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Separatist Crisis

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Invasion of Naboo

Concurrent

Clone Wars

Separatist Crisis

Beginning

24 BBY^[3](c.11:3),^[4]
Raxus Address^[3]

End

22 BBY,Battle of Geonosis

Place

Various locations, including:

Outcome

Beginning of theClone Wars

Major battles

Combatants
Galactic Republic Jedi Order Order of the Sith Lords(secretly)	Confederacy of Independent Systems Order of the Sith Lords

Commanders
Supreme Chancellor Palpatine Senator Padmé Amidala ofNaboo Senator Bail Organa ofAlderaan Jedi Master Yoda Jedi MasterMace Windu Jedi MasterObi-Wan Kenobi Jedi Council	Darth Sidious Separatist Head of State Count Dooku Members of theSeparatist Council Nute Gunray Rune Haako Poggle the Lesser San Hill Wat Tambor

"After all, the Republic is really to blame for all of our Galaxy's struggles. A Confederacy of Independent Systems is in the making—and a great galactic war is inevitable."

―San Hill^[5]

TheSeparatist Crisis (24 BBY–22 BBY) was the two yearlonggalactic Cold War that began eight years after theInvasion of Naboo, characterized by the secession of several thousandstar systems from theGalactic Republic to form theConfederacy of Independent Systems, led by the charismatic ex-Jedi Master Count Dooku. The period was marked by growing violence between Separatist- and Republic-supporting factions, the displacement of many billions ofrefugees, and intense debate on the issue ofrestoring a centralizedRepublic Military to counter the perceived threat from the CIS.

The crisis came to a head in22 BBY, when aJedi-led investigation of anassassination attempt onSenator Amidala ofNaboo linked various megacorporations, including theTrade Federation,InterGalactic Banking Clan, andTechno Union to the Separatist movement. Gathering evidence that these corporations were planning to pool theirdroid armies to overwhelm the Republic, theGalactic Senate grantedemergency powers toSupreme Chancellor Palpatine, who used them to acquire aclone army fromKamino and launch apre-emptive strike on thedroid foundries ofGeonosis, beginning thegalaxy-spanningClone Wars.

The crisis was ultimately discovered to have been manipulated and intensified byDarth Sidious, theDark Lord of the Sith and alter ego of Supreme Chancellor Palpatine, who worked with Dooku to lay the groundwork for a war that would bring about the culmination of theSith Grand Plan todestroy the Jedi Order and transform the Republic into the Sith-ledGalactic Empire.

Prelude[]

Political factors[]

"Pay heed to the way the Republic and the Jedi Order deal with them. The Federation will be dismantled, and the precedent will be set. Unless you take steps to begin a slow, carefully planned withdrawal from the Senate, taking your home and client systems with you, you, too, risk becoming the property of the Republic."

―Dark Lord of the SithDarth Plagueis to a holo-audience of theCommerce Guild, theTechno Union, and theCorporate Alliance, on how the Republic had dealt with the Trade Federation upon enacting the blockade of Naboo to protect its interests^[6]

Although the Republic provided some measure of political unity, and promoted a norm of negotiation, it lacked a military force capable of maintaining order. Security was the province of individualplanets, or powerful interplanetary blocs like theTrade Federation. Thus, there was a kind of latent anarchy beneath the civilized surface. The planets that would later constitute the Confederacy of Independent Systems (CIS) brought this deficit into plain sight by departing from the Republic.

Although it is not entirely clear, there might have been reasons for both weak and strong planets to follow this course of action. Strong planets obviously would fare well under a more decentralized regime, because they could exercise their power openly. But while the Republic's influence may have been enough to thus irritate the great powers, it was not enough to convince the weaker powers that it could truly protect them, as theNaboo crisis demonstrated. Perhaps smaller-scale alliances would provide better protection than a commitment to a galactic government.

Economic factors[]

"There will come a time when that cult of greed, called the Republic, will lose all pretext of democracy and freedom."

