.94% 367 |
| Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd | 39.2% 225 |
| Ask a generative AI tool | 13.94% 80 |
| Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit | 21.08% 121 |
| Research companies that have emailed me | 9.41% 54 |
| Research & Development role | |
| Start a free trial | 73.47% 936 |
| Ask developers I know/work with | 74.96% 955 |
| Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow | 70.96% 904 |
| Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd | 34.46% 439 |
| Ask a generative AI tool | 13.74% 175 |
| Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit | 17.43% 222 |
| Research companies that have emailed me | 7.3% 93 |
| Scientist | |
| Start a free trial | 66.88% 206 |
| Ask developers I know/work with | 68.83% 212 |
| Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow | 65.91% 203 |
| Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd | 30.84% 95 |
| Ask a generative AI tool | 9.74% 30 |
| Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit | 13.64% 42 |
| Research companies that have emailed me | 9.09% 28 |
| Security professional | |
| Start a free trial | 75.62% 335 |
| Ask developers I know/work with | 74.04% 328 |
| Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow | 60.05% 266 |
| Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd | 36.12% 160 |
| Ask a generative AI tool | 13.32% 59 |
| Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit | 19.86% 88 |
| Research companies that have emailed me | 8.35% 37 |
| Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) | |
| Start a free trial | 86.68% 1,132 |
| Ask developers I know/work with | 78.71% 1,028 |
| Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow | 61.87% 808 |
| Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd | 42.34% 553 |
| Ask a generative AI tool | 17.92% 234 |
| Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit | 22.89% 299 |
| Research companies that have emailed me | 14.01% 183 |
| Student | |
| Start a free trial | 64.49% 1,146 |
| Ask developers I know/work with | 65% 1,155 |
| Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow | 71.41% 1,269 |
| Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd | 39.5% 702 |
| Ask a generative AI tool | 24.99% 444 |
| Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit | 15.76% 280 |
| Research companies that have emailed me | 5.85% 104 |
| System administrator | |
| Start a free trial | 69.34% 484 |
| Ask developers I know/work with | 60.89% 425 |
| Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow | 65.76% 459 |
| Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd | 40.11% 280 |
| Ask a generative AI tool | 12.03% 84 |
| Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit | 20.34% 142 |
| Research companies that have emailed me | 9.6% 67 |
Work
Most Professional Developers code outside of work as a hobby (70%), but 37% code outside of work for professional development or self-paced learning from online courses.
| Hobby | 70.42% 51,942 |
| Professional development or self-paced learning from online courses | 36.54% 26,957 |
| Contribute to open-source projects | 24.72% 18,231 |
| Freelance/contract work | 19.33% 14,258 |
| Bootstrapping a business | 13.95% 10,293 |
| I don’t code outside of work | 11.94% 8,809 |
| School or academic work | 11.71% 8,636 |
Community is at the center of all that we do. Here we take a look at how people use Stack Overflow and how connected they feel to the community.
Community
Less than 1% of respondents have never visited Stack Overflow or the Stack Exchange Network. For those learning, it's 4%.
Developers learning to code are mostly using online resources, but are also more likely to use online courses to learn and get up-to-speed on questions they may ask or search for on Stack Overflow.
| Stack Overflow | 98.03% 86,239 |
| Stack Exchange | 67.1% 59,029 |
| Collectives on Stack Overflow | 8.06% 7,091 |
| Stack Overflow for Teams (private knowledge sharing & collaboration platform for companies) | 5% 4,397 |
| I have never visited Stack Overflow or the Stack Exchange network | 0.69% 611 |
| Stack Overflow | 98.64% 66,324 |
| Stack Exchange | 68.01% 45,725 |
| Collectives on Stack Overflow | 7.77% 5,221 |
| Stack Overflow for Teams (private knowledge sharing & collaboration platform for companies) | 5.46% 3,668 |
| I have never visited Stack Overflow or the Stack Exchange network | 0.33% 222 |
| Stack Overflow | 92.68% 4,598 |
| Stack Exchange | 49.89% 2,475 |
| Collectives on Stack Overflow | 11.07% 549 |
| I have never visited Stack Overflow or the Stack Exchange network | 4.07% 202 |
| Stack Overflow for Teams (private knowledge sharing & collaboration platform for companies) | 3.65% 181 |
92.5% visit Stack Overflow at least weekly or a few times a month.
