 | This taxon is obsolete.
|
 | This taxon is (or may be)paraphyletic |
Taxonavigation
Superregnum:Eukaryota
Regnum:Protozoa
Phyla:Euglenozoa –Kinetoplastida –Rhizopoda –Microspora –Protozoa incertae sedis
Name
ProtozoaGoldfuss, 1817
References
Goldfuss, Georg August:Ueber die Entwicklungsstufen des Thieres, Nürnberg, Leonhard Schrag (1817)[1].
Additional references
- Becker, E. R. & Kühn L. B. 1939:Genera of the protozoa. 65 p. (Mimeographed),[2].
- Mauch, E., Schmedtje, U., Maetze, A. & Fischer, F. 2003:Taxaliste der Gewässerorganismen Deutschlands zur Kodierung biologischer Befunde,[3]. (With a list of commented determinative literature.)
See also
Alternative classifications
[Note: in most classifications, Protozoa is currently considered apolyphyletic taxon. Some authors (e.g. Cavalier-Smith) still use it as aparaphyletic taxon, although most taxonomists prefer to use onlymonophyletic taxa. SeeEukaryota for more modern classifications of the groups previously placed here.]
Goldfuss (1820)
FromHandbuch der Zoologie.
ClassProtozoa
von Siebold (1848)
Lehrbuch der vergleichenden. Vol. 1, Wirbellose Thiere, von C. Th. v. Siebold, 1848. Vol. 2, Wirbelthiere, von H. Stanius, 1846,[4].
PhylumProtozoa
Owen (1860)
FromPalæontology or a Systematic Summary of Extinct Animals and Their Geological Relations.
KingdomProtozoa
Hogg (1860)
Hogg, J. (1860).On the distinctions of a Plant and an Animal and on a Fourth Kingdom of Nature.Edinburgh New Phil. J., N.S. 12: 216–225[5].
- Mineral kingdom
- Vegetal kingdom
- Animal kingdom
- Primigenal kingdom (RegnumPrimigenum)
Haeckel (1874)
From Haeckel E (1874). Die Gastrea-Theorie, die phylogenetische Classification des Tierreiches und die Homologie der Keimblatter.Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft, 8, 1–55,[6].See See Kluge (2004-2014),[7].
[P. 32:]
| 1. Ablasteria | Protozoa | Protozoa | Protozoa |
| 2. Diblasteria | Gastraeada | Zoophyta | Metazoa |
| Spongiae |
| 3. Triblasteria | Acalephae |
| 4. Tetrablasteria | Acoelomi | Vermes |
| 5. Pentablasteria | Coelomati |
| Mollusca | Typozoa |
| Echinoderma |
| Arthropoda |
| Vertebrata |
[P. 33:]
- Bilateria = Sphenota
- Vermes I + Vermes II [Sammtlische Würmer]
- Mollusca [Molluscken]
- Echinoderma [Echinotermen]
- Arthropoda [Arthropoden]
- Vertebrata [Vertebraten]
[P. 52:]
- Thierreichs
- Protozoa
- Metazoa [= Blastozoa, p. 19]
- Anaemaria
- Haemataria = Pentablasteria
Lankester (1877)
Lankester, E. R. 1877. Notes on the embryology and classification of the animal kingdom: Comprising a revision of speculations relative to the origin and significance of germ layers.Quartely Journal of Microscopical Science, 68:399-454,[8].
Saville-Kent (1880-1882)
From Saville-Kent, W. (1880-1882).A manual of Infusoria. London: D. Bogue, 3 vols.,[9].
Sub-kingdomProtozoa [p. 36]
Sub-kingdomProtozoa [p. 211]
Bütschli (1880-1889)
From Bütschli, O. (1880–1889).Dr. H.G. Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs: wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort und Bild: wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort und Bild. Erster Band: Protozoa. Abt. I, Sarkodina und Sporozoa, 1880-82[10]. Abt. II, Mastigophora, 1883-87[11]. Abt. III, Infusoria und System der Radiolaria, 1887-89[12]. C.F. Winter, Leipzig.
PhylumProtozoa
Lankester (1885, 1891)
Lankester, E. R. (1885). Article "Protozoa". In:Encyclopaedia Britannica (9th ed.), 19: 830–866,[13].
Lankester, E. R. (1891). Article "Protozoa". In:Zoological Articles Contributed to the Encyclopaedia Britannica,[14].
Blochmann (1886)
Die mikroskopische Tierwelt des Süßwassers, 1st ed., 1886,[15].
Protozoa
Haeckel (1889)
Haeckel, E. 1889.Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte, 8th ed,[16]. See p. 452, 453, 462, 508.
- Protistenreich
- Protophyta (Protista vegetalia)
- Klass I. Phytarcha
- Phytomonera
- Chromaceae
- Ordnung 2. Chroococceae
- Ordnung 3. Nostochineae
- Klass II. Diatomeae
- Klass III. Cosmariae (Desmidieae)
- Klass IV. Palmellariae (Palmellaceae)
- Klass V. Siphoneae (Coeloblastae)
- Protozoa (Protista animalia)
- Zoarcha (Zoocytoda)
- Zoomonera
- Bacteria
- Sphaerobacteria
- Rhabdobacteria
- Cytarcha
- Lobosa (Amoebina)
- Gregarinae (Sporozoa)
- Infusoria
- Flagellata (Mastigophora)
- Ciliata
- Acinetae (Suctoria)
- Rhizopoda
- Mycetozoa (Myxomycetes)
- Heliozoa
- Thalamaria (Foraminifera)
- Radiolaria
- Pflanzenreich
- Thallota (Thallophyta)
- Algae (Phycophyta)
- Zygnemaceae
- Conferveae
- Fucoideae
- Florideae
- Characeae
- Fungi (Inophyta)
- Prothallota (Mesophyta)
- Phanerogamae (Anthophyta)
- Gymnospermae
- Cycadeae
- Coniferae
- Gnetaceae
- Angiospermae
- Thierreich
- Coelenteria (Coelenterata, Zoophyta, Anaemaria)
- Gastraeades
- Spongiae
- Cnidaria
- Platodes
- Coelomaria (Bilaterata, Bilateria, Haemataria)
- Helminthes
- Mollusca
- Echinoderma
- Articulata
- Tunicata
- Vertebrata
Claus (1891)
FromLehrbuch der zoologie.
