Edhe pse shumica e piratëve në histori kanë qenë burra,[1] ka rreth njëqind shembuj të njohur të pirateve femra,[2][a] rreth dyzet prej të cilave ishin aktive nëEpokën e Artë të Piraterisë.[4] Disa gra kanë qenë kapitenë pirate dhe disa kanë komanduar flota të tëra piratesh. Ndër gratë pirate më të fuqishme ishin figura të tilla siZheng Yi Sao (1775–1844) dheHuang Bamei (1906–1982), të cilat të dyja drejtuan dhjetëra mijëra piratë.[5][6]
Përveç atyre të paktëve që ishin vetë pirate, gratë gjithashtu historikisht kanë qenë më shumë të përfshira në piraterinë përmes roleve dytësore, duke ndërvepruar me piratët duke qenë kontrabandistë, huadhënëse parash, blerës të mallrave të vjedhura, taverna dhe prostituta, dhe duke qenë anëtarë të familjes së piratëve dhe viktimave.[1][7] Disa gra gjithashtu u martuan me piratë dhe i kthyen shtëpitë ose objektet e tyre në streha të sigurta piratike.[8] Nëpërmjet grave në këto role dytësore, piratët u mbështetën fuqishëm nga agjencia e grave.[9] Disa gra me ndikim, duke përfshirë monarkët siElizabeta I e Anglisë (r. 1558-1603), kanë vepruar gjithashtu si mbrojtës të fuqishëm të piratëve.[1] Megjithëse kanë marrë pak vëmendje akademike, gratë ende i zënë këto role të rëndësishme dytësore nëpiraterinë bashkëkohore.Pirateria në brigjet e Somalisë, për shembull, mbështetet në një masë të madhe nga gratë në breg që marrin pjesë në transport, strehim dhe rekrutim.[10]
Lundrimi në përgjithësi ka qenë historikisht një aktivitet me gjini mashkullore.[11] Gratë që bëheshin pirate herë pas here maskoheshin si burra për ta bërë këtë, pasi përndryshe ato rrallë lejoheshin në anijet pirate. Në shumë anije në Epokën e Artë të Piraterisë, gratë ishin të ndaluara ngakontrata e anijes (kërkohej të nënshkruhej nga të gjithë anëtarët e ekuipazhit) për shkak të konsiderimit si fat i keq dhe për shkak të frikës se anëtarët meshkuj të ekuipazhit do të ziheshin për gratë. Shumë pirate femra të famshme, siAnne Bonny (1697–?) dheMary Read (1685–1721), visheshin dhe vepronin si burra.[12] Meqenëse gjinia e shumë grave pirate u ekspozua vetëm pasi u kapën, është e mundur që të ketë pasur më shumë gra në pirateri sesa tregohet ndryshe nga burimet e mbijetuara.[13]
Përveç pirateve femra historike, femrat në pirateri janë shfaqur shpesh edhe nëlegjenda dhefolklor. Pirateja më e hershme femër legjendare është ndoshtaAtalanta emitologjisë greke, e cila sipas legjendës iu bashkuaargonautëve në vitet paraLuftës së Trojës.[14]Folklori dhemitologjia skandinave, ndonëse vetë përrallat janë të paverifikuara, përfshin shumë luftëtare femra (mburoja-vashë) që komandojnë anije dhe flota.[15] Piratet femra kanë pasur role të ndryshme në letërsinë moderne, duke reflektuar shpesh normat dhe traditat kulturore. Duke filluar nga shekulli i 20-të, gratë e imagjinuara pirate ndonjëherë janë romantizuar si simbole të lirisë femërore.[16]
| Emri | Jetgjatësia | Aktiv | Kultura | Shënime |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dido a.k.a. Elissa | ~800 BC | Fenikase | Themeluese legjendare eCarthage.[17] Ndonjëherë konsiderohet një pirate pasi legjenda e saj përfshin udhëheqjen e një ekspedite detare,[17][18] bastisjet,[17] dhe rrëmbimin e një grupi të madh grash.[18] | |
| Tchiao Kuo-fu-ja[2] a.k.a. Ch’iao K’uo Fü Jên | ~600 BC | Kineze | Piratja legjendare kineze e cila shfaqet në një legjendë ku ajo dhe ekuipazhi i saj çlirojnë një grua të re të robëruar me emrin P'ao.[19] | |
| MbretëreshaArtemisia I of Caria | 480 BC | Greke | Mbretëresha e qytet-shtetitHalicarnassus. Pirateja femër më e hershme historike, Artemisia kapitenin e një anijeje luftarake[20] dhe udhëhoqi flotën më të famshme pirate nëMesdhe.[21] Ajo mori pjesë nëpushtimin e dytë persian të Greqisë (480–479 pes), duke luftuar përkrahXerxes I tëPerandorisë Akaemenide.[20] | |
| MbretëreshaTeutë eArdianëve | 231–228 BC | Ilire | Mbretëresha regjente e fisitArdiaei, aktive në detin Adriatik. Sanksionoi një numër sulmesh piratesh kundërRepublikës Romake dhe luftoi kundër romakëve nëLuftën e Parë Ilire (229–228 p.e.r.).[22][23] |