| Multiple times per day | 13.4% 11,952 |
| Daily or almost daily | 24.81% 22,124 |
| A few times per week | 31.49% 28,085 |
| A few times per month or weekly | 22.78% 20,312 |
| Less than once per month or monthly | 5.23% 4,667 |
Seven out of ten respondents have a Stack Overflow account.
| Yes | 74.32% 66,282 |
| No | 16.39% 14,618 |
| Not sure/can't remember | 7.8% 6,952 |
| 1.49% 1,332 |
Of those with a Stack Overflow account, a majority (39%) are participating on the site less than once per month or monthly.
| Multiple times per day | 0.77% 685 |
| Daily or almost daily | 1.47% 1,309 |
| A few times per week | 3.68% 3,285 |
| A few times per month or weekly | 10.27% 9,160 |
| Less than once per month or monthly | 38.86% 34,661 |
| I have never participated in Q&A on Stack Overflow | 19.02% 16,961 |
30% of respondents consider themselves “somewhat” or “definitely” a member of the Stack Overflow community. Of these respondents, 63% are between the ages of 25-44 and most likely have enough but not too much work experience to ask and answer questions compared to their more junior or senior counterparts.
| Yes, definitely | 8.97% 7,996 |
| Yes, somewhat | 21.33% 19,026 |
| Neutral | 21.34% 19,033 |
| No, not really | 32.63% 29,100 |
| No, not at all | 13% 11,598 |
| Not sure | 1.05% 939 |
Percent who consider themselves definitely or somewhat part of the Stack Overflow community.
| Under 18 years old | 22.31% 921 |
| 18-24 years old | 26.31% 4,717 |
| 25-34 years old | 30.44% 10,119 |
| 35-44 years old | 32.78% 6,731 |
| 45-54 years old | 35.03% 2,919 |
| 55-64 years old | 34.58% 1,173 |
| 65 years or older | 29.8% 349 |
| Prefer not to say | 20.71% 93 |
We asked Professional Developers to tell us about what impacts their productivity at work, how often it happens, and how much time that takes out of their day. We also asked them about the developer experience at work—do they have the processes, tools, and programs to make it easier to do their jobs?
Professional Developers
49% of all respondents agreed to participate in this year's professional developer series, resulting in over 43,000 responses—6K more than last year.
| Yes | 49.19% 43,872 |
| Not Eligible | 26.26% 23,416 |
| No | 24.55% 21,896 |
The vast majority of respondents (86%) are individual contributors.
| Individual contributor | 86.3% 37,685 |
| People manager | 13.7% 5,983 |
27% of respondents are 5-9 years into their professional careers.
This is inline with the majority response individual contributors (28% for 5-9 years), rather than people managers (21% for 5-9 years).
| 1 to 4 years | 23.81% 10,377 |
| 5 to 9 years | 26.86% 11,707 |
| 10 to 14 years | 18.55% 8,086 |
| 15 to 19 years | 11.21% 4,885 |
| 20 to 24 years | 8.39% 3,658 |
| 25 to 29 years | 5.11% 2,225 |
| 30 to 34 years | 2.73% 1,191 |
| 35 to 39 years | 1.47% 642 |
| 40 to 44 years | 0.82% 358 |
| 45 to 49 years | 0.26% 112 |
| 50 years or more | 0.18% 77 |
| 1 to 4 years | 26.01% 9,741 |
| 5 to 9 years | 27.74% 10,389 |
| 10 to 14 years | 17.86% 6,688 |
| 15 to 19 years | 10.26% 3,842 |
| 20 to 24 years | 7.76% 2,907 |
| 25 to 29 years | 4.57% 1,712 |
| 30 to 34 years | 2.5% 937 |
| 35 to 39 years | 1.4% 524 |
| 40 to 44 years | 0.82% 307 |
| 45 to 49 years | 0.25% 92 |
| 50 years or more | 0.15% 58 |
| 1 to 4 years | 9.79% 584 |
| 5 to 9 years | 21.43% 1,278 |
| 10 to 14 years | 23.18% 1,382 |
| 15 to 19 years | 17.21% 1,026 |
| 20 to 24 years | 12.28% 732 |
| 25 to 29 years | 8.5% 507 |
| 30 to 34 years | 4.14% 247 |
| 35 to 39 years | 1.93% 115 |
| 40 to 44 years | 0.84% 50 |
| 45 to 49 years | 0.32% 19 |
| 50 years or more | 0.3% 18 |
Most respondents are individual contributors and are in the IT industry (49%), followed by financial services and supply chain.