Protozoa
Haeckel (1894)
FromSystematische phylogenie, 3 vols (vol. 1, Protisten und Pflanzen, 1894; vol. 2, Invertebrata, 1896; vol. 3, Vertebrata, 1895).[17].
[Vol. 1, p. 90-91:]
Pflanzen
- Protophyta (Protista plasmodoma) [Vol. 1, p. 96]
- Archephyta (Progonella)
- Probiontes
- Chromaceae (Phycochromaceae)
- Algariae (Paulosporata)
- Paulotomeae
- Conjugatae
- Diatomeae
- Algettae (Zoosporata)
- Mastigota
- Melethallia
- Siphoneae
- Metaphyta (Histones plasmodomi) [Vol. 1, p. 256]
- Thallophyta
- Algae, [Vol. 1, p. 302]
- Chlorophyceae
- Charaphyceae
- Phaeophyceae
- Rhodophyceae
- Mycetes [Vol. 1, p. 316]
- Ascomycetes (Ascodiomycetes)
- Basimycetes (Basidiomycetes)
- Lichenes [Vol. 1, p. 325]
- Diaphyta [Vol. 1, p. 330]
- Bryophyta [Vol. 1, p. 336]
- Pteridophyta
- Anthophyta
Thieren
- Protozoa (Protista plasmophaga) [Vol. 1, p. 138]
- Archezoa (= Zoarchega)
- Bacteria (= Bactromonera)
- Coccillida
- Bacillida
- Spirillida
- Zoomonera (= Monera s. str.)
- Fungilli (= Sporozoa)
- Rhizopoda
- Infusoria
- Metazoa (Histones plasmophagi)
- Coelenteria (Acoelomia)
- Gastraeades
- Spongiae
- Cnidaria
- Platodes
- Bilateria (Coelomaria)
- Helminthes
- Mollusca
- Articulata
- Echinoderma
- Tunicata
- Vertebrata
Levander (1894)
Levander, K.M. (1894). Materialien zur Kenntnis der Wasserfauna in der Umgebung Helsingfors, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Meeresfauna. I: Protozoa.Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 12(2): 3–155, 3 pls, 1 table,[18].
Protozoa
Blochmann (1895)
Blochmann, F. (1895). Die mikroskopische Tierwelt des Süßwassers. Abt. I, Protozoa. In: Kirchner, O. & Blochmann, G.,Die mikroskopische Pflanzen- und Tierwelt des Süßwassers. 2. Aufl., Teil II. Hamburg: Gräfe & Sillem,[19].
Protozoa
Delage & Hérouard (1896)
Traité de zoologie concrète, t. 1,[20].
Kalberlah & Schoenichen (1900)
Kalberlah, A. & Schoenichen, W. B. (1900).Eyferth's Einfachste Lebensformen des Tier- und Pflanzenreiches: Naturgeschichte der mikroskopischen Süsswasserbewohner. 3rd ed. Braunschweig: B. Goeritz,[21].
- Pflanzliche Organismen
- Tierische Organismen
Doflein (1901)
Doflein, F. (1901).Die Protozoen als Parasiten und Krankheitserreger, 1st ed. Further editions:Lehrbuch der Protozoenkunde.
Doflein (1902)
Doflein, F. (1902). Das System der Protozoen.Archiv für Protistenkunde 1: 169—192,[22].
Lankester et al. (1903, 1909)
Lankester, E. R. (ed.)A treatise on zoology, vol. 1, fasc. 1 (1909), fasc. 2 (1903),[23].
Protozoa
Hartog (1906)
Hartog, M. (1906). Protozoa. In:The Cambridge Natural History. Vol. 1, Protozoa, Porifera, Coelenterata and Echinodermata. (eds. S. F. Harmer and A. E. Shipley). London: Macmillan,[24].
Protozoa
Doflein (1911)
FromLehrbuch der Protozoenkunde, 3rd ed, 1911. (1st ed. namedDie Protozoen als Parasiten und Krankheitserreger, 1901).
Protozoa
Minchin (1912)
An introduction to the study of the Protozoa, with special reference to the parasitic forms, 1st ed.,[25].
Protozoa
Lühe (1913)
From Lühe, M. 1913:Erstes Urreich der Tiere. In: Lang A, editor. Handbuch der morphologie der wirbellosen Tiere. Jena: G. Fischer. 416 p.
Protozoa
Poche (1913)
Poche, F. 1913. Das System der Protozoa.Archiv für Protistenkunde 30: 125–321,[26].
PhylumProtozoa Goldfuss, 1817
Hartmann (1919)
From Hartmann, M. "Allgemeine Morphologie und Physiologie der Protozoen". In:Lehrbuch der Mikrobiologie. Friedberger, E; Pfeiffer, R. [eds.] G. Fischer, 1919,[27],[28].
Protozoa
Calkins (1926)
FromThe biology of the Protozoa.
PhylumProtozoa
Wenyon (1926)
Wenyon, C. M. 1926.Protozoology, a manual for medical men, veterinarians and zoologists. Baillière, Tyndall and Cox: London; New York: W. Wood. Vols. 1 and 2,[29].
PhylumProtozoa
Sandon (1927)
Sandon, H., 1927.The composition and distribution of the protozoan fauna of the soil. London: Oliver and Boyd,[30].
Protozoa
Wailes (1937-1943)
Wailes, G.H. (1937).Canadian Pacific fauna: 1. Protozoa. 1a. Lobosa; lb. Reticulosa; 1c. Heliozoa; 1d. Radiolaria. pp. 1-14. Toronto: Univ. Toronto Press, Fisheries Research Board of Canada.
Wailes, G.H. (1939).Canadian Pacific fauna. 1. Protozoa. 1e. Mastigophora. pp. 1-45, Fig. 138. Toronto: Univ. Toronto Press, Fisheries Research Board of Canada.