| Emri | Jetgjatësia | Aktiv | Kultura | Shënime |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Princess Sela | rr. 420[24] | Norwegian | Appears in theGesta Danorum.[25][b] Sister of the Norwegian king Koller, with whom she quarreled, and led her own raids both in sea and land. Killed by the Jutish king-turned-pirateAurvandill after she attempted to avenge her brother.[24] | |
| Alf andAlfhild a.k.a. Alvid; Altilda; Atwilda; Alvilda | rr. 550[30] | Geatish | Appears in theGesta Danorum.[b] Her story is akin to a fairy tale and she consequently appears to be a mythical figure.[30][31] Daughter of the Geatish kingSynardus. Turned to piracy to escape an enforced marriage and led an all-female pirate crew. Eventually tracked down and defeated by her intended spouse, whereafter she married him on account of his prowess in battle.[30] | |
| Groe | rr. 550[30] | Geatish | Appears in theGesta Danorum.[b] One of the women accompanying Afhild.[32] | |
| Stikla | 8th century? | Norwegian | Appears in theGesta Danorum.[25][b]Shield-maiden and pirate[31] who alongside her sister Rusila fought against the Norwegian ruler Olov for control of his kingdom.[25][33] Defeated and killed by Olov's forces who were aided by the Danish kingHarald Wartooth.[33] | |
| Rusila | 8th century? | Norwegian | Appears in theGesta Danorum.[b] Sister of Stikla, fought with her against Olov and Harald.[25][33] | |
| Veborg | rr. 770[15] | Danish | Briefly mentioned in theGesta Danorum.[b] Longship captain who was killed in battle.[25] Participated in the legendaryBattle of Brávellir.[34] | |
| Hetha | rr. 770[15] | Danish | Briefly mentioned in theGesta Danorum.[b] Longship captain who became the ruler ofZealand.[25] Participated in the legendaryBattle of Brávellir.[34] | |
| Wisna | rr. 770[15] | Danish | Briefly mentioned in theGesta Danorum.[b] Longship captain who became astandard-bearer and lost her right hand in battle.[25] Participated in the legendaryBattle of Brávellir.[34] | |
| Rusla, "Red Daughter" | 8th/9th century? | Norwegian | Appears in theGesta Danorum.[b] Sometimes conflated with Rusila but appears to be a distinct figure.[25] Sister of the Norwegian ruler Tesondus, who had been deposed by the Danish kingOmundus. Angered at the Danish conquest and her brother being content with it, she fought against both but was ultimately defeated.[25] | |
| Lagertha | 9th century | Norwegian | Appears in theGesta Danorum.[b] Viking shield-maiden who accompanied and later married the legendary hero and kingRagnar Lodbrok.[25] |
| Emri | Jetgjatësia | Aktiv | Kultura | Shënime |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians | rr. 870–918 | 911 | Anglo-Saxon | Ruler ofMercia. Became a military leader after her husband's death in battle against theDanes in 911. Took command of the fleets to rid the seas of the Viking raiders. Sometimes referred to as a pirate.[4] |
| Joanna of Flanders, "the Flame" a.k.a. Joanna of Montfort | rr. 1295–1374 | 1341–1347 | French / Breton | Duchess of Brittany by marriage toJohn of Montfort. Famous and admired in Brittany for her skills as a warrior and military leader. Fought alongside her troops against the French in theWar of the Breton Succession (1341–1365), at points commanding great fleets in naval battles. Sometimes referred to as a pirate.[35] |
| Jeanne de Clisson, "Lioness of Brittany" a.k.a. Jeanne de Belleville | 1300–1359 | 1343–1350s | French / Breton | French/Breton noblewoman. Turned to piracy to avenge her husbandOlivier IV de Clisson. who was executed as a traitor during theWar of the Breton Succession. Purchased three ships, which she commanded, and attacked French ships off the coast ofNormandy. Ended her pirate career after she remarried to the English knightWalter Bentley in the 1350s.[36] |
| Elise Eskilsdotter | d. 1483 | 1455–1470s | Norwegian | Norwegian noblewoman who turned to piracy to avenge her husbandOlav Nilsson. Attacked ships in the seas nearBergen.[4] |