―Dooku^[7]

Advocates of decentralization also found support amongst the free-trade lobby. A galactic government could either impose its own taxes, adding to trade barriers put in place by planets, or favor a liberal trade regime, compelling planets to lower those barriers. The Republic tended towards the former model, in part perhaps because it lacked the power to pursue the latter. It thus became much resented by business and trade actors. The CIS offered an alternative of the liberalizing but otherwise minimalist governance that these actors found attractive.

The Crisis[]

The Raxus Address[]

"I will not let this Republic that has stood for a thousand years be split in two. My negotiations will not fail."

―Supreme Chancellor Palpatine^[8]

The Confederacy of Independent Systems began in24 BBY when, after eight years in seclusion, Count Dooku commandeered a Republic communications station in theTion Hegemony and delivered anaddress fromRaxus Prime, denouncing the Senate and the Jedi for allowing the Republic's ideals and morals to decline.^[3]^[9]

TheRaxus Address set off a wave of secessions: for decades, numerous planets, species, and groups had been trying to reduce the power of theGalactic Senate, lower or eliminate taxes, grant graft in exchange for political favors, or withdraw from theRepublic for various isolationist or xenophobic reasons. Spurred by the disillusioned Dooku and the failure of the Senate to even vote on theFinancial Reform Act, the various corporations and planets began to withdraw from the Senate in 24 BBY, organizing themselves into theConfederacy of Independent Systems.

For all its effect onthe galaxy, the CIS was really more of a movement than an organized state. It ultimately became a loosely-organized affiliation of various megacorps and planets with a wide range of ambitions and philosophies. Some sought for the new CIS to destroy the Republic, but many others simply wanted local independence and had little enthusiasm for a new centralized government. This resulted in a looseconfederation which saw the megacorporations seated on theSeparatist Council owing to their military and economic power, overriding the authority of the democraticSeparatist Parliament and allowing for capitalism with no government involvement in planetary affairs.^[3]

In public, Dooku swayed planets and commercial concerns to his side while privately training a number ofDark Side Adepts, includingAsajj Ventress,Sev'rance Tann, andSaato. Other soldiers who sided with the Confederacy included theGen'Dai bounty hunter Durge,Cydon Prax, andGrievous, aKaleesh warlord rebuilt as acyborg warrior by the IG Banking Clan, who would become theSupreme Commander of the Droid Armies.^[9]

The crisis began at the end ofSupreme Chancellor Palpatine's eight years in office. Palpatine wasconstitutionally-obliged to step down that year, but exactly as Darth Sidious had planned, the Senate voted to allow him an indefinite extension of his term until the threat was resolved. Amidst much debate, he agreed to allow discussion of aMilitary Creation Act that would restore theRepublic Military to counter the threat of separatism.^[9]

The Confederacy takes shape[]

The year 24 BBY saw thousands of planets leave the Republic, with multiple planets leaving every day. Many Senators believed that the Confederacy should be allowed to exist alongside the Republic, while others pushed for the passage of theMilitary Creation Act to bolster theJedi Order andJudicial Forces.^[9]

Dooku's emergingConfederacy of Independent Systems secretly used the negotiation period to begin building droid armies, in the hope that by the time negotiations invariably failed, they would be strong enough to force the Republic to grant them independence anyway. Dooku secretly solicited help from the galaxy's six major industrial powers, and while none of them declared for the CIS until the very start of the Clone Wars, their financial assistance was of invaluable help to Dooku. OnGeonosis,Baktoid Armor Workshop's droid foundries produced thousands ofbattle droids. TheInterGalactic Banking Clan ofMuunilinst, led bySan Hill, provided both loans andHailfire droid tanks andIG lancer combat droids from itsCollections and Security Division. TheCommerce Guild led byGossam magistrateShu Mai provided raw materials.Wat Tambor's Techno Union provided dozens offactory worlds, forming a region of space that became known as the "Foundry of the Confederacy." A quieter backer wasPassel Argente's Corporate Alliance, which regulated the distribution of retail products.^[9]^[3]