Wailes, G.H. (1943).Canadian Pacific fauna: 1. Protozoa. 1f. Ciliata; 1g. Suctoria. pp. 1-46. Toronto: Univ. Toronto Press, Fisheries Research Board of Canada.
Protozoa
Barkley (1949)
Barkley, Fred A. "Un esbozo de clasificación de los organismos."Revista de la Facultad Nacional de Agronomia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín. 10: 83–103,[31].
- Mychota (Monera, Anucleobionta)
- Protista
- Euthallophyta
- Rhodophyta
- Chrysophyta
- Pyrrophyta
- Euglenophyta
- Gonidiophyta
- Charophyta
- Phaeophyta
- Myxophyta
- Mycophyta
- Protozoa
- Sarcodina
- Foraminifera
- Actinopoda
- Fungilli
- Ciliata
- Suctoria
- Mesozoa
- Parazoa
- Euplanta
- Euanimalia
Jahn & Jahn (1949)
FromJahn, T.L. and F. F. Jahn, 1949.How to know the Protozoa. Brown, Dubuque, lowa.
Grassé et al. (1952-1994)
From Grassé, P.-P. (Ed.), 1952-1994.Traité de Zoologie. Vol. 1, pt. I,Protozoaires: Flagellés, 1952. Vol. 1, pt. II,Protozoaires: Rhizopodes, Actinopodes, Sporozoaires, Cnidosporidies, 1953. Vol. 2, pt. I,Infusoires ciliés, 1984. Vol. 2, pt. II,Infusoires ciliés, 1994. Masson, Paris. See Fernández-Galiano (1964),[32].
Règneanimal
Hall (1953)
From Hall, R.P., 1953.Protozoology. Prentice-Hall, New York,[33]
Protozoa
Pennak (1953)
Pennak, R.W. 1953.Freshwater invertebrates of the United States. 1st ed. Ronald, New York,[34].
PhylumProtozoa
Kudo (1954)
FromProtozoology, 4th ed.
PhylumProtozoa Goldfuss
Edmondson (1959)
Edmondson, W.T. (ed). 1959.Freshwater biology. 2nd ed. Wiley, New York,[35].
Protista
Levine (1961)
Levine, N. D. 1961.Protozoan parasites of domestic animals and of man. Minneapolis, Burgess Pub. Co.,[36]. 2nd ed., 1973,[37]. 3r ed., 1985, renamed asVeterinary Protozoology,[38].
Mackinnon & Hawes (1961)
Mackinnon, D.C. e Hawes, R.S.J.An Introduction to the Study of Protozoa. Oxford, RU: Oxford University Press, 1961,[39].
Honigberget al. (1964)
- Honigberg, B.M.,Balamuth, W.,Bovee, E.C.,Corliss, J.O.,Gojdics, M.,Hall, R.P.,Kudo, R.R.,Levine, N.D.,Loeblich, A.R.Jr.,Weiser, J. &Wenrich, D.H. 1964. A Revised Classification of the Phylum Protozoa.Journal of Protozoology 11(1): 7–20.DOI:10.1111/J.1550-7408.1964.TB01715.XReference page.
PhylumProtozoa
Dogiel (1965)
General protozoology, 2nd ed.
TypeProtozoa
- SubtypePlasmodroma
- ClassSarcodina
- Subclass Rhizopoda
- Order Amoebida
- Order Piroplasmida
- Suborder Piroplasmina
- Suborder Theileriina
- Order Testacea
- Order Foraminifera
- Subclass Heliozoa
- Order Actinophryda
- Order Centrohelida
- Order Desmothoraca
- Subclass Radiolaria
- Order Acantharia
- Order Spumellaria
- Order Nassellaria
- Order Phaeodaria
- Order Sticholoncha
- ClassMastigophora (=Flagellata)
- Subclass Phytomastigina
- Order Chrysomonadida
- Order Silicoflagellida
- Order Cryptomonadida
- Order Heterochloridida
- Order Chloromonadida
- Order Euglenida
- Order Phytomonadida
- Order Dinoflagellata
- Subclass Zoomastigina
- Order Protomonadida
- Order Diplomonadida
- Order Polymastigida
- Order Hypermastigida
- Subclass Opalinina
- ClassSporozoa
- Subclass Gregarina
- Order Schizogregarinida
- Order Eugregarinida
- Subclass Coccidia (= Coccidiomorpha)
- Order Protococcidia
- Order Adeleida
- Order Coccidiida
- Suborder Eimeriidea
- Suborder Haemosporidia
- ClassCnidosporidia
- Order Myxosporidia
- Order Microsporidia
- Order Actinomyxidia
- SubtypeCiliophora
- ClassCiliata (=Infusoria)
- Subclass Holotricha
- Order Gymnostomata
- Order Trichostomata
- Order Hymenostomata
- Order Astomata
- Order Apostomata
- Order Thigmotricha
- Subclass Spirotricha
- Order Heterotricha
- Order Oligotricha
- Order Tintinnoidea
- Order Entodiniomorpha
- Order Ctenostomata
- Order Hypotricha
- Subclass Peritricha
- Order Sessilida
- Order Mobilida
- Subclass Chonotricha
- Subclass Suctoria
- "Addendum. Groups of uncertain systematic position: (1) Sarcosporidia and (2) Toxoplasmida, both representing groups of Protozoa related to Sarcodina; Biocca (1956) unites them into one class, Toxoplasmatea; (3) Haplosporidia, which probably do not belong to the Protozoa; (4) Anaplasmida, which are not Protozoa but probably represent Rickettsias."
Grell (1968)
From Grell K.G. (1968):Protozoologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 2nd ed., 511 pp.,[40],[41].
Protozoa
Manwell (1968)
Manwell, R. D.Introduction to Protozoology. 2nd rev. ed. NY: Dover, 1968.
Protozoa
Lepinis et al. (1973)
Lepinis, A. K., Geltser, Yu. G., Chibisova, O. I. & Geptner, V. A. (1973).A key of soil Protozoa of European part of USSR. Mintis, Vilnius (in Russian),[42].
