In 2003,BusinessWeek interviewedJoseph Engelberger, therobotics pioneer whohelped invent the first industrial robot. The article was entitled "How Robots Lost Their Way." Included in the story was a plea for money to build an eldercare robot that Engelberger thought could be built with then-current technologies, rented for $600 per month, operated at a cost of $1.25 per hour (compared tohealthcare homeworkers who cost around $15 per hour) and developed at a cost of less than $700,000.

"The robot I'm working on will be two-armed, mobile, sensate, and articulate. It doesn't need to communicate a great deal to meet the needs of an 85-year-old. A human can ask: 'What's for lunch?' and the robot can respond with what it's able to make, or it can say: 'We're going to Johnny's,' or 'We just had lunch.' Thevoice recognition, behavioral systems, andartificial intelligence necessary to do this are ready. Most of the other technologies are, too. We don't need more navigation development—getting around an apartment is easier than moving through a hospital or onMars, which robots do now. I could prove this functionality with the right partner for about $700,000 in 14 months or less."

It was an interesting proposition that should only getmore interesting as the need for eldercare technology continues to increase. A few years after reading theBusinessWeek story, I tracked down Engelberger and phoned him.

We had several long conversations on the subject. He was a fun character to talk with, and I learned much in the process. But when we got to the part where I offered him the money he said he needed, he said, "No. I don't want your money. You're just an investor. I want money and partnerships withPanasonic, or Johnson & Johnson,Philips, orSiemens. They're in the business [healthcare products], have deep pockets, and have what I need for the robot to be successful: 1. design and manufacturing capability and 2. marketing experience in the health and eldercare marketplace."

That was in 2006. After all this time, Engelberger's eldercare vision is still a work in progress in research labs around the world. Products are emerging but very slowly and their solutions are not as broad-based and flexible as Joe imagined. Most are single-purposed and not for home use; and none are produced by the companies Engelberger mentioned. Panasonic has a line of robotic hospital devices; Johnson & Johnson discontinued theiriBot stair-climbing wheelchair;Honda andToyota showcase their walking research robots but other than robotic lawn mowers (Honda) they don't have any robots available for purchase.

Although recent European studies indicate that there is resistance to havingelderly people minded by a robot, when given the choice of robotic care versus moving into a care facility, the resistance disappears. Anotherstudy from Georgia Tech showed thatseniors preferred robotic help forhousehold chores but not for personal needs (help getting dressed, bathing, etc.). This knowledge—and the spreading agingdemographics ofJapan, theUnited States, and other countries, is propelling research into homehealthcare robots such as the one that appeared in the movie Robot & Frank earlier this year [pictured above]. The many stakeholders in robotic healthcare (family members and caregivers, healthcare providers, technology providers, aging or disabled individuals) all have similar goals: To provide independence, preserve dignity, empower those with special needs and provide peace of mind to all of the stakeholders.

Almost every major robotics university and research lab has some form of healthcare and quality of life research including home care robots:Georgia Tech has Cody; CMU has Herb; theFraunhofer Institute hasCare-O-Bot;Yale, USC, andMIT are running a NSF-fundedSocially Assistive Robotics project; CIR andKAIST inKorea have their own robot projects. Nevertheless, the multi-purposed home healthcare robot Joe Engelberger envisioned back in 2003 still hasn't emerged—and specifically hasn't surfaced from any of the major home healthcare providers. Instead, present-day strategy appears to be to provide high-cost, high-need, single-purpose devices, spun off from university research, and marketed tohospitals andrehabilitation facilities, and wait until the technology develops further—or the political climate changes dramatically—before releasing Engelberger-style lower-cost, more capable, multi-purposed robots designed to be affordable and mass produced by the likes of Panasonic, Siemens, and Philips, for home use.

Why are there so few products released and why aren't there any fully capable devices like Engelberger described? I asked roboticist and bloggerTravis Deyle, who was a member of theHealthcare Robotics Lab at Georgia Tech, while working on his PhD.Hizook, Travis' blog, is a site that provides robotics news for academics and professionals:

"There are easier markets than eldercare. To build a viablehome robot requires significant expertise in a number of sub-fields, which naturally opens doors to other markets that are easier to monetize. ConsiderKinect,Siri, IMUs (inertial measurement units withaccelerometers and gyros), photo mapping likeGoogle Maps, etc. We've seen MAJOR industries and products pop up around each of these. Why focus on building an integrated system when there's so much fertile ground in these other markets?
The political climate in the US just isn't committed to robot healthcare solutions—at least not in juxtaposition to defense robots. Just imagine aDARPA robotics challenge for healthcare robots... Instead ofBigDog, we could have Service Dogs; instead ofPetman, we could have an in-home helper; instead of soldier extraction, we could have robotic nurses. Sure, DARPA's current challenges will ultimately help advance all of these, but why not tackle it head on? The saddest part... real healthcare robot advances (like Johnson & Johnson's old iBot wheelchair) are discontinued due to burdensome regulatory environments. Half of Mr. Engelberger's $700,000 could be eaten up by consumer safety certifications.
Scaling up from prototype to a mass-produced eldercare product is massively expensive. It's possible to build a prototype home healthcare robot for $700,000. But investor confidence in the business plan and subsequent funding is often more significant than the actual technology. ConsiderRethink Robotics. Sure, they're making strides in mass-production of low-cost robots, but their real innovation is discovering a VC-appealing business model to make it happen. And even then... Rethink required more than $60 million to get over the initial hump. Even Kiva (an arguably less-complex robot) required $33 Million in VC funding to scale up before theAmazon acquisition. There's just no way to bring such a robot to market for under $700k at this time. Engelberger hedged this by saying he wanted a deep-pocketed partner to handle the burden of production, inventory, marketing, and distribution. And that doesn't even address the hardest part: software."

