 | This taxon is (or may be)paraphyletic |
Superregnum:Eukaryota
Regnum:Protista
Subregna:Biciliata –Sarcomastigota –Incertae sedis Protista
ProtistaHaeckel, 1866
See also:Chromista –Protozoa
Alternative classifications
[edit][Note: Protista is currently considered aparaphyletic orpolyphyletic taxon, and taxonomists prefer to use onlymonophyletic taxa. SeeEukaryota for more modern classifications of the groups previously placed here.]
Generelle morphologie der organismen, Bd. 1, pp. 206-220,[1].
Generelle morphologie der organismen, Bd. 2,[2]. See also plate 1, "Monophyletischer Stammbaum der Organismen",[3].
Haeckel, E. 1868.Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte. 1st ed. Reimer, Berlin,[4]. See Dayrat (2003),[5].
- "Polyphyletisher Stammbaum der Organismen" [p. 347]
- Plantae
- “Protista” [polyphyletic]
- Labyrinthuleae
- Myxomycetes
- Diatomeae
- Monera Neutra
- Protoplasta
- Rhizopoda
- Flagellata
- Animalia
- "Polyphyletisher Stammbaum desPflanzenreichs" [p. 382]
- Fucoideae
- Florideae
- Archephyceae
- Archephyta [paraphyletic] + Chlorophyceae [polyphyletic] + Cormophyta
- Lichenes
- Fungi
- "Polyphyletisher Stammbaum desThierreichs" [p. 392]
- Acephalae
- Spongiae
- Colelminthes
- Acineta
- Archezoa [paraphyletic] + Infusoria
- Ciliata
- Platyelminthes
- Himatega
- Nematelminthes
- "Einstämmiger oder Monophyletisher Stammbaum der Organismen" [plate I,[6]]
- Pflanzenreich,Pflanzenreichs
- Florideae
- Fucoideae
- Chloralgae + Muscinae + Filicinae + Gymnospermae + Angiospermae
- Lichenes
- Fungi
- Protistenreich,Protista
- Diatomea
- Labyrinthulae
- Myxomycetes
- Monera neutra + Rhizopoda
- Noctilucae
- Flagellata
- Protoplasta
- Thierreich,Animalia
- Coelenterata
- Scolecida
- Vermes (Scolecida + Colelminthes + Himatega) + Arthropoda + Vertebrata + Mollusca
Haeckel, E. 1868. Monographie der Moneren.Jenaische Zeitschrift für Medicin und Naturwissenschaft 4: 64–144,[7]. See p. 122, 129-134.Translation: Monograph of Monera.Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 1869, IX:27-42,113-134,219-232,327-342.
Protista
- Monera
- Gymnomonera (Protamaeba, Protogenes, Myxodictyum)
- Lepomonera (Protomonas, Protomyxa, Vampyrella, Myxastrum)
- Flagellata
- Labyrinthulea (Labyrinthulae)
- Diatomea
- Phycochromacea
- Fungi (Mycetes)
- Phycomycetes (Saprolegnieae, Mucorinae etc.)
- Hypodermiae (Uredineae, Ustilagineae etc.)
- Basidiomycetes (Hymenomycetes, Gastromycetes etc.)
- Ascomycetes (Protomycetes, Discomytes etc.)
- Myxomycetes
- Protoplasta
- Noctilucae
- Rhizopoda
Haeckel, E., 1878.Das Protistenreich. Eine Populäre Uebersicht über das Formengebiet der Niedersten Lebewesen. Ernst Günther's Verlag, Leipzig, 104 pp,[8].
Protista [p. 86-104]
FromStudien über Protisten,[9].
Protisten
- Gregarinen
- Rhizopoden
- Flagellaten
- Noctilucen
- Ciliaten
Haeckel, E. 1889.Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte, 8th ed,[10]. See p. 452, 453, 462, 508.