Protozoa
Westphal (1974)
Westphal, A. (1974).Protozoen. In:Spezielle Zoologie, Band 1. Stuttgart: Verlag Eugen Ulmer. English translation, 1976,[43].
Protozoa
Lauckner (1980)
Lauckner, G. (1980). Diseases of protozoa. In:Diseases of Marine Animals. Kinne, O. (ed.). Vol. 1, p. 75-134., John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK,[44].
Protozoa
Levineet al. (1980)
Levine, N. D.; J. O. Corliss; F. E. G. Cox; G. Deroux; J. Grain; B. M. Honigberg; G. F. Leedale; A. R. Loeblich, III; J. Lom; D. Lynn; E. G. Merinfeld; F. C. Page; G. Poljansky; V. Sprague; J. Vavra; and F. G. Wallace (1980). A newly revised classification of the Protozoa.J. Protozool., 27:37–58,[45],[46].
SubkingdomProtozoa
Cavalier-Smith (1981)
Nine eukaryote kingdoms proposal [p. 462]
- Superkingdom Eukaryota
- Kingdom 1. Eufungi
- Kingdom 2. Ciliofungi
- Kingdom 3. Animalia
- Kingdom 4. Biliphyta
- Kingdom 5. Viridiplantae
- Kingdom 6. Euglenozoa
- Kingdom 7.Protozoa
- Kingdom 8. Cryptophyta
- Kingdom 9. Chromophyta
Five eukaryote kingdoms proposal [p. 476-477]
- Superkingdom Eukaryota
- Kingdom 1. Fungi (Ciliofungi + Eufungi)
- Kingdom 2. Chromista (Cryptophyta + Chromophyta)
- Kingdom 3.Plantae (Viridiplantae + Biliphyta)
- Kingdom 4. Protista (Euglenozoa +Protozoa)
- Kingdom 5. Animalia
Seven eukaryote kingdoms proposal [p. 478]
- Superkingdom Eukaryota
- Kingdom Fungi
- Kingdom Viridiplantae
- Kingdom Biliphyta
- Kingdom Chromista
- Kingdom Animalia
- Kingdom Euglenozoa
- KingdomProtozoa
- Phylum Proterozoa (proteromonads, cyathobodonids, Opalinida)
- Phylum Dinozoa (dinoflagellates)
- Phylum Parabasalia (trichomonads and hypermastigids)
- Phylum Metamonadina (retortomonads, diplomonads, and oxymonads)
- Phylum Sporozoa (cregarines, coccidlans, and piroplasms)
- Phylum Infusoria (Ciliophora)
- Phylum Foraminifera
- Phylum Sarcodina (amoebae, amoeboflagellates, slime moulds (Mycetozoa), Radiolaria, Heliozoa, Acantharia, Myxosporea, Microsporea)
Parker et al. (1982)
Parker, S. P. (ed.). 1982.Synopsis and classification of living organisms. 2 vols. McGraw-Hill, New York,[47],[48]. See Brands (1989-2005),[49]
Superkingdom Prokaryotae
Superkingdom Eukaryotae
- KingdomPlantae
- Subkingdom Thallobionta
- Division Rhodophycota
- Division Chromophycota
- Division Euglenophycota
- Division Chlorophycota
- Division Myxomycota
- Division Eumycota
- Subkingdom Embryobionta
- Genus Echites
- KingdomProtista (Haeckel, 1866)
- Phylum Euprotista [“containing the grat majority of protistans”]
- Phylum Gymnomyxa
- Subphylum Mycetozoa
- Subphylum Plasmodiophorina
- Subphylum Labyrinthulina
- KingdomAnimalia 1758
- SubkingdomProtozoa (Goldfuss, 1818)
- Phylum Sarcomastigophora (Honigberg & Balamuth, 1963)
- Phylum Labyrinthulata
- Phylum Apicomplexa Levine, 1970
- Phylum Microspora Sprague, 1977
- Phylum Myxozoa Grassé, 1970
- Phylum Ascetospora
- Phylum Ciliophora Doflein, 1901
- Subkingdom Phagocytellozoa
- Phylum Placozoa Grell, 1971
- Subkingdom Parazoa (Sollas, 1884)
- Phylum Porifera Grant, in Todd, 1836
- Subkingdom Eumetazoa (Butschli, 1910)
[Note: this classification is redundant for some ambiregnal protists. See Taylor et al. (1986),[50].]
Honigberg (1984)
Honigberg, B.M. (Chairman and Rapporteur) 1984. Phylogenetic relationships among protozoa (A round-table discussion),in Progress in Protozoology. VI Cong. Protozool., Warsaw, Poland, July 1981,[51].
SubkingdomProtozoa
Lee et al. (1985)
From J.J. Lee, S.H. Hutner and E.C. Bovee, (eds.),An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, Society of Protozoologists, 1st ed., 1985,[52]. See Fernández-Galiano, 1990,[53].
SubkingdomProtozoa (Goldfuss, 1818) von Siebold, 1846
Cavalier-Smith (1987)
Cavalier-Smith, T. (1987). The origin of eukaryote and archaebacterial cells.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 503, 17–54.
Kreier & Baker (1987)
Kreier, J.P. and J.R. Baker.Parasitic Protozoa. London: Allen & Unwin, 1987,[54].
parasiticprotozoa
Harrison & Corliss (1991)
Harrison, F. W. and Corliss, J. O. (eds.) 1991.Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, Vol. I, Protozoa. Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York. 493 pp.,[55],[56].
"protozoa"
Kreier (1991-1995)
Kreier, J.P. (ed.). 1991-1995.Parasitic Protozoa, 2nd ed. 10 vols. (1-3 coedited by Baker, J.R.). Academic Press, San Diego, California,[57],[58]. (1st ed.: 1977, 4 vols.).
"parasiticprotozoa"
- [vol. 1-2]
- [vol. 3]
- [vol. 4]
- [vol. 5]
- [vol. 6]
- [vol. 7]
- [vol. 8]
- [vol. 9]
- [vol. 10]
Cavalier-Smith (1993)
FromKingdom Protozoa and its 18 phyla,[59].
EmpireEukaryota
- Superkingdom 1.Archezoa
- Superkingdom 2.Metakaryota
- Kingdom 1.Protozoa
- Subkingdom 1.Adictyozoa subking. nov.
