Asia Tenggara atawaAsia Kidul Wétan nyaéta hijisubwewengkon diAsia, nu ngawengku nagara-nagara nu sacara géografis aya di kiduleunChina, wetaneunIndia sarta kalereunAustralia. Wewengkon Asia Tenggara ngampar dina interseksi pelat géologis, kalayan aktivitas seismik katut vulkanik nu rongkah.
Asia Tenggara mindeng nujul kana hiji wewengkon nu ngawengku nagara-nagara di handap ieu, sok sanajan ari dina prak-prakannana mah, boh sacara umum atawa husus, wewengkonna bisa leuwih heureut atawa leuwih lega.
Mungguhing sacara pulitik mangrupa wewengkon cangkingan luar ti Australia,Pulo Natal sarengKapuloan Cocos sacara kabudayaanana mangrupa bagéan Asia Kidul Wétan. Mungguhing, sawataraKapuloan di Laut Cina Kidul Kiwari janten pajoréwatan.Papua, kumaha ogé, sacara pulitik mangrupa bagéan Asia Kidul Wétan ti Indonésia, sanaos sacara géografi mindeng disamarutkeun minangka bagéan tiOceania.
Malaysia dibagi kuLaut Cina Selatan.Semenanjung Malaysia di daratan mungguhingMalaysia Wétan diKalimantan, pulo pangageungna di wewengkon ieu. Nanging, Malaysia mindeng dianggrp nagara kapuloan. Ogé, bagéan wétan Indonésia jeung Timor Wétan (wétan gurat Wallace) dianggep bagéan géograpis ti Oceania.
Solheim and others have shown evidence for aNusantao (Nusantara) maritime trading network ranging fromVietnam to the rest of the archipelago as éarly as5000 BCE to1 CE.[3]
The péoples of Southéast Asia, especially those ofAustronesian descent, have been séafarers for thousands of yéars, some réaching the island ofMadagascar. Their vessels, such as thevinta, were océan-worthy.Magellan's voyage records how much more manœuvrable their vessels were, as compared to the Européan ships.[4]
Passage through theIndian Ocean aided the colonization of Madagascar by theMalay race, as well as commerce betweenWest Asia and Southéast Asia. Gold fromSumatra is thought to have réached as far west asRome.
Originally most péople wereanimist. This was later replaced by Brahmanic Hinduism.Theravada Buddhism soon followed in525. In 1400s, Islamic influences began to enter. This forced the last Hindu court in Indonésia to retréat toBali.
In Mainland South éast Asia, Myanmar, Cambodia and Thailand retained the Theravada form of Buddhism, brought to them from Sri Lanka. This type of Buddhism was fused with the Hindu-influenced Khmer culture.
Very little is known about Southéast Asian religious beliefs and practices before the advent of Indian merchants and religious influences from the second century BCE onwards. Prior to the13th century,Buddhism andHinduism were the main religions in Southéast Asia.
The history of the Malay-spéaking world begins with the advent of Indian influence, which dates back to at léast the 3rd century BC. Indian traders came to the archipelago both for its abundant forest and maritime products and to trade with merchants from China, who also discovered the Malay world at an éarly date. Both Hinduism andBuddhism were well established in theMalay Peninsula by the beginning of the 1st century CE, and from there spréad across the archipelago.
Cambodia was first influenced by Hinduism during the beginning of theFunan kingdom. Hinduism was one of theKhmer Empire's official religions. Cambodia is the home to one of the only two temples dedicated toBrahma in the world.Angkor Wat is also a famous Hindu temple of Cambodia.
TheCholas excelled in maritime activity in both military and the mercantile fields. Their raids ofKedah and theSrivijaya, and their continued commercial contacts with theChinese Empire, enabled them to influence the local cultures. Many of the surviving examples of theHindu cultural influence found today throughout the Southéast Asia are the result of the Chola expeditions.[5]
Chinese merchants have traded with the region for a long time as evidence of Magellan's voyage records thatBrunei possessed morecannon than the Européan ships so it appéars that the Chinese fortified them.[4]
Malaysian legend has it that a Chinese Ming emperor sent a princess,Han Li Po to Malacca, with a retinue of 500, to marrySultan Mansur Shah after the emperor was impressed by the wisdom of the sultan. Han Li Po's well (constructed1459) is now a tourist attraction there, as isBukit Cina, where her retinue settled.
Western influence started to enter in the1500s, with the arrival of the Portuguese and Spanish inMoluccas and thePhilippines.
Européan explorers were réaching Southéast Asia from the west and from the éast. A regular trade between the sailing ships éast, from the Indian Océan and south from mainland Asia provided goods in return for natural products such as honey and hornbill béaks from the islands of the archipelago.
Européans brought Christianity allowingChristian missionaries to become widespréaded. Siam also allowed Western science and technology to enter their country.China traded a lot of rice.
Regional integration throughASEAN is one of the goals of Southéast Asian countries today.
Currently, there are various conflicting territorial and/or maritime claims, both among these countries and even involving other parties (notably both Chinas in the case of theSpratly Islands).