- Protistenreich
- Protophyta (Protista vegetalia)
- Klass I. Phytarcha
- Phytomonera
- Chromaceae
- Ordnung 2. Chroococceae
- Ordnung 3. Nostochineae
- Klass II. Diatomeae
- Klass III. Cosmariae (Desmidieae)
- Klass IV. Palmellariae (Palmellaceae)
- Klass V. Siphoneae (Coeloblastae)
- Protozoa (Protista animalia)
- Zoarcha (Zoocytoda)
- Zoomonera
- Bacteria
- Sphaerobacteria
- Rhabdobacteria
- Cytarcha
- Lobosa (Amoebina)
- Gregarinae (Sporozoa)
- Infusoria
- Flagellata (Mastigophora)
- Ciliata
- Acinetae (Suctoria)
- Rhizopoda
- Mycetozoa (Myxomycetes)
- Heliozoa
- Thalamaria (Foraminifera)
- Radiolaria
- Pflanzenreich
- Thallota (Thallophyta)
- Algae (Phycophyta)
- Zygnemaceae
- Conferveae
- Fucoideae
- Florideae
- Characeae
- Fungi (Inophyta)
- Prothallota (Mesophyta)
- Phanerogamae (Anthophyta)
- Gymnospermae
- Cycadeae
- Coniferae
- Gnetaceae
- Angiospermae
- Thierreich
- Coelenteria (Coelenterata, Zoophyta, Anaemaria)
- Gastraeades
- Spongiae
- Cnidaria
- Platodes
- Coelomaria (Bilaterata, Bilateria, Haemataria)
- Helminthes
- Mollusca
- Echinoderma
- Articulata
- Tunicata
- Vertebrata
From Systematische phylogenie, 3 vols (vol. 1, Protisten und Pflanzen, 1894; vol. 2, Invertebrata, 1896; vol. 3, Vertebrata, 1895).[11].
[Vol. 1, p. 90-91:]
- Pflanzen
- Protophyta (Protista plasmodoma) [Vol. 1, p. 96]
- Archephyta (Progonella)
- Probiontes
- Chromaceae (Phycochromaceae)
- Algariae (Paulosporata)
- Paulotomeae
- Conjugatae
- Diatomeae
- Algettae (Zoosporata)
- Mastigota
- Melethallia
- Siphoneae
- Metaphyta (Histones plasmodomi) [Vol. 1, p. 256]
- Thallophyta
- Algae, [Vol. 1, p. 302]
- Chlorophyceae
- Charaphyceae
- Phaeophyceae
- Rhodophyceae
- Mycetes [Vol. 1, p. 316]
- Ascomycetes (Ascodiomycetes)
- Basimycetes (Basidiomycetes)
- Lichenes [Vol. 1, p. 325]
- Diaphyta [Vol. 1, p. 330]
- Bryophyta [Vol. 1, p. 336]
- Pteridophyta
- Anthophyta
- Thieren
- Protozoa (Protista plasmophaga) [Vol. 1, p. 138]
- Archezoa (= Zoarchega)
- Bacteria (= Bactromonera)
- Coccillida
- Bacillida
- Spirillida
- Zoomonera (= Monera s. str.)
- Fungilli (= Sporozoa)
- Rhizopoda
- Infusoria
- Metazoa (Histones plasmophagi)
- Coelenteria (Acoelomia)
- Gastraeades
- Spongiae
- Cnidaria
- Platodes
- Bilateria (Coelomaria)
- Helminthes
- Mollusca
- Articulata
- Echinoderma
- Tunicata
- Vertebrata
Walton, Lee Barker. 1930. Studies concerning organisms occurring in water supplies with particular reference to those found in Ohio.Ohio Biological Survey Bulletin, 24: 1–86,link.
KingdomBionta
- SubkingdomProtistodeae
- Phylum Probiontaria
- Class Microbiontoidea
- Order Aphanobiontidea
- Order Chlamydozoidea
- Class Bacterioidea
- Class Spirochaetoidea
- Phylum Flagellaria
- Phylum Protophytaria
- Phylum Protozoaria
- Phylum Myxomycetaria
- Subkingdom Metaphytodeae
- Subkingdom Metazoodeae
Copeland, H. F. The kingdoms of organisms.The Quarterly Review Of BiologyVol. 13, No. 4 (Dec., 1938), pp. 383-420,[12].
Barkley, Fred A. (1939).Keys to the phyla of organisms. Missoula, Montana,[13].
Barkley, Fred A. "Un esbozo de clasificación de los organismos."Revista de la Facultad Nacional de Agronomia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín. 10: 83–103,[14].
Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology (1954–2005)
[edit]FromTreatise on Invertebrate Paleontology,[15].
Protista
[part B/1.1, 2005:]
[part B/1.2:]
[part C/2, 1964:]
[part D/3, 1954:]
Edmondson, W.T. (ed). 1959.Freshwater biology. 2nd ed. Wiley, New York,[16].
Protista
FromNew Concepts of Kingdoms of Organisms,[17].
