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Aurebesh
The Aurebesh
AurekBeshCreshCherekDornEskEnthOnith
FornGrekHerfIskJenthKrillKrenthLethMern
NernNenOskOrenthPethQekReshSenth
SenTrillTheshUskVevWeskXeshYirtZerek
"Is thatbackward Aurebesh?"
"It is."
"I can recognize the characters but I can't read it. It looks like a bunch of random letters."
―Beaumont Kin andLuke Skywalker studying aSith holocron[1]

Aurebesh was awriting system comprising 34 letters used to transcribeGalactic Basic Standard, the most spokenlanguage inthe galaxy.[2] In theOuter Rim Territories, Aurebesh was sometimes used alongsideOuter Rim Basic, another alphabet.[3]

Examples of Aurebesh throughout the galaxy[]

In general[]

Aurebesh was often used insidemacrobinoculars, in theRepublic Era,[4] theImperial Era[5] and theNew Republic Era.[6]

Thecredit symbol () resembled an Aurebesh letterresh with two vertical strokes at the top.[7]

Republic Era[]

Aurebesh text could be seen on the screens of various types of technology, including screens in the cockpits ofN-1 starfighters,[8] and theSeparatist facility known asSkytop Station.[9]

During theClone Wars, someclone troopers customized theirarmor with Aurebesh phrases. The back of clone trooperPonds'helmet had the phrase "SOMEGUYS HAVE ALL THE LUCK" written in Aurebesh.[10] Others got Aurebesh tattoos.ClonemedicKix had the phrase "A GOODDROID IS ADEAD ONE"tattooed on the side of his head,[11] although the tattoo was eventually covered up when he grew hishair out late in the war,[12] while trooperSketch had his initial,Senth, tattooed on his forehead.[13] In the same vein, someLow Altitude Assault Transports were personalized with Aurebesh, such as theSpaceward Ho![14] andLucky Lekku, both of which bore their names,[15] and theCrumb Bomber, which bore the phrase "LAUGH THIS OFF".[15] Thepatrol transports used on Coruscant were emblazoned with the word "POLICE".[16]

Establishments throughout the galaxy used Aurebesh signs to identify themselves, such as theThe Hole andPurple Werm.[17] TheDroid Spa onCoruscant used one such sign to show the services it provided. The sign read "OIL CHANGES, RUST REMOVAL", "MEMORY FLUSHING, POLISHING MOTIVATOR REPAIR, DE-FLUTTERING,RESTRAINING BOLT APPLICATION AND REMOVAL, GENERAL MAINTENANCE OVERHAULS, JUNK REMOVAL".[18] Severalposters with Aurebesh text hung in theTrueping's bar during the Clone Wars, including one for "DJRANGTHANG," and one for forSy Snootles (also seen in the bar room) that read "THE SY SNOOTLES SHOW" • "IN PERSON" • "SY SNOOTLES" • "SOMEWHERE ON CORUSCANT" • "FRI –SAT 12 – 4" • "SOLD OUT".[19]

Technical readouts used by theGalactic Republic during the Clone Wars were also written in Aurebesh.[20]

Wanted posters in theJedi Archives on Coruscant were written in Aurebesh text.[21] Similarly, bounties in Aurebesh were posted on the walls ofChalmun's Spaceport Cantina, including information such as "NIM MINDBEND" – "WANTED": "DEAD" for "KIDNAPPING, THEFT AND MURDER" – "REWARD: 120,000";OMAR TOGGS – "WANTED": "DEAD" or "ALIVE" for "RACKETEERING AND EXTORTION" – "REWARD: 75,000"; "ZUG TASSIK" – "WANTED": "DEAD" or "ALIVE" for "MASS MURDER" – "REWARD: 800,000"; "SAVAGE OPRESS" – "WANTED" for "FLEEING THE SCENE OF A CRIME" – "REWARD: 550,000".[22]

Theelectro-proton bomb that was attached toGoji andRod'sbomber and dropped during theBattle of Malastare had a warning printed on the nose cone that read "CAUTION ION DETONATOR". The body of the bomb had "CODE SWITCH DESIGNATOR" • "POSITION 1" • "POSITION 2" • "POSITION 3" • "POSITION 4" printed on it, and on one of the tail fins, the words "THIS IS FOR YOUDOOKU" were handwritten.[23]

Loubo, the owner ofPlop Dribble's, had a tattoo on his right arm of a double-heart that read "MOM" in Aurebesh.[24]

AtHondo Ohnaka's camp onFlorrum, a huge piece of superstructure read "HONDO'S SALVAGE" – "PRICES SLASHED" stenciled on it in Aurebesh.[25] Meanwhile, around the time of theBombing of the Jedi Temple hangar, protesters carried Aurebesh signs that read "THE JEDI ARE CORRUPT" and "STOP CLONING VIOLENCE!".[26]