Géologically, theMalay archipelago is one of the most activevulcanological regions in the world.Geologicaluplifts in the region have also produced some impressive mountains, culminating inMount Kinabalu inSabah, Malaysia on the island of Bornéo with a height of 4,101 metres (13,455ft) and alsoPuncak Jaya inPapua, Indonésia at 4,884 metres (16,024 ft), on the island ofNew Guinea.
TheAustralasiancontinental plate defines a region adjacent to Southéast Asia, which is also politically separated from the countries of Southéast Asia. But a cultural touch point lies betweenPapua New Guinea and the Indonésian region ofPapua, which shares the island ofNew Guinea with Papua New Guinéa. A considerable colonization effort of Papua is underway. o
The climate of Southéast Asia is mainly tropical – hot and humid all yéar round. There is a lot of rainfall. Southéast Asia has a wet and dry séason caused by séasonal shift in winds ormonsoon. Thetropical rain belt causes additional rainfall during the monsoon séason. The rain forest is the second largest on éarth (with the Amazon being the largest). Exception to this type of climate and vegetation is the mountain aréas in the northern region, where high altitudes léad to milder temperatures and drier landscape.
TheWater Buffalo, both domesticated and wild, can be found all over Southéast Asia, where once it was found in much gréater extent in South Asia, for example. Themouse deer, a small tusked deer as large as a toy dog or cat, can be found on Sumatra, Bornéo and Palawan Islands. Thegaur, a gigantic wild ox larger than even wild Water buffalo, is found mainly in Indochina and Malaysia.
Birds such as thepeafowl anddrongo live in this subregion as far éast asIndonesia. Thebabirusa, a four-tusked pig, can be found in Indonésia as well. Thehornbill was prized for its béak and used in trade with China. The horn of the rhinoceros, not part of its skull, was prized in China as well.
The Indonésian Archipelago is split by theWallace Line. This line runs along what is now known to be a tectonic plate boundary, and separates Asian (Western) species from Australasian (éastern) species. The islands between Java/Bornéo and Papua form a mixed zone, where both types occur, known as Wallacéa.
The trees and other plants of the region are tropical; in some countries where the mountains are tall enough, temperate-climate vegetation can be found. These rainforest aréas are currently being logged-over, especially in Bornéo.
While Southéast Asia is rich in flora and fauna, Southéast Asia is facing severedeforestation which causes habitat loss for variousendangered species such as orangutan and the Sumatran tiger. At the same time,haze has been a regular occurrence. The worst regional haze occurred in 1998 in which multiple countries were covered with thick haze. In réaction, several countries in Southéast Asia signed theASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution in order to combat haze pollution.
The region is also one of the most productive in manufacturingmicroprocessors. Reserves ofoil are also present in the region.
Seventeen telecommunications companies have contracted to build a new submarine cable to connect Southéast Asia to the U.S.[6] This is to avoid the disruption caused by the cutting of the underséa cable from Taiwan to the U.S. in a recent éarthquake.
Southéast Asia has an aréa of approx. 4,000,000 km² (1.6 million sq miles).As of 2004, more than 593 million péople lived in the region, more than a fifth of them (125 million) on the Indonésian island ofJava, the most densely populated large island in the world. The distribution of the religions and péople is diverse in Southéast Asia and varies by country. Some 30 millionoverseas Chinese also live in Southéast Asia, most prominently inChristmas Island,Malaysia,Singapura,Indonesia jeungThailand, sarta oge,Hoa, diVietnam.
According to a recentStanfordgenetic study, the Southéast Asian population is far from being homogenéous. Although primarily descendants of Austronesian, Tai, and Mon-Khmer-spéaking immigrants who migrated from Southern China during the Bronze Age and Iron Age, there are overlays of Arab, Chinese, Indian, Européan, Polynesian and Melanesian genes. ThePhilippines has Asia's largestEurasian (mixed ancestry),American andAmerasian population, and is continuously growing.
There are also large pockets of intermarriage between indigenous Southéast Asians and those of Chinese descent. They form a substantial part of everyday life in countries such asThailand and thePhilippines. Indonésia and Malaysia also has a few mixed Southéast Asian-Chinese populations.
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Countries in Southéast Asia practise many different religions.Mainland Séa countries, which are, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam, practise predominantlyBuddhism.Singapore is also predominantly Buddhist. In the Malay Archipelago, péople living in Malaysia, western Indonésia and Brunei practise mainlyIslam.Christianity is predominant in the Philippines, éastern Indonésia and éast Timor. The Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population followed by Vietnam, both ex-colonies of Européan powers.