- Kingdom Monera
- KingdomProtista
- Phylum Euglenophyta
- Phylum Chrysophyta
- Phylum Pyrrophyta
- Phylum Hyphochytridiomycota
- Phylum Plasmodiophoromycota
- Phylum Sporozoa
- Phylum Cnidosporidia
- Phylum Zoomastigina
- Phylum Sarcodina
- Phylum Ciliophora
- Kingdom Plantae
- Kingdom Fungi
- Kingdom Animalia
Loeblich, A. R. (1974). Protistan Phylogeny as Indicated by the Fossil Record.Taxon 23 (2/3): 277–290,[18].
[p. 280]
[p. 282]
Whittaker & Margulis (1978)
[edit]Whittaker, R. H. & Margulis, L. (1978). Protist classification and the kingdoms of organisms.Biosystems 10, 3–18.
[Note: "form-superphyla" or "form-phyla are “frankly polyphyletic groupings”.]
Cavalier-Smith (1981)
[edit]Cavalier-Smith, T. (1981). Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine?.Biosystems, 14(3), 461-481,[19].
Nine eukaryote kingdoms proposal [p. 462]
- Superkingdom Eukaryota
- Kingdom 1. Eufungi
- Kingdom 2. Ciliofungi
- Kingdom 3. Animalia
- Kingdom 4. Biliphyta
- Kingdom 5. Viridiplantae
- Kingdom 6. Euglenozoa
- Kingdom 7. Protozoa
- Kingdom 8. Cryptophyta
- Kingdom 9. Chromophyta
Five eukaryote kingdoms proposal [p. 476-477]
- Superkingdom Eukaryota
- Kingdom 1. Fungi (Ciliofungi + Eufungi)
- Kingdom 2. Chromista (Cryptophyta + Chromophyta)
- Kingdom 3. Plantae (Viridiplantae + Biliphyta)
- Kingdom 4.Protista (Euglenozoa + Protozoa)
- Kingdom 5. Animalia
Seven eukaryote kingdoms proposal [p. 478]
- Superkingdom Eukaryota
- Kingdom Fungi
- Kingdom Viridiplantae
- Kingdom Biliphyta
- Kingdom Chromista
- Kingdom Animalia
- Kingdom Euglenozoa
- Kingdom Protozoa
- Phylum Proterozoa (proteromonads, cyathobodonids, Opalinida)
- Phylum Dinozoa (dinoflagellates)
- Phylum Parabasalia (trichomonads and hypermastigids)
- Phylum Metamonadina (retortomonads, diplomonads, and oxymonads)
- Phylum Sporozoa (cregarines, coccidlans, and piroplasms)
- Phylum Infusoria (Ciliophora)
- Phylum Foraminifera
- Phylum Sarcodina (amoebae, amoeboflagellates, slime moulds (Mycetozoa), Radiolaria, Heliozoa, Acantharia, Myxosporea, Microsporea)
Parker et al. (1982)
[edit]Parker, S. P. (ed.). 1982.Synopsis and classification of living organisms. 2 vols. McGraw-Hill, New York,[20],[21]. See Brands (1989-2005 ),[22]
Superkingdom Prokaryotae
- Kingdom Virus
- Kingdom Monera
Superkingdom Eukaryotae
- Kingdom Plantae
- Subkingdom Thallobionta
- Division Rhodophycota
- Division Chromophycota
- Division Euglenophycota
- Division Chlorophycota
- Division Myxomycota
- Division Eumycota
- Subkingdom Embryobionta
- Genus Echites
- KingdomProtista (Haeckel, 1866)
- Phylum Euprotista [“containing the grat majority of protistans”]
- Phylum Gymnomyxa
- Subphylum Mycetozoa
- Subphylum Plasmodiophorina
- Subphylum Labyrinthulina
- Kingdom Animalia 1758
- SubkingdomProtozoa (Goldfuss,1818)
- Phylum Sarcomastigophora (Honigberg & Balamuth,1963)
- Phylum Labyrinthulata
- Phylum Apicomplexa Levine, 1970
- Phylum Microspora Sprague, 1977
- Phylum Myxozoa Grassé, 1970
- Phylum Ascetospora
- Phylum Ciliophora Doflein, 1901
- Subkingdom Phagocytellozoa
- Phylum Placozoa Grell, 1971
- Subkingdom Parazoa (Sollas,1884)
- Phylum Porifera Grant, in Todd, 1836
- Subkingdom Eumetazoa (Butschli,1910)
[Note: this classification is redundant for some ambiregnal protists. See Taylor et al. (1986),[23].]