Imperial Era[]

Aurebesh wanted posters saw use into theImperial Era. One such poster forKanan Jarrus read:[27]

WANTED:
JARRUS, KANAN

SPECIES: HUMAN
GENDER: MALE
HEIGHT: 1.9M
HAIR: BROWN
EYES: GREEN
LANGUAGE:BASIC
WEAPONS:BLASTER
LIGHTSABER
OCCUPATION: UNKNOWN
LAST KNOWN LOCATION:
OUTER RIM TERRITORIES,
LOTHAL SYSTEM

WANTED FOR:
THEFT OF IMPERIAL SUPPLIES
RESISTING ARREST
ASSAULTING OFFICERS
PILOTING WITHOUT LICENSE



During the Imperial Period, anImperial officer used a monitor that listed the names of a number of prisoners in Aurebesh. The list of names includedLADYM'Arshngton andCay Ploon Kett.[28] The Empire also used Aurebesh on its propaganda posters, one of which bore the slogan"PROTECTING LOTHAL" – "PROTECTING YOU".[29] Aurebesh text was also included in theTIE/D Defender Elite blueprints stolen by theSpectres.[30]

Jyn Erso's kyber crystal necklace was engraved with the words "TRUST IN THE[31]FORCE"; these words were also the final ones Jyn'smother said to her.[5]

New Republic Era[]

Episode VII Rebel Alliance Pilot

Aurebesh appears at lower right of the pilot's jacket

Ren, the leader of theKnights of Ren, concealed his face behind a mask, which was featureless aside from a number of red markings, which contained hidden Aurebesh letters spelling the title "REN".[32]

Thirty-four years after theBattle of Yavin, the life vests worn byPoe Dameron and otherResistance pilots read "PULL TO INFLATE", written upside-down so as to be readable to the wearer.[33]

Letters and numerals[]

LetterName
Meaning		LetterName
Meaning		LetterName
Meaning		LetterName
Meaning		LetterName
Meaning		LetterName
Meaning
AurekAurek
A		BeshBesh
B		CreshCresh
C		CherekCherek
CH		DornDorn
D		EskEsk
E
EnthEnth
Æ		OnithOnith
EO		FornForn
F		GrekGrek
G		HerfHerf
H		IskIsk
I
JenthJenth
J		KrillKrill
K		KrenthKrenth
KH		LethLeth
L		MernMern
M		NernNern
N
NenNen
NG		OskOsk
O		OrenthOrenth
OO		PethPeth
P		QekQek
Q		ReshResh
R
SenthSenth
S		ShenSen
SH		TrillTrill
T		TheshThesh
TH		UskUsk
U		VevVev
V
WeskWesk
W		XeshXesh
X		YirtYirt
Y		ZerekZerek
Z		CreditsCredits
credits
1122334455
6677889900

Behind the scenes[]

"The Aurebesh is a lot like Boba Fett—it is a facet of the Star Wars phenomenon that had its origin as a cinematic aside, but which has come to be widely embraced, far out of proportion to its humble origins."
―Stephen Crane[34]
Crane Aurebesh sheet

Stephen Crane's original sample sheet of the first incarnation of the Aurebesh

An Aurebesh-like script first appeared in the 1983 movieStar Wars: Episode VIReturn of the Jedi, the last installment in theoriginal trilogy ofStar Wars. It could be seen on the monitor readouts on thesecond Death Star at the beginning of the movie, whenDarth Vader'sshuttle is scanned while approaching thebattle station. Erik Schroeder's decoding of the technical readouts further suggest that this readout is illegible, consisting of lines of character repeats.[35]

Aurebesh-GMSR

Aurebesh letters and punctuation, from the Legends game accessoryStar Wars Gamemaster Screen, Revised

In1993, while writing theStar Wars Miniatures Battles Companion forWest End Games'Star Wars Miniatures Battles,Stephen Crane decided to develop an alphabet for gamers to use. Upon receivingLucasfilm's approval, Crane came up with the "Aurebesh", a 34-letter alphabet, by redrawing many symbols fromReturn of the Jedi and assigning them each to a letter or pair of letters from the Latin Alphabet. He later added punctuation marks inImperial Entanglements, a1996 supplement for theMiniatures Battles game. The Imperial Credit symbol (not designed by Crane) was created for theMonopoly Star Wars board game also released in 1996. The name "Aurebesh" is derived from the first two letters of the Aurebesh alphabet,Aurek andBesh.[34] This is similar to the real-world word "alphabet", which comes from the first two letters of theGreek alphabet—alpha andbeta.[36]