| Grace O'Malley a.k.a. Gráinne Ní Mháille, Granuaile | rr. 1530–1603 | 16th century | Irish | Daughter of a local chieftain inConnacht. Her family ran both a legitimate shipping business and a piracy business. Inherited her father's lands (Umhaill), becoming a powerful Irish ruler. With her three ships and two hundred men, O'Malley plundered ships both from England and from other parts of Ireland. She became so prolific that QueenElizabeth I put a reward on her head and considered sending the royal fleet against her. Captured by the English in 1577 but released in a hostage exchange and continued to engage in piracy. Entered into English service as aprivateer in 1593.[37] |
| Sayyida al Hurra | 1485–1561 | 1515–1542 | Moroccan | Ruler of the western coasts of Morocco for over thirty years and a powerfulBarbary corsair, operating out ofTétouan. Allied with the Ottoman corsairOruç Reis, who operated out ofAlgiers. Raided Christian ships from Spain, regaining wealth her family had lost during the expulsions of Muslims from Spain. Much of the wealth was used to revive Tétouan. Earnt the titleal-Hurra (a woman who exercises power) and later marriedAhmed el Outassi, Sultan of Morocco. Wishing to retain her political influence, she forced Outassi to travel to Tétouan for the wedding, the only time in Moroccan history a royal wedding was not held in the capital.[38] |
| Mary Wolverston, Lady Killigrew a.k.a. Elizabeth Killigrew; Old Lady Killigrew | Stampa:Floruit 1525–1587 | 16th century | English | Daughter of the pirate Philip Wolverston, who educated her in piracy in her youth.[39] Married into the Cornish Killigrew family, owners ofArwenack. Among other businesses, the Killigrews ran a criminal enterprise of seizing ships and hiding stolen goods and bribed officials to look the other way.[40][41] Wolverston was actively involved in the family's piracy. In 1582, she led pirate crews on her own pirate attacks against a Spanish[39][40][42] and then a German ship.[40] Wolverston was thereafter imprisoned and sentenced to death by QueenElizabeth I but was ultimately pardoned.[40][42][43] |
| Dorothy Monk, Lady Killigrew | 16th century | English | Daughter-in-law of Mary Wolverston. Also charged with having engaged in piracy.[44][45] | |
| Elizabetha Patrickson | Stampa:Floruit 1634 | 17th century | English | Raided English ships alongside her husband William. Indicted onpiracy,robbery, andmurder charges on 10 March 1634 in an English court. She was tortured into a confession and later hanged.[46] |
| Emri | Jetgjatësia | Aktiv | Kultura | Shënime |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Charlotte de Berry | 1636–? | 17th century | English | Reportedly kidnapped and forced to go to sea, whereafter she organized a mutiny, took control of the ship and began a pirate career of her own.[47] She is likely fictional since her earliest known mention in a literary work dates to 1836.[48] |
| Jacquotte Delahaye | Stampa:Floruit 1656 | Mid-17th century | Haitian or Spanish | Legendary pirate whose story differs between accounts, sometimes said to have been motivated by revenge and other times said to have wished to earn wealth to support her family. Supposedly rose to command a hundred pirates. Depending on the account said to have either continuously dressed as a man or to have taken a male alias after faking her death. Likely fictional as she first appears only in accounts written significantly later than her purported lifespan.[48] |
| Christina Anna Skytte | 1643–1677 | 1657–1668 | Swedish | Abaroness who is said to in 1657 have joined her brotherGustav Skytte, who secretly owned a pirate ship. Together they assaulted ships in theBaltic Sea. Fled the country to escape the authorities in 1663 but returned and retired from piracy in 1668. Her role in the piracy is somewhat disputed since the relevant court documents (which confirm the piracy of her brother and fiancé) do not explicitly mention her.[49] |