FromThe kingdom Protista and its 45 phyla[24].
KingdomProtista Haeckel, 1866
Hausmann et al. (1985)
[edit]Hausmann, K., Mulisch, M. & Patterson, D. J. 1985.Protozoologie. Thieme Verlag: Stuttgart,[25].
Protisten
- Stamm Sarcomastigophora
- Stamm Labyrinthomorpha
- Stamm Apicomplexa
- Stamm Microspora
- Stamm Ascetospora
- Stamm Myxozoa
- Stamm Ciliophora
de Puytorac et al. (1987)
[edit]From Puytorac, P. de, Grain, J., Mignot, J.P.Précis de protistologie. Lubrecht & Cramer Ltd, 1987. 581 p.,[26],[27],[28]. See Fernández-Galiano, 1990,[29].
Protista
Patterson, D. J. 1988. The evolution of Protozoa.Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 83 (suppl. 1): 580–600,[30].
[Fig. 1. Hypothetical sequence of derivation of major groups]
[Table 1. Major groups ofprotists distinguished by ultrastructural identity]
Sleigh, M. (1989).Protozoa and Other Protists. 2nd ed. Edward Arnold, London,[31],[32].
"four sets ofprotistan phyla"
- flagellates and related protists
- amoeboid protists
- ciliates
- PhylumCiliophora (according to Puytorac et al., 1974, Corliss, 1979, Levine et al., 1980)
- PhylumCiliophora (according to Small and Lynn, 1985)
- parasitic protists
Карпов С.А. (1990).Система протистов. Омск: Изд-во Омского пед,[33].
Karpov S.A. (1990).System of Protists. Mezhvuzovskaia tipograf. Omsk: OmPi (in Russian, with English summary).
KingdomProtista
Alimov et al. (2000, 2007)
[edit]Alimov, A. F. ed. (А. Ф. Алимов). 2000. Protista 1: Handbook on zoology (Протисты 1: руководство по зоологии). St. Petersburg: Nauka, 2000, 679 pp. (in Russian, with English summaries),[34].
Alimov, A. F. ed. (А. Ф. Алимов). 2007. Protista 2: Handbook on zoology. (Протисты 2: руководство по зоологии). St. Petersburg: Nauka, 2007, 1141 pp. (in Russian, with English summaries),[35].
[Vol. 1, p. 137:]
Protists
- PhylumCryptophyta Pascher, 1914
- PhylumEuglenozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1978
- PhylumChrysophyta Pascher, 1914
- PhylumHaptophyta Christensen, 1962
- PhylumRaphidophyta Chadefaud, 1950
- PhylumSaprolegnia Zerov, 1972
- PhylumOpalinata Wenyon, 1926
- Chromista incertae sedis
- PhylumChoanomonada Kent, 1880
- PhylumPolymastigota Bütschli, 1884
- PhylumPlasmodiophora Zopf, 1884
- PhylumMycetozoa de Bary, 1859
- PhylumRhizopoda Siebold, 1845
- PhylumForaminifera d'Orbigny, 1826
[Vol. 2:]
[Notes:
- the groups with (3) are treated in vol. 3;
- some groups of protists not traditional for protozoologists (e.g., Xantophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Hyphochytridia) were not treated in the series.]
Pugachev et al. (2011)
[edit]Pugachev, O. N. ed. (О.Н. Пугачев). 2011. Protista 3: Guide-book on zoology. (Протисты 3: руководство по зоологии). St. Petersburg: KMK Scientific Press, 474 pp. (in Russian, with English summaries),[36],[37].
Protists (Eukaryota)
- Rhizaria
- Foraminiferida (1)
- Xenophyophorea (1)
- Komokiida (1)
- Polycystina Ehrenberg, 1838 ("radiolarians") (3)
- Acantharia Müller, 1885 ("radiolarians") (3)
- Taxopodida Foll, 1883 ("heliozoans") (3)
- Cercozoa
- Phaeodaria Haeckel, 1879 ("radiolarians") (3)
- Euglyphida (1)
- Thaumatomonadida (Shirkina) Karpov, 1990 (3)
- Spongomonadida (1)
- Cryomonadida Cavalier-Smith, 1993 (3)
- Pansomonadida Vickerman, Appleton, Clarke & Moreira, 2005 (3)
- Cercomonadida (1)
- Desmothoracida Hertwig & Lesser, 1874 ("heliozoans") (3)
- Dimorphida Siemensma, 1991 ("heliozoans") (3)
- Chlorarachnida
- Paramyxea Chatton, 1911 (3)
- Plasmodiophorea (1)
- Haplosporidia Caullery & Mesnil, 1899 (3)
- Gromiida (1)
- Alveolata
- Heterokonta
- Hacrobia
- Archaeplastida
- Excavata
- Amoebozoa
- Opisthokonta
- Eukaryota incertae sedis
[Note: numbers indicate volume in which the groups were treated.]