Stephen Crane's alphabet was subsequently adopted in manyStar Wars works, and even made its way into the movies. In1999, avariant style of Aurebesh appeared inStar Wars: Episode IThe Phantom Menace, on a readout screen of Anakin Skywalker's Naboo fighter. As Skywalker heads toward the battle, the screen reads: "Anakin turn the ship around and go back home right away."[8] The words on thetractor beam control on theDeath Star, originally written in the Latin Alphabet, were changed to Aurebesh for the2004 DVD release ofStar Wars: Episode IVA New Hope and all subsequent releases of the film.[37]

Galactic-Basic-e1443451408574

The 34 letters of Aurebesh as they appear inStar Wars Rebels: Battle Plans from Darth Vader

InApril,2014, much of the media in which Aurebesh previously appeared were designatedStar Wars Legends (formerly known as the Expanded Universe) and no longer consideredcanon.[38] This included all sources that defined the correspondence between the Aurebesh and the Latin Alphabet. However, subsequent canon material has upheld the original West End Games mapping of Aurebesh. These included a "Ghost Crew Identification Card" available on theDisney XD website[39] and the2015 children's bookStar Wars Rebels: Battle Plans from Darth Vader.[40]

Coca-Cola products are sold in special in-universe Aurebesh designs at theStar Wars: Galaxy's Edge attraction.[41]

Foreign language inserts[]

Some Aurebesh texts contain excerpts from other real-world languages:

In theStar Wars: The Clone Wars episode "Liberty on Ryloth," an all-AurebeshRepublic monitor includes the text "UND UBERHAUPT,"[42]German for "and anyway".

In theStar Wars: The Clone Wars episode "The Academy," whenSoniee and her fellowstudents break into theGovernment warehouse, herdatapad says "ENTRARE" in Aurebesh,[43] which isItalian for "enter".[44]

In the noncanonStar Wars: Visions episode "T0-B1," the big monitor inProfessorMitaka's laboratory is filled with Aurebesh text. Most of it is written inSpanish; for example, there is "PERMANENCIA DESARROLLO DATOS," Spanish for "continuation development data"; and "ATMOSFERA MINERALES,"[45] meaning "atmosphereminerals". WhenT0-B1 continues the professor's work, he fills the monitors with notes. Most of them are a transcription of[45] excerpts from the lyrics of the2018 song "Malamente" by the Spanish singerRosalía,[46] but with some spelling errors.[45] For example, one excerpt from the original song reads "Ese cristalito roto yo sentí cómo crujía / Antes de caerse al suelo ya sabía que se rompía,"[46] but the show's version reads "Esecris talito roto yosen cmo crujía antesd ecaerse al sueloy asaba que se rompía".[45]

One of thelab tech's readouts inStar Wars: The Mandalorian episode "Chapter 22: Guns for Hire" contains two paragraphs written inNorwegian. The first one reads:[47]

Transcription
English translation[48]

DEN NORSKE SKOGKATTEN ER ET
PERFEKT HUSDYR FOR EN MIDDELS
AKTIV FAMILIE. HVIS DU GIR DEN ET
INNEN

DORS*[sic] KLATRETRE OG MYE
KJAERLIGHET KAN DERE HA EN GOD
VENN I MANGE AAR.

TheNorwegian Forest cat is a
perfect pet animal for a moderately
active family. If you give it an
in

door[sic] climbing tree and lots of
love, you can have a good
friend for many years.

*Note that "innendors" (spelled "innendørs" in Norwegian), the Norwegian word for "indoor", has incorrectly been split into two words.

The second paragraph consists of[47] lyrics from the Norwegian national anthem, "Ja vi elsker dette landet" ("Yes, we love this country"):[49]

Transcription, with typos
Correct lyrics[50]
English translation[49]

JA VI ELSKER DETTE
LANDET
SOM DET STIGER FREM
FURET VAER BIT[sic] OVER
VANNET MED DET[sic]
TUSEN HJEM

ELSKER, ELSKER DET A[sic]
TENKER PAA VAR FAR OG
MOR

Ja, vi elsker dette
landet,
som det stiger frem,
furet,værbitt over
vannet, medde
tusen hjem,

elsker, elsker detog
tenker på vår far og
mor

Yes we love this
country,
as it rises forth,
rugged, weathered over
the water, with the
thousand homes,

love it, love it and
think of our father and
mother

Finally, "ALLIANSEN", which is Norwegian for "the alliance,"[48] is written vertically in a different readout.[47]

Punctuation[]

Aurebesh vs. English[]

Tech visor Aurebesh

Aurebesh parentheses and slashes on Tech's visor in theStar Wars: The Bad Batch episode "The Crossing," along with regular English colons and an English hyphen