- Subkingdom 2.Dictyozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1991
- Branch 1.Parabasalia new branch
- Phylum 1.Parabasalia Honigberg, 1973 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith, 1981
- Branch 2.Bikonta new branch
- Infrakingdom 1.Euglenozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1981 stat. nov.
- Phylum 1.Euglenozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1981
- Subphylum 1.Diplonemia subph. nov.
- Class 1.Diplonemea cl. nov. (order Diplonemida ord. nov. [Diplonema =Isonema])
- Subphylum 2.Euglenoida Butschli, 1884 (asEuglenoidina) emend. Senn, 1900 stat. nov.
- Subphylum 3.Kinetoplasta Honigberg, 1963 stat. nov.
- Class 1.Kinetoplastea Honigberg, 1963 emend. Vickerman, 1976 stat. nov. Margulis, 1974 (= subcl.Bodonidea Hollande, 1958)
- OrderBodonida Hollande, 1952 emend. Vickerman, 1976, Krylov et al., 1980
- OrderTrypanosomida Kent, 1880 stat. nov. Hollande, 1952)
- Infrakingdom 2.Neozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1983
- Parvkingdom 1.Ciliomyxa parvking. nov.
- Superphylum 1.Opalomyxa superphyl. nov.
- Phylum 1.Opalozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1991
- Subphylum 1.Proterozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1981 emend. stat. nov. 1993
- Class 1.Heteromitea Cavalier-Smith, 1993
- Subclass 1.Sarcomonadia Cavalier-Smith, 1993
- Superorder 1.Jakobidea Cavalier-Smith, 1993 {ordersCercomonadida Poche, 1913 emend. Grasse, 1952 [Cercomonas, Heteromita, Massistenia, Discocelis];Jakobida Cavalier-Smith, 1993 [Jakoba Patterson, 1990]}
- Superorder 2.Thaumatomonadidea Cavalier-Smith, 1993 (orderThaumatomonadida Shirkina, 1987)
- Superorder 3.Proteomyxidea Lankester, 1885 emend. stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith, 1993 (ordersPseudosporida Cavalier-Smith, 1993;Leucodictyida Cavalier-Smith, 1993)
- Subclass 2.Thecomonadia Cavalier-Smith, 1993 {ordersApusomonadida Karpov & Mylnikov, 1989 [Amastigomonas andApusomonas (incl.Rostromonas);Cryomonadida Cavalier-Smith, 1993 (Cryothecomonas)]}
- Subclass 3.Anisomonadia Cavalier-Smith, 1993 (ordersDiphylleida Cavalier-Smith, 1993;Proteromonadida Grassé, 1957 emend. Cavalier-Smith, 1993)
- Subclass 4.Phagodinia subcl. nov. {orderPhagodinida ord. nov. [Phagodinium]}
- Class 2.Telonemea Cavalier-Smith, 1993 (ordersTelonemida Cavalier-Smith, 1993;Nephromycida Cavalier-Smith, 1993 [Nephromyces Giard, 1888])
- Class 3.Cyathobodonea Cavalier-Smith, 1993 (ordersPseudodendromonadida Hibberd, 1985;Spongomonadida Hibberd, 1983 [includingPhalansteriida Hibberd, 1983];Kathablepharida Cavalier-Smith, 1993)
- Class 4.Ebridea Lemmermann, 1901 emend. Deflandre, 1936 stat. nov. Loeblich III, 1970 orthog. emend. (orderEbriida Deflandre, 1936)
- Class 5.Phytomyxea Engler & Prantl, 1897 orthog. emend. (ordersPhagomyxida Cavalier-Smith, 1993;Plasmodiophorida Cook, 1928)
- Subphylum 2.Opalinata Wenyon, 1926 stat. nov. emend. Cavalier-Smith, 1993
- Class 1.Opalinea Wenyon, 1926 stat. nov. emend. Cavalier-Smith, 1993 (ordersKarotomorphida Cavalier-Smith, 1993;Opalinida Poche, 1913 stat. nov. Hall, 1953)
- Subphylum 3.Kinetomonada Cavalier-Smith, 1993.
- Subphylum 4.Hemimastigophora Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner, 1988 stat. nov.
- Class 1.Hemimastigea Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner, 1988 (orderHemimastigida Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner, 1988 [Spironema, Stereonema, Hemimastix])
- Phylum 2.Mycetozoa de Bary, 1873 stat. nov. Engler & Prantl, 1888
- Superphylum 2.Choanozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1983 stat. nov.
- Phylum 1.Choanozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1981 emend. 1983
- Parvkindgdom 2.Alveolata Cavalier-Smith, 1991 stat. nov.
- Superphylum 1.Miozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1987
- Superphylum 2.Heterokaryota Hickson, 1903 stat. nov.
- Phylum 3.Ciliophora Doflein, 1901 stat. nov. Copeland, 1956 emend. auct.
- Parvkingdom 3.Actinopoda Calkins, 1902 stat. nov. (originally a class)
- Phylum 1.Heliozoa Haeckel, 1866 emend. stat. nov. Margulis, 1974
- Phylum 2.Radiozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1987
- Parvkingdom 4.Neosarcodina parvking. nov.
- Phylum 1.Rhizopoda Dujardin, 1835 stat. nov. Haeckel, 1866 emend.
- Class 1.Lobosea Carpenter, 1861 stat. nov. emend.
- Subclass 1.Gymnamoebia Haeckel, 1862 stat. nov. (ordersEuamoebida Lepsi, 1960;Leptomyxida Pussard & Pons, 1976 emend. Page, 1987;Copromyxida ord. nov.;Acanthopodida Page, 1976;Loboreticulatida Page, 1987).
- Subclass 2.Testacealobosia de Saedeleer, 1934 (ordersArcellinida Kent, 1880,Trichosida Mobius, 1889Himatismenida Page, 1987)
- Class 2.Filosea Leidy, 1879 emend.