The eldercare/healthcare marketplace isn't limited to robotic solutions. In fact, there are many competing propositions. Here are a few that come to mind:

• Convenient apps on PCs and tablets like GrandCare and QuietCare
• Home robots like iRobot's vacuums and bathroom andkitchen floor cleaners
• Multi-sensored kiosks or stations forhealth monitoring (takingblood pressure, measuring body temperature, heartbeat rate andpulse oximetry, listening for heartbeat irregularities, etc.)
• Fully-sensored and high-bandwidth houses (Cisco andIntel Labs)
• Multiple and single taskedmobile robots to detect people lying on the floor, remind them about taking theirmedications, provide remote video and audio for caregivers and medical personnel, act as a security robot in the night to detect intrusions, fire and smoke and to call for help, etc.
• Remote listening stations and dispatch centers
• Combinations of all of these schemes

Governmental and other agencies, particularly in countries with socialized medical systems (countries without insurance providers) such asSweden andDenmark, have stepped in to develop necessary devices where healthcare consumer product companies have yet to tread. For example,RobotDalen, a Swedish public-private consortium has funded the development of needed robotic products such as Bestic, an eating device for those who cannot feed themselves; Giraff, a remote-controlled mobile robot with a camera and monitor providing remote assistance and security; TrainiTest a rehabilitation robot that measures and evaluates the capacity of muscles and then sets the resistance in the robot to adapt to the users individual training needs; and Zoom, an all-terrain, battery-powered four-wheeler intended for people who have difficulty walking. Once fully developed, Zoom will be able to drive up stairs and steeper terrain in a manner that is safe and secure for the driver.

Another public-private partnership is the European Union-funded $10 millionCompanionAble Project, which created a robotic assistant for the elderly called Hector. The project integrates Hector to work collaboratively with asmart home and remote control center to provide the most comprehensive and cost efficient support for older people living at home. Although Hector doesn't have any arms, he does have storage space for drinks, keys, and other items and his communication skills have been honed to work intuitive and effectively with seniors. Neededlegislation and ethical considerations are also addressed in this very comprehensive P-P project. The four year project, in the final stages of field trials inHolland andBelgium, is now seeking multi-year funding to extend their research before commercialization.

"CompanionAble addresses the issues of social inclusion and homecare of persons suffering from chronic cognitive disabilities prevalent among the increasing European older population. A participative and inclusive co-design and scenario validation approach drives CompanionAble involving care recipients and their close carers as well as the wider stakeholders. This is to ensure end-to-end systemic viability, flexibility, modularity and affordability as well as a focus on overall care support governance and integration with quality of experience issues such as dignity-privacy-security preserving responsibilities fully considered."

In the United States, funding from theNSF has been focused on concept development projects like theSocially Assistive Robotics project referenced above, and university quality of life projects. Very few have reached the stage where commercialization is warranted.

From left: InTouch Health'sRP-VITAremote presence robot;Vgo in pediatric out-patient setting; newDouble Robotics Doubletelepresence robot.

Remote presence robots, which didn't exist when Engelberger talked withBusinessWeek, have recently turned up in a variety of forms—from simpleSkype video chats on a mobility platform (Double Robotics) to serious medical assistance remote presence robots such as provided by the partnership betweeniRobot andInTouch Health , Giraffe, andVGo Communications' post-op pediatric at-home robots for communication with parents, nurses, doctors, and patients. Remote devices with the ability to carry things, similar to Hector, may be the next breakthrough followed by adding a single arm and a repertoire of tasks which that arm can perform and then, later dual arms and app stores full of programs the robot can follow.

Entrepreneurial activity in the eldercare space is very limited.Hoaloha Robotics, which is in the stealth phase of their development, may have the chops to bring a product to market.Tandy Trower, CEO and founder, who previously served as the founder and general manager of theMicrosoft robotics group that createdMicrosoft Robotics Developer Studio, outlined the design plans for his eldercare robot:

"Beginning with features and functions already commonly included in today's personal computers and adding autonomous mobility and a few additional components with innovative applications and a human-centric interface design, theHoaloha design will not only take existing PC experiences directly to the user—wherever they are—but also open up new ways for individuals to stay connected, informed, and entertained while improving safety and access to remote services.
The Hoaloha application framework will also provide integration of discrete technological solutions like biometric devices, remote doctor visits, monitoring and emergency call services, medication dispensers, on-line services, and the increasing number of other products and applications already emerging for the assistive care market.
In addition, because the design is also based on wireless PC technology, the Hoaloha solution will provide a bridge to the existing digital and Web-enabled world.
Finally, at the heart of the Hoaloha design is its 'human-centric'user interface. Designed to leverage and integrate natural interface modalities like speech, vision, and touch technologies, its interface is designed to be socially interactive and easy to use."

One can only hope... and, like Joe Engelberger, be a bit frustrated with the slow progress thus far.