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Saka

С Википедије, слободне енциклопедије

Paradni oklop u stilukatafrakta pripadnika kraljevske porodice, takođe poznatog kao „Zlatni ratnik”, izIsik kurgana, istorijske grobnice u blizini bivšeg prestoničkog gradaAlmati,Kazahstan. Oko 400-200. p. n. e..^[1]

Saka,šaka ilisake (staropersijski:Sakā;brahmanski:Śaka,sanskritski: शक,Śaka;starogrčki: Σάκαι,Sákai;latinski: Sacae;kineski:塞,staro *Sək,mod. Sāi,egipatski:𓐠𓎼𓋴𓎡𓈙/sꜣgskš) bili su grupe nomadskihiranskih naroda koji su istorijski naseljavali severne i istočneEvroazijske stepe iTarimske kotline.^[2]^[3]

Mada su usko povezani, Sake treba razlikovati odSkita izPontijskih stepa iMasageta iz oblastiAralskog mora.^[3]^[4]^[5] Oni čine deo širihskitskih kultura.^[6] Kao i Skiti, Saka su ultimatlo proistekli iz ranijeandronovske kulture.Njihov jezik bio je deoskitskih jezika. Istaknuti arheološki ostaci Saka uključujuArzhan,Paziričke grobnice,Isik kurgan,Saka Kurganske grobnice, humke izTasmola i eventualnoTilija Tepe.

U 2. veku p. n. e., mnogi pripadnici naroda Sake su usled napadaJuedža prebegli iz stepa uSogdiju iBaktriju, a zatim na severozapadIndijskog potkontinenta, gde su bili poznati kaoIndo-Skiti.^[7]^[8]^[9] Drugi pripadnici naroda Saka su napaliPartsko carstvo i na kraju su se nastanili uSistanu, dok su drugi verovatno prešli uDijan Kraljevstvo uJunanu uKini. UTarimskoj kotlini i pustinjiTakla Makan severozapadne Kine, oni su se naselili uKotanu,Jarkandu,Kašgaru i drugim mestima, koja su u raznim vremenima bilavazalna većim silama, poputHan Kine iTang Kine.^[10]

Reference

[уреди |уреди извор]

^Chang, Claudia (2017).Rethinking Prehistoric Central Asia: Shepherds, Farmers, and Nomads (на језику: енглески). Routledge. стр. 72.ISBN 9781351701587.
^Beckwith 2009, стр. 68 "Modern scholars have mostly used the name Saka to refer to Iranians of the Eastern Steppe and Tarim Basin"
^^а ^бDandamayev 1994, стр. 37 "In modern scholarship the name 'Sakas' is reserved for the ancient tribes of northern and eastern Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan to distinguish them from the related Massagetae of the Aral region and the Scythians of the Pontic steppes. These tribes spoke Iranian languages, and their chief occupation was nomadic pastoralism."
^Kramrisch, Stella.„Central Asian Arts: Nomadic Cultures”.Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Приступљено1. 9. 2018. „The Śaka tribe was pasturing its herds in the Pamirs, central Tien Shan, and in the Amu Darya delta. Their gold belt buckles, jewelry, and harness decorations display sheep, griffins, and other animal designs that are similar in style to those used by the Scythians, a nomadic people living in the Kuban basin of the Caucasus region and the western section of the Eurasian plain during the greater part of the 1st millennium bc.”
^Bruno & David 2018 harvnb грешка: no target: CITEREFBrunoDavid2018 (help) "Horse-riding nomadism has been referred to as the culture of 'Early Nomads'. This term encompasses different ethnic groups (such as Scythians, Saka, Massagetae, and Yuezhi)..."
^Unterländer, Martina (3. 3. 2017).„Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe”.Nature Communications.8: 14615.Bibcode:2017NatCo...814615U.PMC 5337992 .PMID 28256537.doi:10.1038/ncomms14615. „During the first millennium BCE, nomadic people spread over the Eurasian Steppe from the Altai Mountains over the northern Black Sea area as far as the Carpathian Basin... Greek and Persian historians of the 1st millennium BCE chronicle the existence of the Massagetae and Sauromatians, and later, the Sarmatians and Sacae: cultures possessing artefacts similar to those found in classical Scythian monuments, such as weapons, horse harnesses and a distinctive ‘Animal Style' artistic tradition. Accordingly, these groups are often assigned to the Scythian culture...”
^Benjamin, Craig (mart 2003).„The Yuezhi Migration and Sogdia”. Ērān ud Anērān Webfestschrift Marshak. Архивирано изоригинала 18. 02. 2015. г. Приступљено1. 3. 2015.
^„Chinese History – Sai 塞 The Saka People or Soghdians”.Chinaknowledge.Архивирано из оригинала 19. 1. 2015. г. Приступљено1. 3. 2015.
^Beckwith 2009, стр. 85 "The Saka, or Śaka, people then began their long migration that ended with their conquest of northern India, where they are also known as the Indo-Scythians."
^Sinor 1990, стр. 173–174

Literatura

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Spoljašnje veze

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Saka наВикимедијиној остави.

Scythians/Sacae Архивирано на веб-сајтуWayback Machine (12. новембар 2013) byJona Lendering
Article by Kivisild et al. on genetic heritage of early Indian settlers Архивирано на веб-сајтуWayback Machine (27. јун 2007)

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