- Phylum 2.Reticulosa Carpenter, 1862 emend. stat. nov. (syn.Granuloreticulosa) de Saedeleer, 1834
- Subphylum 1.Athalamia subph. nov.
- Subphylum 2.Foraminifera (D'Orbigny, 1826) Eichwald, 1830 stat. nov. Mikhalevich, 1980
- Neosarcodina incertae sedes
- Parvkingdom 5.Entamoebia parvking. nov.
- Parvkingdom 6.Myxozoa Grassé, 1970 stat. nov. emend.
- Phylum 1.Myxosporidia Butschli, 1881 stat. nov. Grasse, 1970
- Phylum 2.Haplosporidia Caullery & Mesnil, 1899 stat. nov. Corliss, 1984
- Class 1.Haplosporea Chatton, 1911 stat. nov. Desportes and Nashed, 1983
- Phylum 3.Paramyxia Chatton, 1911 stat. nov.
- Parvkingdom 7.Mesozoa van Beneden, 1876 stat. nov.
- Kingdom 2.Plantae
- Kingdom 3.Animalia
- Kingdom 4.Fungi
- Kingdom 5.Chromista
Cavalier-Smith (1996/97)
FromAmoeboflagellates and mitochondrial cristae in eukaryote evolution: megasystematics of the new protozoan subkingdoms eozoa and neozoa,[60],[61].
KingdomProtozoa
- SubkingdomEozoa Cavalier-Smith 1996
- SubkingdomNeozoa Cavalier-Smith 1993 stat. nov.
- Infrakingdom 1.Sarcodina Hertwig & Lesser 1874 infrak. nov.
- Superphylum 1.Eosarcodina superph. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Phylum 1.Reticulosa Carpenter 1862 emend. stat. nov. de Saedeleer 1934
- Phylum 2.Mycetozoa de Bary 1873 stat. nov. Engler & Prantl 1888
- Superphylum 2.Haplosporida Cavalier-Smith 1996
- PhylumHaplosporidia Caullery & Mesnil 1899 stat. nov. Corliss 1984
- Superphylum 3.Neosarcodina Cavalier-Smith 1993 emend. 1996
- Phylum 1.Rhizopoda Dujardin 1835 stat. nov. Haeckel 1886 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Subphylum 1.Phytomyxa subphy. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- ClassPhytomyxea Engler & Prantl 1897 orthog. emend. Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Subphylum 2.Reticulofilosa subphy. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Class 1.Chlorarachnea Hibberd & Norris 1984 orthog. emend Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Class 2.Proteomyxidea Lankester 1885 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Subphylum 3.Monadofilosa subphy. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Class 1.Sarcomonadea Cavalier -Smith 1993 stat. nov. 1995 emend.
- Class 2.Filosea Leidy 1879 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Phylum 2.Amoebozoa Lühe 1913 stat. nov. Corliss 1984 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Subphylum 1.Lobosa Carpenter 1861 stat. nov.
- Subphylum 2.Holomastiga subphy. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Subphylum 3.Archamoebae Cavalier-Smith 1983 stat. nov.
- Class 1.Pelobiontea Page 1976 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1981 emend. 1991
- Class 2.Entamoebea Cavalier-Smith 1991
- Infrakingdom 2.Alveolata Cavalier-Smith 1991 infrak. nov.
- Superphylum 1.Miozoa Cavalier-Smith 1987
- Superphylum 2.Heterokaryota Hickson 1903 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1993
- PhylumCiliophora Doflein 1901 stat. nov. Copeland 1956 emend. auct.
- Infrakingdom 3.Actinopoda Calkins 1902 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Phylum 1.Heliozoa Haeckel 1886 stat. nov. Margulis 1974
- Phylum 2.Radiozoa Cavalier-Smith 1987
- InfrakingdomNeomonada Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Phylum 1.Neomonada phyl. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Subphylum 1.Apusozoa subphyl. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Infraphylum 1.Extrumonada infraphyl. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Infraphylum 2.Eurymonada infraphyl. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Class 1.Anisomonadea Cavalier-Smith 1993 emend.
- Class 2.Ebridea Lemmermann 1901 emend. Deflandre 1936 stat. nov. Loeblich III 1970
- Subphylum 2.Isomita subphyl. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Subphylum 3.Hemimastigophora Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Subphylum 4.Choanozoa Cavalier-Smith 1981 emend. 1983 stat. nov.
Patterson (1996)
Patterson, D.J. (1996).Free-living freshwater protozoa: a colour guide. John Wiley & Sons: New York; Manson Publishing: London; UNSW Press; Sydney. 223 p.,[62].
"protozoa"
Cavalier-Smith (1998a)
Cavalier-Smith, T. 1998. Neomonada and the origin of animals and fungi. In: Coombs GH, Vickerman K, Sleigh MA, Warren A (ed.)Evolutionary relationships among protozoa. Kluwer, London, pp. 375-407,[63].
Eukaryota
Cavalier-Smith (1998b)
FromA revised six-kingdom system of life,[64].
Empire or Superkingdom 1.Prokaryota
Empire or Superkingdom 2.Eukaryota
- Kingdom 1.Protozoa Goldfuss 1818 stat. nov. Owen 1858 em. [almost certainly paraphyletic]
- Subkingdom 1.Archezoa Cavalier-Smith 1983 em. [almost certainly paraphyletic]
- Phylum 1.Metamonada Grassé 1952 stat. nov. et em. Cavalier-Smith 1981
- Subphylum 1.Eopharyngia Cavalier-Smith 1993 (e.g.Giardia, Hexamita, Trepomonas, Chilomastix)
- Subphylum 2.Axostylaria Grassé 1952 stat. nov. em. Cavalier-Smith 1993 (e.g.Oxymonas, Pyrsonympha)
- Phylum 2.Trichozoa Cavalier-Smith 1997
- Subphylum 1.Anaeromonada Cavalier-Smith 1997 (Trimastix)
- Subphylum 2.Parabasala Honigberg 1973 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1997 (e.g.Trichomonas, Trichonympha)
- Subkingdom 2.Neozoa Cavalier-Smith 1993 stat. nov. 1997 em. [almost certainly paraphyletic]
- Infrakingdom 1.Sarcomastigota Cavalier-Smith 1983 stat. nov. em. [probably paraphyletic]
- Phylum 1.Neomonada Cavalier-Smith 1997. [probably paraphyletic]
- Subphylum 1.Apusozoa Cavalier-Smith 1997 (e.g.Apusomonas, Ancyromonas, Jakoba, Reclinomonas Ebria)
- Subphylum 2.Isomita Cavalier-Smith 1997 (e.g.Phalansterium, Cyathobodo, Kathablepharis)
- Subphylum 3.Choanozoa Cavalier-Smith 1981 em. 1983 stat. nov. (e.g.Monosiga, Diaphanoeca, Corallochytrium, Psorospermium) [probably paraphyletic.]