| Information Services, IT, Software Development, or other Technology | 49.38% 18,159 |
| Financial Services | 12.02% 4,421 |
| Other | 10.91% 4,011 |
| Manufacturing, Transportation, or Supply Chain | 7.09% 2,607 |
| Healthcare | 6.03% 2,216 |
| Retail and Consumer Services | 5.32% 1,955 |
| Higher Education | 3.38% 1,242 |
| Advertising Services | 2.14% 786 |
| Insurance | 1.92% 707 |
| Oil & Gas | 0.75% 276 |
| Legal Services | 0.57% 210 |
| Wholesale | 0.5% 184 |
| Information Services, IT, Software Development, or other Technology | 48.87% 15,435 |
| Financial Services | 11.89% 3,754 |
| Other | 11.09% 3,501 |
| Manufacturing, Transportation, or Supply Chain | 7.29% 2,302 |
| Healthcare | 6.09% 1,924 |
| Retail and Consumer Services | 5.41% 1,710 |
| Higher Education | 3.43% 1,084 |
| Advertising Services | 2.19% 693 |
| Insurance | 1.94% 614 |
| Oil & Gas | 0.76% 239 |
| Legal Services | 0.55% 173 |
| Wholesale | 0.48% 152 |
| Information Services, IT, Software Development, or other Technology | 58.27% 2,671 |
| Financial Services | 14.18% 650 |
| Manufacturing, Transportation, or Supply Chain | 6.54% 300 |
| Healthcare | 6.28% 288 |
| Retail and Consumer Services | 5.21% 239 |
| Higher Education | 3.4% 156 |
| Advertising Services | 1.96% 90 |
| Insurance | 1.92% 88 |
| Oil & Gas | 0.79% 36 |
| Legal Services | 0.76% 35 |
| Wholesale | 0.68% 31 |
83% of respondents agree or strongly agree that they have interactions outside of their immediate team. The collaboration among developers and coworkers to find solutions at work is strong.
People managers more so than individual contributors (75% vs 66%) agree or strongly agree that they know which system or resource to use to find the answers they need. Managers help remove blockers for their team so this makes sense.
Interactions with team members and managers aren't enough to help developers as more than half (53%) of developers agree or strongly agree that they are slowed down at work waiting on answers.
In a new question this year, we asked if people feel like they have what they need to quickly understand and work on any area of their company's code. About half of developers say they have what they need, which means that the other half don't feel confident they have what they need to quickly understand and work on a new area.
90% of developers interact with members outside their team at least once per week.
People Managers more frequently than individual contributors need help from members outside their team: 22% (vs. 12%) find themselves doing this three or more times per week.
63% of all respondents spend more than 30 minutes a day searching for answers or solutions to problems. People managers are more likely to spend less time searching than individual contributors (42% vs. 36% spend 30 minutes or less).
| Less than 15 minutes a day | 9.25% 3,959 |
| 15-30 minutes a day | 27.52% 11,773 |
| 30-60 minutes a day | 38.19% 16,338 |
| 60-120 minutes a day | 17.83% 7,626 |
| Over 120 minutes a day | 7.2% 3,082 |
| Less than 15 minutes a day | 9.04% 3,325 |
| 15-30 minutes a day | 26.96% 9,917 |
| 30-60 minutes a day | 38.24% 14,066 |
| 60-120 minutes a day | 18.37% 6,758 |
| Over 120 minutes a day | 7.39% 2,720 |
| Less than 15 minutes a day | 10.6% 621 |
| 15-30 minutes a day | 30.99% 1,815 |
| 30-60 minutes a day | 38.01% 2,226 |
| 60-120 minutes a day | 14.5% 849 |
| Over 120 minutes a day | 5.91% 346 |
49% of all respondents spend more than 30 minutes a day answering questions.
We would expect people managers are more likely to spend more time each day answering questions; 36% versus only 16% of individual contributors spend an hour or more answering questions.
| Less than 15 minutes a day | 19.52% 8,321 |
| 15-30 minutes a day | 32.09% 13,678 |
| 30-60 minutes a day | 30.53% 13,013 |
| 60-120 minutes a day | 13.31% 5,674 |
| Over 120 minutes a day | 4.56% 1,943 |
| Less than 15 minutes a day | 21.37% 7,838 |
| 15-30 minutes a day | 33.81% 12,398 |
| 30-60 minutes a day | 29.72% 10,900 |
| 60-120 minutes a day | 11.52% 4,224 |
| Over 120 minutes a day | 3.58% 1,311 |
| Less than 15 minutes a day | 7.75% 452 |
| 15-30 minutes a day | 21.3% 1,242 |
| 30-60 minutes a day | 35.54% 2,072 |
| 60-120 minutes a day | 24.61% 1,435 |
| Over 120 minutes a day | 10.79% 629 |
Professional Developers
Most Professional Developers report having CI/CD, automated testing, and DevOps available at their organization.