Aurebesh punctuation, originally created for the Legends game accessoryImperial Entanglements,[34] is also used inStar Wars canon. For example, an apostrophe appears on the marquee outsideZiro's Palace in the animated filmStar Wars: The Clone Wars,[51] and an Aurebesh exclamation point can be seen in the inscription on theRepublic gunshipSpaceward Ho! in theStar Wars: The Clone Wars episodes "Storm Over Ryloth"[52] and "Landing at Point Rain,"[53] and the animated film;[51] and in aStar Tours advertisement forGlee Anselm in "Lightsaber Lost,"[21] a sign for theAbafar Junior Dejarik Club in "Missing in Action,"[54] and on the posterThe Sport's Greatest Rivalry in "The Rise of Clovis."[55] In theStar Wars: The Bad Batch episode "The Crossing," a scan byTech's visor results in a reading containing Aurebesh parentheses and slashes.[56]

However, regular English punctuation, which does not match the one created by Stephen Crane, can also be seen in several episodes ofStar Wars: The Clone Wars (such as full stops on the display onCad Bane's security chipbomb in "Holocron Heist,"[57] thehologram projector inLott Dod's library in "Senate Spy,"[58]AdmiralYularen's intelligence report in "Cat and Mouse,"[59]Ahsoka Tano's board in "The Academy,"[60] and the case files forSifo-Dyas and his aide in "The Lost One"[61]) andStar Wars Rebels (such as full stops in an advertisement atNixus Hub 218 in "Brothers of the Broken Horn,"[62] thedismantler droid's scopes inStar Wars Rebels: Steps Into Shadow,[63] a set of blueprints aboardTiber Saxon'sStar Destroyer inStar Wars Rebels: Heroes of Mandalore,[64] and a billboard in a cargo hold in "In the Name of the Rebellion";[65] while an English colon appears in the blueprint for theTIE/D Defender Elite in "Crawler Commandeers"[66]), as well as thetractor beam control on theDeath Star in the2004 DVD release ofStar Wars: Episode IVA New Hope and all subsequent releases of the film.[37]

Three stylized English exclamation points appear on the console ofFreya Fenris'racing starfighter, theRed Ace, in theStar Wars Resistance episode "The Voxx Vortex 5000."[67] In addition, whenKanan Jarrus breaks intoFenn Rau'sFang fighter in theStar Wars Rebels episode "The Protector of Concord Dawn," the monitor shows an Aurebesh exclamation pointon top of an English one,[68] and the aforementioned scan inStar Wars: The Bad Batch contains regular English colons and an English hyphen, even though the parentheses and slashes are all Aurebesh.[56]

Ampersand[]

The ampersand ("&") does not appear in anyStar Wars mappings of Aurebesh; however, a fan-made ampersand, originally created for a fan-made font called Aurabesh,[69] appears in theStar Wars: The Bad Batch episode "Faster," where one of the advertisements at theSafa Toma Speedway says "T&J REPAIR."[70] The ad also appears inSuria space station in the episode "Bad Territory."[71] The Aurabesh font was originally developed by Mike E. Webb in 1996 and can be downloaded online.[69] In the video gameStar Wars: Hunters, the letter Enth () is used to represent an ampersand.[72]

Percent sign[]

Torra Doza stats The Recruit

Torra Doza's statistics in "The Recruit" feature several instances of the percent symbol

In Part 2 of theResistance episode "The Recruit,"Torra Doza's stats for therace between her and Kazuda Xiano read "TIME IN TOP 5: 100% • CHALLENGE RATE: 87% • FINISHES: 100% • WINS: 100% • WINS BY DISQUALIFICATION: 100% • TOP SPEED: 92%".[73] InThe Bad Batch episode "Bad Territory,"mirror-inverted text reading "[obscured]0% OFF" appears on the wall behindFennec Shand inTanda's Cantina.[71] In theStar Wars: Tales of the Underworld episode "The Good Life," there is a sign reading "50% DISCOUNT" on theunnamed world whereCad Bane spends his childhood; while another sign says "20% OFF."[74] The percent sign (%) does not appear in anyStar Wars mappings of Aurebesh either, but appears in the fan-made Aurabesh font.[69]

Alternate numerical system[]

"I can't recall which came first, Stock Ships or Gamemaster Screen Revised, but I worked on both and both have that chart."
―Pablo Hidalgo onTwitter[75]
New Aurabesh numbers

Alternate Aurebesh numerals

Stephen Crane never created numbers for the Aurebesh alphabet, because the Death Star monitors inReturn of the Jedi show regular Arabic numerals.[34] However, anunrelated numerical system made up of dots and lines first appeared in the1995 West End Games sourcebookPlatt's Starport Guide, which features a graphic called "Currenttransponder code profile", with the numerals along both axes of a graph. Unlike later appearances, numerals for 0 through 16 are represented.[76] The graph was reused for the West End Games publicationStar Wars Gamemaster Screen, Revised[77] andStock Ships.[78][75] These numerals were digitized in a fan-made font known as New Aurabesh, which was created by Peter Schuster in1998.[79] and can be downloaded online.[80] While the original West End Games sources represented numerals 0 through 16,[76] later appearances of the numerals follow Schuster's designation, being limited to numerals 0 through 9.