- Phylum 2.Cercozoa phyl. nov. (syn.Rhizopoda Von Siebold 1845stat. nov. Haeckel 1886 as emended by Cavalier-Smith 1995b, 1997a; present phylum emended by addition ofSpongomonadida and transfer ofCristidiscoidia toChoanozoa: Cavalier-Smith, 1997b)
- Phylum 3.Foraminifera (D’Orbigny 1826) Eichwald 1830 stat. nov. Margulis 1974 (e.g.Allogromia, Ammonia)
- Phylum 4.Amoebozoa Lühe 1913 stat. nov. em.
- Subphylum 1.Lobosa Carpenter 1861 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1997 em. (e.g.Amoeba, Acanthamoeba, Arcella, Difflugia, Multicilia)
- Subphylum 2.Conosa subphyl. nov.
- Infraphylum 1.Archamoebae Cavalier-Smith 1983 stat. nov. (e.g.Pelomyxa, Mastigamoeba, Phreatamoeba, Entamoeba)
- Infraphylum 2.Mycetozoa De Bary 1859 stat. nov.
- Superclass 1.Eumyxa Cavalier-Smith 1993 stat. nov. (e.g.Protostelium, Physarum) [probably paraphyletic]
- Superclass 2.Dictyostelia Lister 1909 stat. nov. (e.g.Dictyostelium)
- Infrakingdom 2.Discicristata infraking. nov.
- Phylum 1.Percolozoa Cavalier-Smith 1991.
- Subphylum 1.Tetramitia Cavalier-Smith 1993 (e.g.Percolomonas, Naegleria)
- Subphylum 2.Pseudociliata Cavalier-Smith 1993 (Stephanopogon)
- Phylum 2.Euglenozoa Cavalier-Smith 1981.
- Subphylum 1.Plicostoma subphyl. nov.
- SuperclassDiplonemia Cavalier-Smith 1993 stat. nov. (e.g.Diplonema)
- SuperclassEuglenoida Bütschli 1884 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1997 (e.g.Euglena, Petalomonas, Peranema)
- Subphylum 2.Saccostoma subphyl. nov.
- ClassKinetoplastea Honigberg 1963 stat. nov. Margulis 1974 (e.g.Bodo, Trypanosoma, Leishmania)
- ClassPostgaardea cl. nov. (sole genusPostgaardi Simpson et al., 1997)
- Infrakingdom 3.Alveolata Cavalier-Smith 1991 em.
- Superphylum 1.Miozoa Cavalier-Smith 1987.
- Phylum 1.Dinozoa Cavalier-Smith 1981 em.
- Subphylum 1.Protalveolata Cavalier-Smith 1991 em. (e.g.Colponema, Ellobiopsis, Spironema, Hemimastix, Colpodella, Perkinsus) [probably paraphyletic]
- Subphylum 2.Dinoflagellata Bütschli 1885 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1991 (e.g.Noctiluca, Crypthecodinium, Amphidinium)
- Phylum 2.Sporozoa Leuckart 1879 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1981 (synsTelosporidia Schaudinn 1900;Euspora Levine 1961;Polannulifera Levine 1969;Apicomplexa Levine 1970 pro parte)
- Subphylum 1.Gregarinae Haeckel 1866 stat. nov. (e.g.Monocystis)
- Subphylum 2.Coccidiomorpha Doflein 1901
- SuperclassCoccidia Leuckart 1879 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1993 (e.g.Sarcocystis, Toxoplasma, Eimeria)
- SuperclassAscetospora Sprague 1979 stat. nov. (e.g.Haplosporidium, Paramyxa)
- SuperclassHematozoa Vivier 1982 stat. nov. (e.g.Plasmodium, Babesia)
- Subphylum 3.Manubrispora subphyl. nov.
- ClassMetchnikovellea Weiser 1977 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1993 to exclude Minisporea (e.g.Metchnikovella)
- Superphylum 2.Heterokaryota Hickson 1903 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1993.
- PhylumCiliophora Doflein 1901 stat. nov. Copeland 1956 em. auct.
- Subphylum 1.Tubulicorticata de Puytorac et al. 1992 (e.g.Loxodes, Stylonychia, Colpoda)
- Subphylum 2.Epiplasmata de Puytorac et al. 1992 (e.g.Tetrahymena, Paramecium, Vorticella)
- Subphylum 3.Filocorticata de Puytorac et al. 1992 (e.g.Spathidium)
- Infrakingdom 4.Actinopoda Calkins 1902 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1997
- Phylum 1.Heliozoa Haeckel 1886 stat. nov. Margulis 1974 (e.g.Actinophrys, Acanthocystis)
- Phylum 2.Radiozoa Cavalier-Smith 1987.
- Subphylum 1.Spasmaria Cavalier-Smith 1993 (Sticholonche, acantharians, e.g.Acanthometra)
- Subphylum 2.Radiolaria Müller 1858 emend. stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1993 (e.g.Thallassicolla, Aulacantha)
- Kingdom 2.Animalia Linnaeus 1758 em. Cavalier-Smith 1995 (unnecessary synonym Metazoa Haeckel 1874)
- Kingdom 3.Fungi Linnaeus 1753 stat. nov. Nees 1817 em.
- Kingdom 4.Plantae Haeckel 1866 em. Cavalier-Smith 1981
- Kingdom 5.Chromista Cavalier-Smith 1981 em.