Slightly more developers report having observability tools than a developer portal to make it easy to find tools and services (39% vs. 37%).
16% of organizations have AI-assisted technology.
| Continuous integration (CI) and (more often) continuous delivery | 71.93% 30,056 |
| Automated testing | 60.79% 25,398 |
| DevOps function | 60.45% 25,258 |
| Microservices | 49.13% 20,526 |
| Observability tools | 39.35% 16,442 |
| Developer portal or other central places to find tools/services | 36.7% 15,335 |
| AI-assisted technology tool(s) | 15.66% 6,543 |
| Innersource initiative | 14.13% 5,906 |
| None of these | 11.93% 4,984 |
How we planned and analyzed our survey
Methodology
This report is based on a survey of 89,184 software developers from 185 countries around the world. This is the number of responses we consider “qualified” for analytical purposes based on consenting to share their information in this survey and finishing all the required questions; approximately 2,000 responses were not included in this analysis.
The survey was fielded from May 8, 2023 to May 19, 2023.
The median time spent on the survey for qualified responses was almost 18 minutes, an increase we expected this year because of additional questions asked.
Respondents were recruited primarily through channels owned by Stack Overflow. The top sources of respondents were onsite messaging, blog posts, email/newsletter subscribers, banner ads, and social media posts. Since respondents were recruited in this way, highly-engaged users on Stack Overflow were more likely to notice the prompts to take the survey over the duration of the collection promotion.
Due to United States transport/export sanctions, our survey was, unfortunately, inaccessible to prospective respondents in Crimea, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, and Syria, due to the traffic being blocked by our third-party survey software. While some respondents used VPNs to get around the block, the limitation should be kept in mind when interpreting survey results.
Many questions were only shown to respondents based on their previous answers. For example, questions about jobs and work were only shown to those who said they were working in a job.
We asked respondents about their salaries. First, we asked what currency each respondent typically used. Then we asked the respondents what their salary was in that currency annually.
The salary question, like most on the survey, was optional. There were 48,026 respondents who gave us salary data. Salary comparisons in the Technology section bring in all salaries provided by respondents that were associated with having worked with a particular programming language. Salary comparisons in the Work section only compare salaries for those that indicated their developer role, excluding write-in responses, regardless of whether they provided a salary.
We converted salaries from user currencies to USD using the exchange rate on June 2, 2023.
Less than 1% of salaries inside and outside of the US were excluded because they exceeded threshold values.
To identify which technologies to include in the survey this year, included those used in the previous year and added popular ones written in as "Other". We submitted this list to our Meta community to solicit feedback and finalize a collection of technologies.
The questions were organized into several blocks of questions, which were randomized in order.
Free form text responses are primarily used to influence future survey choices but are not included in the published results.
Corrections to the results site since June 13, 2023: Updated the salary filter for sample size so that subsets of 30 or less are filtered from results, updated the AI section for 'AI Tools next year' as it was erroneously displaying professional coder responses in the all responsents tab, and updated Professional Developers section to display a new question this year for industry.
Methodology
The majority of respondents felt like this year’s survey was an appropriate length.
| Appropriate in length | 76.27% 65,962 |
| Too long | 21.51% 18,605 |
| Too short | 2.22% 1,918 |
2% of respondents felt like this year’s survey was difficult.
| Easy | 62.5% 54,092 |
| Neither easy nor difficult | 35.92% 31,088 |
| Difficult | 1.59% 1,374 |
Methodology
Similar to previous years the overwhelming majority of respondents are a developer by profession.
| I am a developer by profession | 75.39% 67,237 |
| I am not primarily a developer, but I write code sometimes as part of my work/studies | 10.04% 8,954 |
| I am learning to code | 5.56% 4,961 |
| I code primarily as a hobby | 5.56% 4,960 |
| I used to be a developer by profession, but no longer am | 2.09% 1,861 |
| None of these | 1.36% 1,211 |