Kessel gate

"D7 X371K" written in Aurebesh over a gate on Kessel in the movieSolo: A Star Wars Story, using alternate Aurebesh numerals originally created forPlatt's Starship Guide

Although most canon appearances of Aurebesh use Arabic numbers, the alternative West End Games numerals have also appeared inStar Wars media:7189, a wall mural in theCapital City ofLothal, uses these numerals and first appears in theStar Wars Rebels short "Entanglement".[81] The2015 reference bookStar Wars: The Force Awakens: The Visual Dictionary contains pictures of therank insignia of the First Order, with alternate Aurebesh numbers appearing in the insignias forsergeant ("Ro 8") andsquad leader ("Hal 4").[2] The "Hal 4" insignia can be seen onLank Paze in the2017 movieStar Wars: Episode VIIIThe Last Jedi, while the "Ro 8" insignia can be seen onArmitage Hux's First Order monitor in the same film. In another scene in the film, the databank of theLibertine, whichDJ gains access to after he steals theStar Yacht inCanto Bight, uses these numerals to list prices in theowner's catalog ofstarfighters for sale.[82]

The 2017 reference bookStar Wars: The Visual Encyclopedia presents an Aurebesh font which includes two examples of Aurebesh numbers; 3 and 7, both of which use West End Games' alternate font.[83] During theraid on Kessel in the2018 filmSolo: A Star Wars Story,Qi'ra says, "They're in subsector four, coming up on gate X-3-7-1-K." The film then switches to a shot ofHan Solo andChewbacca coming out a door with a sign at the top, saying "D7 X371K", using the alternate numerals.[84] InThe Mandalorian, the numbers numerals can be seen on the console aboard theRazor Crest, and first appear in "Chapter 2: The Child". As first seen inStar Wars: The Book of Boba Fett episode "Chapter 5: Return of the Mandalorian," the numbers 51 and 11 appear on ared monitor on the console ofDin Djarin's N-1 starfighter, and on a small blue monitor on the opposite side of the console, which lists every number from 1 to 9, although the latter is upside-down.[85] InThe Mandalorian episode "Chapter 19: The Convert," the monitor on the control panel of aSix-O-Two Mitigator used by theNew RepublicAmnesty Program, lists every alternative numeral from 1 to 9, representing different voltage levels.[86]

Plazir-15 camera

Security camera footage fromPlazir-15 inThe Mandalorian episode "Chapter 22: Guns for Hire," using alternative Aurebesh numerals. The caption says "CAMERA 7709-739".

The numerals can also be seen on monitors inDaiyu spaceport in theStar Wars: Obi-Wan Kenobi episode "Part II"[87] and on the blueprints ofFortress Inquisitorius in "Part IV."[88] The numbers also appear on inStar Wars: The Bad Batch. For example, the monitor inRiyo Chuchi'srepulsorpod in theImperial Senate in theStar Wars: The Bad Batch episode "Truth and Consequences," although regular Aurebesh digits also appear on the screen.[89] In the episode "The Crossing,"Clone Force 99 memberTech wears aspecial visor that can be used to scan his surroundings. When used inCid's mine, the scan results in "IPSIUM DETECTED", followed by a list of alternate numerals.[56]

Dishabesh and Domabesh[]

"It's called domabesh, and was made for Rogue One."
―Pablo Hidalgo[90]
Domabesh font

A representation of the Domabesh font.

For the2016 filmRogue One: A Star Wars Story, two alternate Aurebesh fonts were created by the art department and were given the production namesDishabesh[91] andDomabesh.[90][91] The fonts were developed at the behest of directorGareth Edwards, who didn't want aStar Wars universe with just one form of text and mostly one font. Dishabesh was re-used forEnfys Nest'sbattle helmet in the filmSolo: A Star Wars Story.[91] Domabesh can be seen inJedha City, on aRebel MP's uniform, andRed Twelve'sflight helmet, inRogue One.[5] In2021, when asked onTwitter,Lucasfilm Story Group memberPablo Hidalgo referred to the script as "Domabesh,"[90] andThe Art of Star Wars Jedi: Survivor later confirmed the name Domabesh to becanon.[92] According to Hidalgo, Domabesh is thought to be an archaic script, not as ancient asUr-Kittât, but older than Aurebesh.[93] However,Dishabesh still has not been identified in any canon source.

Appearances[]

Dishabesh font

A representation of the Dishabesh font. The letters J, Q, X, and Z have not yet been identified, and are therefore left blank.