Simpson et al. (2017)
[edit]Simpson, A. G. B., Slamovits, C. H. & Archibald, J. M., (2017). Protist diversity and eukaryote phylogeny. In: Archibald, J.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Slamovits, C. (Eds.).Handbook of the Protists (2nd edition of theHandbook of Protoctista by Margulis et al.). Springer, continuously updated edition, 2016-2017, 43 chapters,[38]. [2012 version flyer, not published:[39].]
"protists"
- [other Archaeplastida- and Sar-related lineages]
[(*): groups not covered in the Handbook]
- Afrikaans: Protiste
- Alemannisch: Protischte
- العربية: طلائعيات
- asturianu: Protista
- অসমীয়া: প্ৰটিষ্টা
- azərbaycanca: İbtidailər
- Boarisch: Prótisten
- башҡортса: Протистар
- беларуская (тарашкевіца): Пратысты
- беларуская: Пратысты
- български: Протиста
- বাংলা: প্রোটিস্ট
- bosanski: Protisti
- català: Protist
- کوردی: شانشینی پێشەنگییەکان
- corsu: protisti
- čeština: Prvoci / Protisté
- Cymraeg: Protosoa
- dansk: Protozo / Protister / Protist
- Deutsch: Einzeller / Protozoen
- Zazaki: Protista
- Ελληνικά: Πρώτιστα
- English: Protozoa / Protophyta / Protoctista / Protist
- Esperanto: Protistoj
- español: Protozoo, Protista
- eesti: Protistid, Algloomad
- euskara: Protista
- فارسی: تکیاختگان
- suomi: Alkueliöt
- Nordfriisk: Uurdiarten
- français: Protistes
- עברית: פרוטיסטים
- हिन्दी: प्रोटिस्ट
- hrvatski: Protisti
- Kreyòl ayisyen: Pwotis
- magyar: Véglények, protiszták
- հայերեն: Միաբջիջներ, Պրոտոզոններ, Պրոտոզոաներ
- interlingua: Protistas
- Bahasa Indonesia: Protista
- Ido: Protisto
- íslenska: Frumdýr
- italiano: Protisti
- 日本語: 原生生物
- ქართული: პროტისტები
- қазақша: Споралылар
- ភាសាខ្មែរ: បឋមត្ថិកសត្វ
- 한국어: 원생생물
- Lëtzebuergesch: Protoctista
- lietuvių: Protistai
- latviešu: protisti
- македонски: Протисти
- മലയാളം: പ്രോട്ടിസ്റ്റ
- मराठी: प्रोटिस्टा
- Bahasa Melayu: Protis
- Nederlands: Protisten
- norsk nynorsk: Protistar
- norsk: Protister
- occitan: Protista
- ଓଡ଼ିଆ: ପ୍ରୋଟିଷ୍ଟା
- polski: Protisty
- پنجابی: پروٹسٹ
- português: Protista
- Runa Simi: Ch'ulla kawsaykuq
- română: Protiste
- русский: Протисты / Простейшие
- саха тыла: Протистар
- සිංහල: ප්රෝටිස්ටා රාජධානිය
- slovenčina: Prvoky
- slovenščina: Protisti
- svenska: Urdjur / Protozoer / Protister
- தமிழ்: அதிநுண்ணுயிரி
- తెలుగు: ప్రోటిస్టా
- ไทย: โปรติสต์
- lea faka-Tonga: Meʻamoʻuimuʻa
- Türkçe: Protista
- українська: Найпростіші
- اردو: اولانیات
- oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча: Protistlar
- vèneto: Protista
- vepsän kel’: Protistad
- Tiếng Việt: Sinh vật nguyên sinh
- ייִדיש: פראטיסטן
- 粵語: 原生生物
- 中文: 原生生物
