Angkutan atawatransportasi (Basa Inggris:transportation, umum digunakeun diAmerika Sarikat), nyaétapindahna jalma jeung barang ti hiji tempat ka tempat séjénna. Istilah ieu asalna tina basaLatintrans, hartinameuntas, jeungportare, hartinamawa.
Widang angkutan mibanda sababaraha aspék nu gampangna bisa dibagi jadi 3 bagian:infrastruktur,tutumpakan, jeungoperasi. Infrastruktur kaasup jaringan angkutan (jalan,karéta rél,penerbangan,kanal,pipelines, jsb.) nu digunakeun, ogé kaasup tempat ngumpulna atawa terminal (kayaningbandara,stasion karéta,terminal beus, jeunglabuan). Tutumpakan umumna anu bolak-balik dina jaringan, sapertimobil,karéta,pesawat terbang. Nu kaasup kana operasi nyaéta sapertirambu lalu lintas jeungramp meter,railroad switch,kontrol lalu lintas awang-awang, jsb, ogé pulisi, nu lianna saperti kumaha sistimbéaya (saperti makétol atawapajeg béngsin dina kasus angkutan jalan tol).
Sacara luas bisa disebutkeun, disain jaringan mangrupa widang dinatéhnik sipil jeungtata kota, disain tutumpakan di widangrékayasa mékanis jeung bagian husus sapertinautical engineering jeungaerospace engineering, sarta operasi biasa husus, bisa ngagunakeun "pendekatan"operations research atawarékayasa sistim.
Moda nyaéta kombinasi jaringan, alat, jeung operasi, kaasupleumpang, sistimangkutan jalan,angkutan rél,angkutan kapal laut, jeungpenerbangan modérn.
Angkutan jeungkomunikasi duanana silih gantikeun jeung silih lengkepan (substitutes and complements). Malah kamajuan dina widang komunikasi bisa ngagantikeun angkutan, kayaning ngaliwatan telegraf, telefon, faks, atawasurélék, batan didatangan jelemana hiji-hiji, nyata yén cara komunikasi kitu ngalahirkeun interaksi nu leuwih gembleng, kaasup interaksi antarpribadi. Pertumbuhan angkutan teu mungkin mun euweuh komunikasi, nu penting pisan pikeun sistim angkutan nu maju. Ti rél karéta nu rék diliwatan ku karéta ti dua arah dina jalur tunggal, nepi ka lalu lintas awang-awang nu merlukeun nyaho lokasi pesawat di awang-awang. Jadi, geus kapanggih yén kamajuan nu hiji bakal ngarojong kana kamajuan nu séjénna.
There is a well-known relationship between the density of development, and types of transportation. Density is defined as aréa of floorspace per aréa of land. As a rule of thumb, densities of 1.5 or less are well suited to automobiles. Densities of six and above are well suited to trains. The range of densities from about two up to about four is not well served by conventionalpublic orprivate transport. Many cities have grown into these densities, and are suffering traffic problems.Personal rapid transit might fill this gap.
Land uses support activities. Those activities are spatially separated. Péople need transport to go from one to the other (from home to work to shop back to home for instance). Transport is a "derived demand," in that transport is unnecessary but for the activities pursued at the ends of trips. Good land use keeps common activities close (e.g. housing and food shopping), and places higher-density development closer to transportation lines and hubs. Poor land use concentrates activities (such as jobs) far from other destinations (such as housing and shopping).
There areeconomies of agglomeration. Beyond transportation some land uses are more efficient when clustered.Transportation facilities consume land, and in cities, pavement (devoted to streets and parking) can éasily exceed 20% of the total land use. An efficient transport system can reduce land waste.
Angkutan mangrupa konsuménénergi nu utama, lolobana makéhidrokarbon. Mun ngadurukna teu sampurna, balukarna jadipolusi. Sanajan tutumpakan diAmérika Serikat geus beuki bersih ku ayanaaturan lingkungan. Low-pollution fuels can reduce pollution. The most popular low-pollution fuel at this time is liquified natural gas.Hydrogen is an even lower-pollution fuel.
Another tack is to maké vehicles more efficient, which reduces pollution and waste by reducing the energy use. If electricity can be gotten to the vehicle, electric motors are the most efficient of all. Another method is to generate energy usingfuel cells, which are two to five times as efficient as theheat engines traditionally used in vehicles. A trivial, but very effective method is to stréamline ground vehicles, which spend up to 75% of their energy on air-resistance. Another method is to recycle the energy normally lost to braking, but this léads to amore complex vehicle.