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Non-canon appearances[]

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Sources[]

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Non-canon sources[]

Notes and references[]

  1. ↑Shadow of the Sith
  2. ↑2.02.1Star Wars: The Visual Encyclopedia
  3. ↑StarWars.com "Empire Day" Concept Art Gallery onStarWars.com(backup link)(Slide 2)
  4. ↑StarWars.com "Ambush" Trivia Gallery onStarWars.com:"The aurebesh[sic] legend at the bottom of Thire's macrobinocular viewplate reads "infrared mode". The top reads "regular mode.""(backup link)(Slide 2)
  5. ↑5.05.15.2Rogue One: A Star Wars Story
  6. ↑Star Wars: The Mandalorian — "Chapter 9: The Marshal"
  7. ↑Star Wars: Commander
  8. ↑8.08.1Star Wars: Episode IThe Phantom Menace
  9. ↑Star Wars: The Clone Wars — "Duel of the Droids"
  10. ↑ Clone Commander Ponds in theDatabank:"A veteran of such battlefields as Geonosis, Ryloth, and Malastare, Ponds had an Aurebesh phrase stenciled on the back of his helmet that read, "some guys have all the luck.""(backup link)
  11. ↑Star Wars: The Clone Wars — "The Deserter"
  12. ↑Star Wars: The Clone Wars — "The Bad Batch"
  13. ↑Star Wars: The Clone Wars — "The Hidden Enemy"
  14. ↑Star Wars: The Clone Wars — "Landing at Point Rain"
  15. ↑15.015.1StarWars.com Checklist: 10 Things to Spot inThe Clone Wars onStarWars.com (August 10,2010):"This blue one, labeled the "Lucky Lekku", is seen on one of the gunships that brings the clones to Teth. (A "lekku" is a tentacle hanging from a Twi'lek's head). This one, of a Kowakian monkey lizard, is seen in the hangar bay of the ship Obi-Wan Kenobi lands on after returning from Tatooine. It says "Laugh This Off!""(original site is defunct)(Note that the guide erroneously says "Laugh this off!" with an exclamation point)
  16. ↑StarWars.com "To Catch a Jedi" Trivia Gallery onStarWars.com(backup link)(Slide 5)
  17. ↑StarWars.com "Holocron Heist" Trivia Gallery onStarWars.com:"Among the signage seen on the rather seedy buildings of the Coruscant underworld is an establishment called "The Hole," and "Purple Wer"."(backup link)(Slide 4)(Note that the Trivia Gallery erroneously says "PURPLE WER"; that is because there is no light in the last symbol on the neon sign; making "WERM" look like "WER")
  18. ↑StarWars.com "Evil Plans" Trivia Gallery onStarWars.com:"The signage outside the droid spa promises "oil changes, rust removal, memory flushing, polishing, motivator repair, de-fluttering, restraining bolt application and removal, general maintenance overhauls, junk removal" while the signs inside promise "recharge, repolish, repair" and "refit.""(backup link)(Slide 5)
  19. ↑StarWars.com "Deception" Trivia Gallery onStarWars.com:"Among the posters seen in the bar's back room where Hardeen sleeps is one for DJ Rangthang, one for Sy Snootles, a Felucian pin-up, and a travel poster for Pantora. In the corridor leading to the room is a poster for a "Miss Theelin" beauty pageant."(backup link)(Slide 4)
  20. ↑StarWars.com "Downfall of a Droid" Trivia Gallery onStarWars.com:"The Atte Rul3z text seen in "Rookies" appears once again (though, technically, this one came first... and fits the context quite well), this time on Ahsoka's tactical screen aboard the Resolute. There's some additional text underneath too that says "Take That Grievous"."(backup link)(Slide 6)
  21. ↑21.021.1Star Wars: The Clone Wars — "Lightsaber Lost"
  22. ↑StarWars.com "Revenge" Trivia Gallery onStarWars.com:"Among the bounties listed are: Nim Mindbend, a Siniteen, wanted dead for 120,000 credits for kidnapping, theft and murder; Omar Toggs, a Rodian, wanted dead or alive for 75,000 credits for racketeering and extortion; and Zug Tassik, a Trandoshan, wanted dead or alive for 800,000 for mass murder. Though the hunters say Savage is worth a million credits, his on-screen bounty only lists 550,000. His warrant lists "fleeing the scene of a crime.""(backup link)(Slide 2)
  23. ↑StarWars.com "The Zillo Beast" Trivia Gallery onStarWars.com:"The electro-proton bomb (called the ion bomb during production) is covered with Aurebesh lettering: official red print say such things as "Caution Ion Detonator" and "Code Switch Designator" while a hand-scrawled notation on the fin says "This is for you Dooku."(backup link)(Slide 3)
  24. ↑StarWars.com "Brothers" Trivia Gallery onStarWars.com:"Loubo has a tattoo on his right arm of a double-heart that says "MOM"."(backup link)(Slide 7)
  25. ↑StarWars.com "Revival" Trivia Gallery onStarWars.com:"In the background of Hondo's camp is a huge piece of superstructure with the Aurebesh words, "HONDO'S SALVAGE - PRICES SLASHED," stenciled on it."(backup link)(Slide 6)
  26. ↑StarWars.com "Sabotage" Episode Guide | The Clone Wars onStarWars.com:"In addition to an image of a crossed-out clone trooper, the Temple protestor signs say "The Jedi are corrupt," and "Stop cloning violence.""(backup link)(Slide 8)
  27. ↑StarWars.com "Rebel Resolve" Concept Art Gallery onStarWars.com:"Kanan hologram illustration by Amy Beth Christenson."(backup link)(Slide 3)
  28. ↑Star Wars Rebels — "Rebel Resolve"
  29. ↑StarWars.com "An Inside Man" Behind-the-Scenes Gallery onStarWars.com(backup link)(Slide 5)
  30. ↑StarWars.com "Crawler Commandeers" Trivia Gallery onStarWars.com:"The TIE defender elite technical specifications read, in Aurebesh, "Technical Readouts Contained in this transmission Have Been Rated Top Secret BY IMPERIAL COMMAND: EYES ONLY.""(backup link)(Slide 3)
  31. ↑ Jyn's Kyber Pendant in theDatabank(backup link)
  32. ↑The Rise of Kylo Ren 1
  33. ↑Star Wars: Episode VIIThe Force Awakens
  34. ↑34.034.134.234.3 Aurebesh Soup:Recipe for a Star Wars Font Phenomenon (English) byStephen Crane on Echo Station (October 21,2000): "The evolution of the Star Wars alphabet told by the guy who designed the font for West End Games." (backup link archived onMay 20,2016)
  35. ↑ Editoral: What Does That Screen Say? The Discovery on Erikstormtrooper's Imperial Gallery (backup link archived onDecember 17,2021)
  36. ↑ alphabet onEncyclopædia Britannica: "The wordalphabet, from the first two letters of the Greek alphabet—alpha and beta (...)" (backup link archived onJanuary 21,2022)
  37. ↑37.037.1Star Wars: Episode IVA New Hope
  38. ↑StarWars.com The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page onStarWars.com(backup link)
  39. ↑Disney.com Rebel Resistance Kit onDisney'sofficial website(original link is obsolete)
    Ghost Crew Identification Card (English) (PDF) onDisney XD: "Translate Aurebesh (official Lothal language) using the guide on the back side of the card" (backup link archived onMarch 19,2023)
  40. ↑Star Wars Rebels: Battle Plans from Darth Vader
  41. ↑ First Look: Aurebesh Coke Coming To 'Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge', Served In Reclaimed Thermal Detonator Packaging by Sciretta, Peter onSlashfilm (April 13,2019) (backup link archived onMay 15,2021)
  42. ↑Star Wars: The Clone Wars — "Liberty on Ryloth"
  43. ↑Star Wars: The Clone Wars — "The Academy"
  44. ↑StarWars.com "The Academy" Trivia Gallery onStarWars.com:"Once Soniee slices through the lock on the warehouse, her computer screen says "Entrare," which is Italian for "enter.""(backup link)(Slide 6)
  45. ↑45.045.145.245.3Star Wars: Visions — "T0-B1"
  46. ↑46.046.1 MALAMENTE (Cap.1: Augurio) ongenius.com (backup link archived onApril 17,2022)
  47. ↑47.047.147.2Star Wars: The Mandalorian — "Chapter 22: Guns for Hire"(Note that thetop line in thefirstNorwegian paragraph is only seen from behind, and is therefore mirror-inverted; while theentire second Norwegian paragraph is only seen clearly from behind; when it is seen from the front, it is too blurry to decipher)
  48. ↑48.048.1Translated by user: Nightlily, a native speaker ofNorwegian
  49. ↑49.049.1 What is the national anthem of Norway, and what are the lyrics in English? onClassic FM (February 4,2022): "Norway's official national anthem is 'Ja, vi elsker dette landet' ('Yes, we love this country') (...) It has been in use since the mid-1860s, but wasn't officially recognised as the nation's national anthem until just a few years ago in 2019. (...)