| Neel Cuyper a.k.a. Cornelia; Nellie Cowper; Santa Rubia | rr. 1655–1695 | Late 17th century | Dutch | Served on Dutch merchant ships masquerading as a man. Captured by pirates who recruited her on account of her experience. After some time with the pirates, Cuyper was discovered to be a woman, whereafter she was disembarked together with her share of the loot atTortuga. Later founded a resort for pirates atLabadee in Haiti, eventually becoming known as the "Queen of Labadee Bay". Killed by British and Spanish forces during a raid in 1695.[50] |
| Mrs.Bear | Stampa:Floruit 1684–1689 | Late 17th century | English? | Full name unknown. Wife of the pirateJohn Bear, whom she accompanied on pirate voyages dressed in men's clothes.[51] |
| Anne Dieu-le-Veut | 1661–1710 | Late 17th century | French | According to legends the wife of the Dutch pirateLaurens de Graaf, whom she is said to have accompanied on pirate raids. Her legend conflicts with known historical information on Laurens de Graaf's life;[48] although documentary evidence confirms her as a real person, she only married de Graaf after he is believed to have left his pirate life behind him.[52] |
| Ingela Gathenhielm | 1692–1729 | 1711–1721 | Swedish | Married the shipowner and privateerLars Gathenhielm, who also operated a pirate business. Ingela was deeply involved in her husband's business and took charge of it after Lars died in 1718.[53] |
| Maria Lindsey | 1740s–1760s | English | Prostitute who married the pirateEric Cobham.[54] Thought to have been insane, she joined Cobham and they assembled a pirate crew together. They conducted pirate attacks together inNew England andNewfoundland; Cobham's memoirs portray Lindsey as ruthless in how she dealt with captives.[55] | |
| Anne Bonny a.k.a. Anne Bonney; Ann Fulford | 1697–? | 1719–1720 | Irlandeze | E njohur kryesisht përmes librit tëKapitenit Charles Johnson të vitit 1724,Historia e Përgjithshme e Piratëve;[56] edhe pse pjesa më e madhe e historisë së saj është me vërtetësi të pasigurt, të dhënat bashkëkohore konfirmojnë ekzistencën e saj dhe se ajo u dënua për piraterinë.[57] Sipas historisë së Johnson, ajo u martua me piratin/privatin James Bonny dhe pati një lidhje me piratinJohn "Calico Jack" Rackham,[56] ekuipazhit pirate të të cilit ajo iu bashkua në vitin 1719.[58] Gjithashtu pjesë e ekuipazhit të Rackham ishte një tjetër pirate femër,Mary Read. U kap dhe u dënua në fund të vitit 1720, por i shpëtoi ekzekutimit duke treguar se ishte shtatzënë, por fati i saj i mëtejshëm nuk dihet.[59] |
| Mary Read | 1685–1721 | ?–1720 | English | E njohur kryesisht përmes librit tëKapitenit Charles Johnson të vitit 1724,Historia e Përgjithshme e Piratëve;[57][60] megjithëse pjesa më e madhe e historisë së saj është e vërtetë e pasigurt, të dhënat bashkëkohore konfirmojnë ekzistencën e saj dhe se ajo u dënua për pirateri.[57] U kthye në piraterinë pasi një anije në të cilën ajo ishte u kap nga piratët. U bashkua me ekuipazhin eJohn "Calico Jack" Rackham në vitin 1719,[61] pjesë e së cilës ishte edheAnne Bonny.[59] E kapën dhe e dënuan në fund të vitit 1720, por i shpëtoi ekzekutimit duke treguar se ajo ishte shtatzënë. Vdiq nga një ethe në burg në 1721, ndoshta lidhur mendërlikimet e lindjes.[60] |
| Martha Farley a.k.a. Mary Farley; Mary Harvey; Mary Farlee | Stampa:Floruit 1726 | Early 18th century | English? | Tried for piracy in Virginia alongside three men in 1726; whereas all men were executed, Farley was spared by the court.[13] Though Farley does not appear to have taken an active militant role alongside the men, she was present during at least one capture of a ship and is thought to have aided in eavesdropping on the conversations of the prisoners.[62] |
| Mary Critchett a.k.a. Mary Crickett; Mary Crichett | d. 1729 | Early 18th century | English | Tried for piracy in Virginia alongside a crew of five men in 1729 and executed.[13] Critchett and the others had been felons who escaped and stole a ship in theRappahannock River before making their way into theChesapeake Bay, where they captured another ship.[63] |