Despite four trials in theSupreme Court for his command of theinvasion of Naboo,Nute Gunray remained theViceroy of theTrade Federation. Unaware that his former backer,Darth Sidious, was now backing the Separatists, Gunray went to Count Dooku and told him everything he knew about the shadowySith Lord who claimed to control theGalactic Senate. Dooku, who had already sworn himself to Sidious as Darth Tyranus, accepted Gunray's account. Gunray's price for the support of the Trade Federation and itsdroid army was the death ofSenator Padmé Amidala ofNaboo, in revenge for his humiliation ten years earlier.^[8]

While Supreme Chancellor Palpatine vowed that he would never allow the Republic to be split in two, he did not publicly support the creation of a Republic Military, and the Senate vote on the Military Creation Act was delayed endlessly.^[9] This led many Separatists to gleefully regard Palpatine as a lightweight, adept at maintaining power but incapable of formulating a coherent response to the Republic's many secessionist movements.^[10]

Once these secessionists gain strength and numbers, expressions of discontent escalate. Attacks on Republic facilities become common. Senators are threatened or assaulted.^[7]

Antar 4[]

Main article:Battle of Antar 4 (Separatist Crisis)

A major turning point in the crisis was theBattle of Antar 4, which occurred in22.5 BBY. The botched Republic attempt to remove a radical, Separatist-affiliated terrorist government fromAntar 4 not only resulted in converting the majority of Antar 4's citizens' sympathies to the Separatists, but also showed Separatist-leaning worlds that the Republic was not as infallible as had been thought.^[9]

In the eighteen months prior to the Battle of Antar 4, over a thousand worlds had joined the Confederacy but violence had been generally limited. During theNew Year Fete Week on Antar 4, however, theRoshu Sune, the militant splinter branch of theGotal Assembly for Separation, activated the sleeper agents they had placed within the chapter houses of the Jedi-alliedAntarian Rangers. The moon was thrown into chaos as the Rangers were decimated, and the Roshu Sune issued a declaration of secession.^[9]

Antarian Rangers from across the galaxy descended on Antar 4 looking for revenge, while a Jedi task force led byMasters Saesee Tiin andColeman Trebor spearheaded the Republic's response. However, the first assault was a disaster, with heavy Jedi and civilian casualties. The Jedi ultimately resorted to using anelectromagnetic pulse to overwhelm theGotals' sensitive head cones, but at the cost of causing severe pain and incapacitation to the civilian Gotal population. The sloppy tactics cost the Republic considerable goodwill on Antar 4, while Separatist-leaning planets took heart from the realization that the Republic was not unbeatable.^[9]

TheJedi Council refused to trace any connection between the Roshu Shune and Count Dooku, an ex-Jedi, even as random terrorist bombings began striking Coruscant. Dooku himself did not condemn the killings being done in his name.

Splintering of the Republic[]

Three months prior to theBattle of Geonosis, the planetsAndo andSy Myrth seceded. TheAndo separation was for many a microcosm of the the greater galactic conflict when theAqualish of theAndoan Free Colonies refused to acknowledge the Ando-basedSpiverelda government's declaration of secession. The twin secessions brought the total of Separatist planets to over six thousand.^[9]

Another notable point in the Separatist Crisis was theAnsion border dispute, in which theCommerce Guild tried to get the people of Ansion to withdraw from the Republic, which would have meant other more important planets would withdraw due to Ansion's numerous treaties with neighboring planets.

TheJedi Council sent four Jedi (Luminara Unduli,Obi-Wan Kenobi,Anakin Skywalker andBarriss Offee) to try and keep Ansion within the Republic. In the end they managed to call a truce between the pro-SecessionUnity Council and the nomadAlwari, the dispute between the Unity Council and the Alwari tribes was being used by the Commerce Guild and the Ansionion SenatorMousul to convince the Ansionions they would be benefit more from being out of the Republic.

However, after the Jedi managed to form a truce between the two sides the Ansionions decided they did not need to leave the Republic after all and overwhelmingly voted against secession.

The failure of Ansion meant that the Separatists were delayed from issuing demands to the Republic, but Dooku only considered Ansion to be a minor setback.

The Separatist Crisis ended when theBattle of Geonosis began.