    Yes, we love this country
    as it rises forth,
    rugged, weathered, over the water,
    with the thousands of homes, —
    love, love it and think
    of our father and mother" (backup link archived onJuly 5,2022)
  50. ↑ Ja, vi elsker dette landet ongenius.com: "Ja, vi elsker dette landet,
    som det stiger frem,
    furet, værbitt over vannet,
    med de tusen hjem, —
    elsker, elsker det og tenker
    på vår far og mor" (backup link archived onOctober 23,2022)
  51. ↑51.051.1Star Wars: The Clone Wars film
  52. ↑Star Wars: The Clone Wars — "Storm Over Ryloth"
  53. ↑Star Wars: The Clone Wars — "Landing at Point Rain"
  54. ↑Star Wars: The Clone Wars — "Missing in Action"
  55. ↑Star Wars: The Clone Wars — "The Rise of Clovis"
  56. ↑56.056.156.2Star Wars: The Bad Batch — "The Crossing"
  57. ↑Star Wars: The Clone Wars — "Holocron Heist"
  58. ↑Star Wars: The Clone Wars — "Senate Spy"
  59. ↑Star Wars: The Clone Wars — "Cat and Mouse"
  60. ↑Star Wars: The Clone Wars — "The Academy"
  61. ↑Star Wars: The Clone Wars — "The Lost One"
  62. ↑Star Wars Rebels — "Brothers of the Broken Horn"
  63. ↑Star Wars Rebels: Steps Into Shadow
  64. ↑Star Wars Rebels: Heroes of Mandalore
  65. ↑Star Wars Rebels — "In the Name of the Rebellion"
  66. ↑Star Wars Rebels — "Crawler Commandeers"
  67. ↑Star Wars Resistance — "The Voxx Vortex 5000"
  68. ↑Star Wars Rebels — "The Protector of Concord Dawn"
  69. ↑69.069.169.2 Aurabesh (free) onaurekfonts.github.io (backup link archived onJanuary 20,2023)

