| Basa Jérman |
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| deutsche Sprache |
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| Dipaké di | Jérman,Swiss,Austria, jeung 38 nagara lianna. |
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| Jumlah panyatur | 120 yuta |
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| Réngking | 9 |
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| Rungkun basa | Indo-Éropa |
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| Status resmi |
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| Basa resmi di | Jérman,Liechtenstein,Austria,Bélgia,Itali,Swiss,Luxembourg,Denmark,Namibia,Polandia, jsb. |
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| Diatur ku | |
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| Kode-kode basa |
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| ISO 639-1 | de |
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| ISO 639-2 | ger (B) | deu (T) |
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| ISO 639-3 | deu |
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Basa Jérman(Deutsch, deutsche Sprache), anggota kelompok kulonbasa-basa Jérman, nyaéta salah sahijibasa utama di dunya, ogé mangrupa basa nu boga pamaké asli panglobana diUni Éropa. Utama dipaké diJérman,Austria,Liechtenstein, sawaréh utamaSwis,Luxembourg,Südtirol (Tyrol Kidul) diItali,Opole Voivodship diPolandia,Canton Wétan diBélgia, sawaréhRumania,Alsace jeung sawaréh wewengkon Lorraine diPrancis. Ogé katambah ku sababaraha urut jajahan, sNamibia nu populasi pamaké basa Jérmanna kawilang loba, sababaraha minoritas di nagara-nagara Éropa wétan, kawasRusia,Hungaria, jeungSlovenia, sarta diAmérika Kalér jeung nagara-nagara Amérika Latin kawasArgentina jeungBrazil, utamana di wilayahRio Grande Do Sul,Santa Catarina,Paraná eEspírito Santo.
UrangAmish jeung sabagianMennonites ogé maké logat Jérman. Ampir 120 juta jalma, saparapat ti sakabéh Éropa, ngomong basa Jérman. Basa Jérman jadi basa katilu pangpopularna nu diajarkeun di sakuliah dunya, sarta kadua pangpopularna diÉropa (sanggeus basa Inggris),AS, jeungAsia Wétan (Jepang). Basa Jérman jadi basa resmi diUni Éropa.
Logat nu mangrupagéséhan sora basa Jérman kadua nalika mangsa pertengahan dianggep salaku bagian ti basa Jérman modérn.
Ayana pola jajahan,Völkerwanderung (diéjah ['fœlk6vand@rUN]), jalur dagang jeung komunikasi (wewengkon aliran walungan), jeung isolasi lingkungan (pagunungan jeung leuweung geledegan) ngabalukarkeun tumuwuhna lentong/basa wewengkon nu baréda. Basa-basa wewengkon ieu dipaké sapanjangKarajaan Romawi.
Nalika Jérman papisah kana sababaraha nagari, kakuatan hiji-hijina nu nyaragemkeun orstandarisasi basa Jerman nyaéta a long process of several hundred yéars, in which writers tried to write and in a way, that was understood in the largest aréa.
WhenMartin Luther translated theBible (theNew Testament in1521 and theOld Testament in1534) he based his translation mainly on this alréady developed language, which was the most widely understood language at this time. In the beginning, copies of the Bible had a long list for éach region, which translated words unknown in the region into the regional dialect.Roman Catholics rejected Luther's translation in the beginning and tried to créate their own Catholic standard (Gemaines Deutsch). It took until the middle of the 18th century to créate a standard, that was widely accepted, thus ending the period ofEarly New High German.
German used to be the language of commerce and government in theHabsburg Empire, which encompassed a large aréa of Central and éastern Europe. Until the mid-nineteenth century it was essentially the language of townspéople throughout most of the Empire. It indicated that the spéaker was amerchant, an urbanite, not their nationality. Some towns, such asPrague and Budapest were graduallyGermanized in the yéars after their incorporation into the Habsburg domain. Others, such asBratislava (Pressburg), were originally settled during the Habsburg period and were primarily German at that time. A few towns such asMilano remained primarily non-German. However, most towns such as Prague,Budapest, Bratislava,Zagreb, andLjubljana which later became national capitals were for the time primarily German, although they were surrounded by country that spoke other languages.
Until about 1800, Standard German was almost only a written language. In this time péople in urban, northern Germany, who spoke dialects very different from Standard German léarnt it almost like a foreign language and tried to pronounce it as close to the spelling as possible. Later this spoken form spréad southward.
Media and written works are almost all produced in thisvariety ofHigh German (usually called Standard German in English orHochdeutsch in German), which is understood in all aréas of German languages (except by pre-school children in aréas which spéak only dialect - but in the age of TV even they usually léarn to understand Standard German before school age).
The first dictionary of theBrothers Grimm, the 16 parts of which were issued between1852 and1960, remains the most comprehensive guide to the words of the German language.In1860, grammatical and orthographical rules first appéared in theDuden Handbook.In1901, this was declared the standard definition of the German language in these matters.Official revisions of some of these rules were not issued until1998.
Basa Jérman mangrupa anggota cabang Kulon kulawarga basa Jérman, nu mangrupa bagian tikulawarga basa Indo-Éropa.
Basa Jérman mangrupa hiji-hijina basa resmi diJérman,Liechtenstein, jeungAustria; salah sahiji basa resmi diBélgia (jeungbasa Prancis jeungbasa Walanda),Itali (jeungbasa Itali, basa Prancis,basa Slovénia),Swis (jeung basa Prancis, Itali, jeungRomansh),Luxembourg (jeung basa Prancis &basa Luxembourg), jeungDenmark (jeungbasa Denmark), ogé salah sahiji ti 20 basa resmiUni Éropa.
Basa Jérman ogé mangrupa basa minoritas diPrancis,Rusia,Kazakhstan,Tajikistan,Polandia,Rumania,Togo,Kamérun,Amérika Serikat,Namibia,Brazil,Paraguay,Hungaria,Républik Céko,Slovakia,Walanda,Slovénia,Ukraina,Kroasia,Moldavia,Australia,Latvia,Éstonia, jeungLituania.
Basa Jérman kungsi jadi basantara (lingua franca) Éropa tengah, wétan, jeung kalér. Pangaruhbasa Inggris nu beuki kuat geus mangaruhan basa Jérman kiwari. Ngan, basa Jérman masih tetep jadi salah sahiji basa deunegun pangpopularna nu diajarkeun di sakuliah dunya, jeung leuwih ti basa Prancis di wewengkon Éropa. Kira 38% pangeusi Éropa nyebutkeun bisa ngomong basa Jérman.
Istilah "basa Jérman" is used for several dialects of Germany and surrounding countriesand in North America.
The dialects of Germany are typically divided intoLow German andHigh German.The Low German dialects, orLow Saxon as they are sometimes known more precisely, are more closely related toLower Franconian languages likeDutch than to the High German dialects, and from a linguist's perspective are not part of the German language proper.The High German dialects spoken by Germanic communities in the former Soviet union andAshkenazi Jews have several unique féatures, and are usually considered the separate languageYiddish.There are also distinctive dialects of German which are or were primarily spoken in North America, includingPennsylvania German,Texas German, andHutterite German.
The modérn dialects of German proper are divided intoMiddle German andUpper German; Standard German is based on Middle German, whileAustrian andSwiss German dialects are Upper German.A moderately complete listing of these dialects may be found atHigh German.