| Martha Herring | Stampa:Floruit 1714–1735 | 1714–1715 | English? | Daughter of a captain killed in 1714 a mutiny by her loverSandy Gordon, who turned to piracy. Herring continued to follow Gordon aboard theFlying Scot. Gordon was killed in 1715 and Herring then stayed behind on the island on which the two were married.[64] |
| Flora Burn | Stampa:Floruit 1741 | 18th century | American | Active along the eastern coast of North America.[65] Her existence is verified through surviving documentation but little is known of her career.[66] |
| Name | Lifespan | Active | Culture | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sarah Bishop | 1778–1770 | American | Forced aboard a Britishprivateer/pirate ship in 1778 as asex slave. Eventually became the captain's wife and sometimes stood watch or handled the ship's wheel. Escaped through swimming to the shore after the captain was killed in 1780, whereafter she became a hermit inRidgefield, Connecticut.[64] | |
| Rachel Wall | rr. 1760–1789 | 1781–1782/1789 | American | One of the most notorious American pirates and perhaps the earliest female pirate to be born in America itself.[66] Partook in the capture and plunder of several ships in 1781–1782 through luring them with false distress. Sole survivor after her ship came under attack and thereafter ostensibly retired from piracy. Alleged to have continued to rob ships during the night. Imprisoned and then hanged in 1789 after she assaulted a woman and stole herbonnet.[67] |
| Zheng Yi Sao a.k.a. Ching Shih; Cheng I Sao | 1775–1844 | 1801–1810 | Chinese | Wife of the pirateZheng Yi.[5] Participated in his piracy from the time of their marriage in 1801 onwards.[68] After her husband's death in 1807, she took command of his powerfulRed Flag Fleet and dominated theSouth China Sea both militarily and politically. Enforced variouspirate codes, including making the rape of female captives punishable by death.[69] At the height of her power in 1805 she commanded 400junks and between 40,000 and 60,000 pirates.[70] After facing significant opposition from government authorities as well as major powers such as theEast India Company and thePortuguese Empire she surrendered in 1810 and was allowed to retire in peace.[71] |
| Jossabee | Stampa:Floruit 1804 | Early 19th century | Algerian | Mentioned by the French author H. Mesnik in his bookLes femmes pirates (1804), wherein he claimed to have lived with her for a time.[72] |
| Margaret Jordan a.k.a. Margaret Croke | Stampa:Floruit 1809 | Early 19th century | Irish | Wife of the pirateEdward Jordan. Tried for piracy and murder following a violent dispute with investors over theschoonerThe Three Sisters. Found innocent and released by the court so that she could care for her children.[73] Despite this it is almost certain that she assisted her husband in his piracy, and that she thus was a pirate herself.[74] |
| Lucia Allen a.k.a. Lucie; Lucille; Señora del Norte | Stampa:Floruit 1821 | Early 19th century | American | Friend and perhaps mistress of the pirate captainPierre Lafitte. Recorded to have accompanied Lafitte on a pirate voyage and raid in the summer of 1821. Might have died in childbirth in November that year.[75] |
| Johanna Hård a.k.a. Johanna Jungberg | 1789–1851 | 1823 | Swedish | In popular remembrance considered the last Swedish pirate. Lived onVrångö Island and was the widow of a bookkeeper.[76] Lived off of smuggling and runningspeakeasy. Accused of piracy in 1823, Hård was found not guilty and the veracity of the accusation remains unknown.[77] |
| Ng Akew a.k.a. Aku | Stampa:Floruit 1849 | 19th century | Chinese | Part of the crew of an American gunpowder and opium-trader on the shipRuparell,[78] having been purchased as a slave by its captainJames Bridges Endicott.[79] Known for a series of events in 1849 when she personally smuggledopium[79] and acted as the representative of a pirate fleet to negotiate with Captain Lockyer of the British navy shipHMSMedea.[78] |