    AurekFonts (@AurekFonts) onTwitter (post onJuly 24,2020):"In 1996 Mike E Web created a fan font for Aurebesh, called "Aurabesh." https://aurekfonts.github.io/?font=Aurabesh Because this was created before the above punctuation was made, Web went ahead and added his own custom punctuation, including the first Aurebesh ampersand!"(backup link)
  70. ↑Star Wars: The Bad Batch — "Faster"
  71. ↑71.071.1Star Wars: The Bad Batch — "Bad Territory"
  72. ↑Star Wars: Hunters
  73. ↑Star Wars Resistance — "The Recruit"
  74. ↑Star Wars: Tales of the Underworld — "The Good Life"
  75. ↑75.075.1 Pablo Hidalgo (@pabl0hidalgo) onTwitter (post onJune 10,2022):"I can't recall which came first, Stock Ships or Gamemaster Screen Revised, but I worked on both and both have that chart."(original link is obsolete)
  76. ↑76.076.1Platt's Starport Guide
  77. ↑Star Wars Gamemaster Screen, Revised
  78. ↑Stock Ships
  79. ↑ "New Aurabesh": A Casual Interview with Peter Schuster on Ko-fi (May 19,2020) (backup link archived onMay 9,2022)
  80. ↑ New Aurabesh (free) on AurekFonts (backup link archived onMay 9,2022)
  81. ↑Star Wars Rebels — "Entanglement"
  82. ↑Star Wars: Episode VIIIThe Last Jedi
  83. ↑Star Wars: The Visual Encyclopedia
  84. ↑Solo: A Star Wars Story
  85. ↑Star Wars: The Book of Boba Fett — "Chapter 5: Return of the Mandalorian"
  86. ↑Star Wars: The Mandalorian — "Chapter 19: The Convert"
  87. ↑Star Wars: Obi-Wan Kenobi — "Part II"
  88. ↑Star Wars: Obi-Wan Kenobi — "Part IV"
  89. ↑Star Wars: The Bad Batch — "Truth and Consequences"
  90. ↑90.090.190.2 Pablo Hidalgo (@pabl0hidalgo) onTwitter (post onMay 30,2021):"It's called domabesh, and was made for Rogue One."(original link is obsolete)
  91. ↑91.091.191.2 Glyn Dillon (@glyn_dillon) onTwitter (post onMarch 27,2019):"The fonts were made at Gareth's request for R.O. he didn't want a universe with just one text (and mostly one font). They were designed by the art dept graphics team. I was able to use them in any designs that needed text. Dishabesh just seemed to suit Enfys more than the others."(original link is obsolete)
    Alban Leloup (@LelalMekha) onTwitter (post onMarch 27,2019):"Dishabesh, eh? That's the actual name they gave it? And the one in this picture is "Domabesh," right?"(backup link)
    Glyn Dillon (@glyn_dillon) onTwitter (post onMarch 27,2019):"Correct"(original link is obsolete)
  92. ↑The Art of Star Wars Jedi: Survivor
  93. ↑ Pablo Hidalgo (@pabl0hidalgo) onTwitter (post onJune 6,2021):"I don't know how that was decided; but I do know Domabesh is thought to be archaic, with its usage on Jedha. Not as ancient as the McQuarrie script, but much older than run-of-the-mill Aurebesh at least."(original link is obsolete)

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