Cavalier-Smith (1999)
Cavalier-Smith, T. (1999). Zooflagellate phylogeny and the systematics of Protozoa.Biological Bulletin, 393-396,[65].
KingdomProtozoa
Cavalier-Smith (1999)
Cavalier-Smith, T. (1999). Principles of protein and lipid targeting in secondary symbiogenesis: euglenoid, dinoflagellate, and sporozoan plastid origins and the eukaryote family tree.Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 46(4), 347-366,[66].
KingdomProtozoa
Leeet al. (2000)
From Lee, J.J., Leedale, G.F. & Bradbury, P. (appeared 2002, dated 2000).An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A: Society of Protozoologists/Allen Press; 2nd ed.,vol. 1,vol. 2. See Brands, S.J. (1989-2015),[67].
"protozoa" [p. iv]
- "related to multicellular groups"
- "stramenopiles"
- Bicosoecida (e.g.,Bicosoeca,Cafeteria)
- Chrysomonada (e.g.,Ochromonas,Dinobryon) [seeChrysophyceae]
- Pelagophyceae (e.g.,Pelagomonas,Aureococcus)
- Raphidomonadida (e.g.,Heterosigma,Olisthodiscus)
- "residual heterotrophic stramenopiles" (e.g.,Diplophrys,slabyrinthulids) [seeStramenopiles]
- Slopalinida (e.g.,Opalina,Zelleriella)
- Synurophyceae (e.g.,Synura,Mallomonas)
- Silicoflagellata (e.g., silicoflagellates, pedinellids)
- "ameboid protists"
- Acantharia (e.g.,Acanthometra,Stauracantha)
- "amoebae of uncertain affinities" (e.g.,Malamoeba,Endamoeba,Entamoeba) [seeEukaryota incertae sedis]
- Arcellinida (e.g.,Arcella,Difflugia)
- Heliozoa (sun animacules)
- Granuloreticulosea (e.g.,Foraminifera) [seeGranuloreticulosa]
- Mycetozoa (slime molds)
- Phaeodaria (e.g.,Aulacantha,Challengeria) [seePhaeodarea]
- Polycystina (e.g.,Thalassicolla,Collozoum)
- "ramicristate amoebae" (e.g.,Amoeba,Mayorella,Vexillifera) [see "gymnamoebae"]
- Schizocladidae (e.g.,Schizocladus)
- "testate amoebae with filipodia" (e.g.,Euglypha,Amphitrema) [seeTestaceafilosia]
- Trichosidae (e.g.,Trichosphaerium)
- Xenophyophorea (e.g., xenophyophores)
- "ameboid & flagellated protists"
- "flagellated protists"
- Cryptomonadida (e.g.,Cryptomonas,Rhodomonas)
- Diplomonadida (e.g.,Giardia,Hexamita)
- Euglenozoa (e.g.,Euglena,Trypanosoma)
- Hemimastigophora (e.g.,Spironema,Hemimastix)
- oxymonads (e.g.,Oxymonas,Pyrsonympha)
- Parabasalia (e.g.,Trichomonas,Trichonympha)
- Pedinophyceae (e.g.,Pedinomonas)
- Prasinophyceae (e.g.,Tetraselmis,Mesostigma)
- Prymnesiida (e.g.,Prymnesium,Coccolithus)
- "residual heterotrophic flagellates" (e.g.,Reclinomonas,Jakoba) [seeEukaryota incertae sedis]
- Retortamonadida (e.g.,Retortamonas,Chilomastix)
Cavalier-Smith (2002)
FromThe phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa,[68].
KingdomProtozoa
- SubkingdomGymnomyxa Lankester 1878 stat. nov. emend.
- SubkingdomCorticata Lankester 1878 stat. nov. emend.
Cavalier-Smith (2003)
FromProtist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa,[69],[70].
KingdomProtozoa (11 phyla)
- [unikonts]
- [bikonts]
- [cabozoa]
- [Kingdom Plantae (Viridaeplantae, Rhodophyta, Glaucophyta)]
- [chromalveolate]
- [Kingdom Chromista (Cryptista, Heterokonta, Haptophyta)]
- InfrakingdomAlveolata
- Phylum 11.Apusozoa (Thecomonadea,Diphylleida)
Cavalier-Smith (2004)
FromOnly six kingdoms of life,[71].
EmpireEukaryota (Cavalier-Smith 1998)
Cavalier-Smith (2010)
Cavalier-Smith, T. (2010). Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree.Biol. Lett. 6 (3): 342–5,[72].
Eukaryota
Taylor & Sanders (2010)
Taylor, W.D. & R.W. Sanders. 2010. Protozoa. pp. 43-96. In: Thorp, J.H. & Covich, A.P. (eds.)The Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates. 3rd ed. Academic Press,[73].
"protozoa"
- "phytoflagellates"
- "zooflagellates"
- "amoeboid protozoa"
- "ciliated protozoa"
Ruggiero et al. (2015)
- Ruggiero, M.A.,Gordon, D.P.,Orrell, T.M.,Bailly, N.,Bourgoin, T.,Brusca, R.C.,Cavalier-Smith, T.,Guiry, M.D. &Kirk, P.M. 2015. A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms.PLoS ONE 10(4): e0119248DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248
. [Correction in 10(6): e0130114DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0130114.]Reference page.
Vernacular names
- Alemannisch: Protozoen
- azərbaycanca: Protozoylar
- беларуская: Прасцейшыя
- català: Protozou
- čeština: Prvoci
- dansk: Protozoer
- Deutsch: Urtiere; Urthiere (obsolete spelling)
- español: Protozoo
- français: Protozoaire
- hrvatski: Praživotinje
- magyar: Protozoa
- interlingua: Protozoa
- Bahasa Indonesia: Protozoa
- Ido: Protozoo
- Limburgs: Protozoa
- Plattdüütsch: Protozoa
- norsk nynorsk: Protozo
- norsk: Protozo
- polski: Pierwotniaki
- português: Protozoário
- română: Protozoar
- Scots: Protozoa
- slovenčina: Prvoky
- svenska: Urdjur
- தமிழ்: முன்னுயிரிகள் (புரோட்டோசூவா)