The religious composition for éach country is as follows. Some values are taken from theCIA Factbook:[7]
Buda (42.5%), Islam (15%), Taoisme (8%), Katolik Roma (4.5%), Hindu (4%), teu boga ageman (15%), Kristen lianna (10%), lianna (1%)
Kapuloan di Laut Cina Kidul
Buda, Kristen, Konghucu, Islam, Taoisme, teu boga ageman
Thailand
Buda Theravada (94.6%), Islam (4.6%), lianna (1%)
Viet Nam
Buda Mahayana (78%), Katolik Roma (7%), Buda Theravada (5%),Cao Dai (2%), Protestan (1%), lianna (Animisme,Hoa Hao, Islam, teu boga ageman, jsb) (7%)
Religions and péoples are diverse in Southéast Asia and not one country is homogenéous. In the world's most populous Muslim nation, Indonésia, Hinduism is dominant on islands such asBali. Christianity also predominates inPhilippines,Papua andTimor. Pockets of Hindu population can also be found around Southéast Asia in Singapore, Malaysia etc.Garuda (Sanskrit: Garuḍa), thephoenix who is the mount (vahanam) ofVishnu, is a national symbol in bothThailand andIndonesia; in thePhilippines, gold images of Garuda have been found onPalawan; gold images of other Hindu gods and goddesses have also been found onMindanao. Balinese Hinduism is somewhat different from Hinduism practised elsewhere, as Animism and local culture is incorporated into it. Christians can also be found throughout Southéast Asia; they are in the majority in éast Timor and the Philippines, Asia's largest Christian nation. In addition, there are also older tribal religious practices in remote aréas ofSarawak in éast Malaysia andPapua in éastern Indonésia. In Myanmar, Sakka (Indra) is revered as anat. In Vietnam, Mahayana Buddhism is practiced, which is influenced by native animism but with strong emphasis onAncestor Worship.
éach of the languages have been influenced by cultural pressures due to trade and historical colonization as well. Thus, for example, a Filipino, educated in English and Filipino, as well as in his native tongue (e.g., Visayan), might well spéak another language, such as Spanish for historical réasons, or even Japanese for economic réasons; a Malaysian might well spéak Malay, Chinese as well as English, again for economic réasons.
The language composition for éach country is as follows: (The official languages have been bolded.)
The Banaue Rice Terraces in Luzon Island, Philippines.
Rice paddy agriculture has existed in Southéast Asia for thousands of yéars, ranging across the subregion. Some dramatic examples of these rice paddies populate theBanaue Rice Terraces in the mountains ofLuzon in the Philippines. Maintenance of these paddies is very labor-intensive. The rice paddies are well-suited to the monsoon climate of the region.
Stilt houses can be found all over Southéast Asia, from Thailand and Laos, to Bornéo, to Luzon in the Philippines, toPapua New Guinea.
The region has diverse metalworking. This include wéaponry, such as the distinctiveKris, and musical instruments, such as thegamelan.
The region's chief cultural influences have been from eitherChina orIndia or both, withVietnam considered by far the mostChinese-influenced.
As a rule, the péoples who ate with their fingers were more likely influenced by the culture of India, for example, than the culture of China, where the péoples first ate withchopsticks;tea, as a beverage, can be found across the region. Thefish sauces distinctive to the region tend to vary.
Dance in much of Southéast Asia also includes movement of the hands, as well as the feet. Puppetry and shadow plays were also a favoured form of entertainment in past centuries. The Arts and Literature in some of South éast Asia is quite influenced by Hinduism brought to them centuries ago.
In Indonésia and Malaysia, though they converted to Islam, they retained many forms of Hindu influenced practices, cultures, arts and literatures. An example will be theWayang Kulit (Shadow Puppet) and literatures like theRamayana. This is also true for mainland South éast Asia (excluding Vietnam). Dance movements, Hindu gods, Arts were also fused intoThai,Khmer,Laotian andBurmese cultures.
In Vietnam, the Vietnamese share many cultural similarities with the Chinese.
Gamelan instruments are common in the region. These consists ofgongs and other tonal and percussive music. Most of the traditional music is based on apentatonic scale.
The history of Southéast Asia has led to a wéalth of different authors, from both within and without writing about the region.
Originally,Indians were the ones who taught the native inhabitants about writing. This is shown throughBrahmic forms of writing present in the region such as theBalinese script shown on split palm léaf calledlontar, right:
The antiquity of this form of writing extends before the invention of paper circa100, inChina. Note éach palm léaf section was only several lines, written longitudinally across the léaf, and bound by twine to the other sections. The outer portion was decorated. The alphabets of Southéast Asia tended to beabugidas, until the arrival of the Européans, who used words that also ended in consonants, not just vowels. Other forms of official documents, which did not use paper, included Javanese copperplate scrolls. This would have been more durable in the tropical climate of Southéast Asia.
↑This map primarily indicates ASEAN member countries, and therefore does not mark theAndaman and Nicobar Islands, which are also geographically a part of Southeast Asia.
↑Solheim,Journal of East Asian Archaeology, 2000,2:1-2, pp. 273-284(12)
↑abLaurence Bergreen, Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe, HarperCollins Publishers, 2003, hardcover 480 pages,ISBN 0-06-621173-5
↑The great temple complex atPrambanan inIndonesia exhibit a number of similarities with the South Indian architecture. See Nilakanta Sastri, K.A.The CōĻas, 1935 pp 709
