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Explainers

IEEE Spectrum editors and contributors explain how key technology advances and systems work

What Are AI Agents?

Here's how AI agents work, why people are jazzed about them, and what risks they hold

19 Nov 2024
4 min read
A laptop with a smiley face on the screen wearing sunglasses and smirking.
An animation showing a conceptual representation of a generative AI network.

What Is Generative AI?

Spectrum explains large language models, the transformer architecture, and how it all works

14 Feb 2024
6 min read
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Estimating Surface Heating of an Atmospheric Reentry Vehicle With Simulation

Learn how heat flux gauges are validated using inverse analysis techniques

17 Feb 2026

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different colored heat pumps against a white background

What Is a Heat Pump?

Here’s a primer on how these increasingly popular heating—and cooling—machines work

07 Oct 2023
6 min read
An illustration of a man and a woman in front of two circles with arrows coming out of the top.

What Is Quantum Entanglement?

Skip the heady and abstract physics lectures. Let’s talk about socks

08 Jun 2022
10 min read

Download IEEE’s 140th Anniversary Book

This 144-page e-book features 34 vital breakthroughs in electrotechnology, ranging from Maxwell’s Equations in 1864 to modern day Transformer Neural Networks. Sign in or create a FREE account to get your copy now!
A plane, a 5G cell tower, and electrical wires are seen in silhouette against a cloudy sky

What You Need to Know About the FAA 5G Kerfuffle

Why is 5G only a problem for planes in the U.S.?

20 Jan 2022
4 min read
Columns of dots with lines connecting them.

How Deep Learning Works

Inside the neural networks that power today's AI

28 Sep 2021
3 min read

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    A car charging at a charging station.

    What You Need to Know About Charging Before You Buy an EV

    Unlike gasoline- or diesel-powered vehicles, there are several ways to charge EVs

    21 May 2021
    5 min read
    An illustration of how NASA's Perseverance rover will look after it lands on Mars.

    Everything You Need to Know About NASA's Perseverance Rover Landing on Mars

    Here's what's going to happen when the space agency's latest rover arrives at Mars

    15 Feb 2021
    6 min read
    Marin County Fire medic Kevin Stone prepares a dose of the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine to be administered to staff at The Tamalpais Marin assisted living facility in Greenbrae, Calif. Thursday, December 17, 2020.

    What Are the New COVID-19 Variants, and How Can We Track Them?

    We need genetic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2's continual mutations to keep vaccines effective

    07 Jan 2021
    4 min read

    What Are Deepfakes and How Are They Created?

    Deepfake technologies: What they are, what they do, and how they’re made

    29 Apr 2020
    7 min read
    A journalist views a video manipulated with artificial intelligence to potentially deceive viewers, or “deepfake” at his newsdesk in Washington, DC
    Nurses puts a nasal swab into a tube after doing a nasal swab on a patient in their car at Penn State Health St. Joseph in Bern Township, PA.

    How Do Coronavirus Tests Work?

    A deluge of COVID-19 testing options will soon flood the market. Here’s how they work

    03 Apr 2020
    5 min read
    Coloured X-rays of sections through the head of a 61-year-old patient with Parkinson's disease (PD), showing the electrodes (light lines) of a deep brain stimulator (DBS) implanted in the brain.

    How Do Neural Implants Work?

    Neural implants are used for deep brain stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation, and mind-controlled prostheses

    20 Jan 2020
    5 min read
    Clockwise from bottom left: Geminoid-HI, Sophia, AVA, Diego-san, and Telenoid

    What Is the Uncanny Valley?

    Creepy robots and the strange phenomenon of the uncanny valley: definition, history, examples, and how to avoid it

    06 Nov 2019
    6 min read

    How a Bitcoin Transaction Works

    From virtual wallets to hashes and nonces, follow Alice's payment to Bob, and learn how bitcoins change hands

    31 Oct 2013
    1 min read

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