| Eliza Welsh | 1806–after 1871 | Middle 19th century | Spanish | Lived with a Captain Graham aboard HMSDevonshire who became a pirate. Welsh accompanied him and partook in his piracies. Captured by the British navy, whereafter Graham was hanged in London and Welsh was placed in a prison camp inTasmania, where she spent twenty years.[80] |
| Sadie Farrell, "Sadie the Goat" | Stampa:Floruit 1869[81] | 1850s–1869s | Irish American[82] | River pirate who led theCharlton Street Gang in the rivers surroundingNew York City, raiding ships, villages and small towns and flying aJolly Roger flag.[83] She earnt her nickname before becoming a pirate; it derived from her strategy toheadbutt people in the stomach, whereafter one of her male companions would rob the now grounded victim.[84][85] |
| Name | Lifespan | Active | Culture | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lo Hon-cho a.k.a. Lo Honcho | 1921–1922 | Chinese | Took charge of a pirate fleet after her husband’s death in 1921,[86] probably in her mid-20s. Earnt a ruthless reputation through her attacks in the region surroundingBeihai. Commanded 64junks at the height of her power. Captured by the Chinese military in October 1922.[87] | |
| Lai Choi San a.k.a. Lai Sho Sz’en | Stampa:Floruit 1931–1939 | 1920s–1930s | Chinese | Active in theSouth China Sea and theEast China Sea, commanded 12junks. Her historicity, or at least the historicity of her exploits, are disputed since she is mainly known from the reportI Sailed with Pirates (1931) byAleko Lilius, a journalist of dubious repute. She appears to have been a real figure since she is also mentioned in a later report by a war journalist during theSino-Japanese War.[88] |
| Tan Chin Chiao, "Golden Grace" a.k.a. T'ang Ch'ên Ch'iao | Stampa:Floruit 1935 | Early 20th century | Chinese | Also called the "Queen of the Pirates". Commanded several pirate ships, arrested inDaya Bay in 1935.[30] Recorded to have proclaimed herself the "mortal enemy of the West".[6] |
| P’en Ch’ih Ch’iko | Stampa:Floruit 1936 | Early 20th century | Chinese | Commanded over a hundred pirates in 1936.[6] |
| Ki Ming a.k.a. King Mi; Ching Mi | Early 20th century | Chinese | Attacked and tried to seize theRMSEmpress of Canada inManila, aided by a gang of her crewmembers hidden among thesteerage passengers.[89] | |
| Huang Bamei, "Two Guns" a.k.a. Huang P’ei-mei; Huang P'emei | 1906–1982 | 1931–1951 | Chinese | Active along the coasts of the Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces in the 1930s. Her gang, among other local criminal gangs, was recruited by theNational Revolutionary Army of theRepublic of China at the outbreak of theSecond Sino-Japanese War in 1937, although she was of dubious allegiance.[90] Huang's fleet grew considerably during the war; at her height she commanded 50,000 pirates and 70 ships.[6][91] After the war she returned to piracy, raiding aroundLake Tai. Recruited by the military again in 1949 to fight in theChinese Civil War. Largely retired from maritime activities in 1951.[90] |
| Sister Ping | 1949–2014 | 1970s–1990s | Chinese | Operated out ofGuangzhou as an owner and financer of pirate ships in theSouth China Sea. Also known for smuggling Chinese immigrants into the United States and Europe. Was convicted in the United States and sentenced to 35 years in prison.[5] |
| Linda | 20th century | Filipino | Full name unknown. Pirate responsible for several raids along the Philippine coasts,[54][92] encountered by the French sailor Frances Guillain.[92] | |
| Susan Frani | 1990s | Filipino | Member of the pirate crew of Emilio Changco, whom she had an intimate relationship with. Perhaps the sole female member of the crew.[93][94] The Changco crew operated in the 1980s and 1990s and hijacked numerous ships in Philippine waters.[95] |
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