Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan Jimciyada Quruumaha Ka Dhaxaysa. Boga "UN ", "UNO ", "QM " iyo "Jimciyada Quruumaha Ka Dhaxaysa " halkan ayaa laga soo toosiyay. Qaramada Midoobay Qaramada Midoobay (Af Ingiriis :The United Nations Organization "Ururka Qaramada Midoobay " , waa urur caalami ah oo ka dhexeeyadalalka aduunka kaasi oofadhigiisu yahay caasimadaNew York carigaMaraykanka . Ururka Qaramada Midoobay waxa la aasaasay Oktoobar 24, 1945 si loogu badalo ururkii ka horeeyay ee"Midowga Umadaha " (League of Nations). Ujeedada iyo hadafka Qaramada Midoobay wuxuu ahaa in uu ka shaqeeyo xidhiidhka wadanada xubnaha ka ah iyo in uu ka hortago dagaal ka qarxa wadanada caalamka.
Qaramada Midoobay waxaa lagu bilaabay heshiiska51 wadan , laakiin sanadii ka dambeeyay ururku wuu balaadhay waxaana maanta xubin ka ah 193 wadan. Qaramada Midoobay waxaa maanta fadhi u ah caasimadaNew York , wadankaMaraykanka , wuxuuna xafiisyo waawayn ku leeyahay meelo kale oo dunida ah, sidaXafiiska Janiifa (Geneva),xafiiska Nayroobi iyo xafiiska Fiyena (Vienna). Ururka waxaa maalgeliya dhaqaale qiimaysan oo uu ka helo wadanada xubnaha iyo deeq caalami ah oo ka soo gasha wadanada qaar, ganacsato iyo shirkado gaar loo leeyahay. Waxaana ka mid ah hadafka Ururka Qaramada Midoobay inuu ka shaqeeyo nabad caalami ah, amniga, ilaalinta xuquuqda aadamaha, daryeelka bulshooyinka iyo kobcinta dhaqaalaha, ilaalada deegaanka, fidinta gargaarka dagdaga ah ee meelaha ka dhacaanabaaro , musiibo dabiici ah iyo colaada.
Wakhtigii uu socdayDagaalkii Labaad ee Aduunka ayaa madaxweyihii Maraykanka Franklin D. Roosevelt soo jeediyay in la aasaaso urur bedela Midowga Umadaha, waxaana la bilaabay qoritaanka Dastuurka Qaramad Midoobay ka dib markii la galay shirweyne dhacay intii u dhaxaysay Abril–Juun 1945; wuxuuna dastuurkani hirgalay bishii Oktoobar 1945, wakhtigaasi oo Qaramada Midoobay howl biloowday. Hadaba ujeedada iyo jiritaanka Qaramada Midoobay wuxuu shiki galay wakhtiyadiiDagaalka Qabow socday kaasi oo u dhexeeyay labo awoodood ee Maraykanka iyo Midowgii Soofiyeeti iyo xuladadeeda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee ururku wuxuu kaalin libaax ka qaatey farogalintii "Dagaalkii Labada Kuuriya" iyo"Howlgaladii Koongo" .
Xubnaha ururku aad ayay u koreen wixii ka dambeeyay sanadihii1960kii wakhtigaasi oo wadano badan xoriyada qaateen. Wixii ka dambeeyay Dagaalkii Qaboowa Ururka Qaramada Midoobay wuxuu bilaabay inuu talaabo milatari qaado kuwaasi oo isbedel la taaban karo ka gaadhay. Guud ahaan Qaramada Midoobay waxay ka kooban tahay lix waaxood:Golaha Sare (oo ah waaxda maamulka guud gacanta ku heysa);Golaha Amniga (waaxdani waxay go'aamisaa xalka amaanka iyo nabada);Golaha Dhaqaalaha iyo Bulshada (ECOSOC) (waaxdani waxay ku shaqo leedahay dhiirigelinta iyo horumarinta dhaqaalaha caalamka iyo horumarka bulshooyinka);Golaha Xoghaynta (waaxdani waa maamulka iyo soo ururinta akhbaarta iyo macluudka Ururka Qaramada Midoobay u baahan yahay);Maxkamada Cadaalada Caalamiga (sidoo kale loo yaqaanoMaxkamada Aduunka , waa waaxda u qaabilsan cadaalada); iyoGolaha Kalsoonida (United Nations Trusteeship Council) midkaasi oon shaqaynin tan iyo 1994.
Jimciyada Quruumaha ka Dhaxaysa waxay leedahaywakiilo badan oo ka shaqeeya waxyaabo badan oo kala duwan; kuwaas waxaa kamid ahBankiga Aduunka (World Bank Group),Ururka Caafimaadka Aduunka (World Health Organization),Hayada Cuntada Aduunka (World Food Programme),UNESCO , iyoUNICEF . Liiska wakiilada iyo hayadaha Qaramada Midoobay ka fiiriLiiska Hayadaha Qaramada Midoobay . Sarkaalka ugu sareeya Qaramad Midoobay waaXoghayaha Sare , waxaana 2007di ilaa hada haya xilkaasiBan Ki-moon ee u dhashay wadankaKoonfur Kuuriya .
Sanadkii 2001da Ururka Qaramad Midoobay waxaa la gudoonsiiyay bilad sharafta Abaalmarinta Nabada (Nobel Peace Prize).
Maabka Aduunka oo lagu muujiyay wadanada iyo wakhtiga ay ku biireen Qaramada Midoobay TaariikhdaQaramada Midoobay waxay ka soo bilaabantaaDagaalkii Labaad ee Aduunka . Wakhtigaas wixii ka dambeeyay xubnaha iyo shaqada ururku wuu balaadhay waxayna maanta gaadhay dhamaan caalamka oo dhan, ayada oo qarniga 21aad noqotey meel kulmisa dhamaan madaxda aduunka. Sida taariikhda lagu hayo hindisaha iyo magacaQaramada Midoobay waxaa horaantii iska lahaa madaxweynihii wadankaMaraykanka Franklin Roosevelt wakhtigaasi oo uu rabay in lagu magacaabo xulafadii Isbaahaysiga.[ 2] Boqortooyada Biritayn kaasi oo socdaal shaqo ku joogay cariga Maraykanka wakhtigaasi 1941. Si kastaba ha ahaatee sanadihii xigay waxaa ereyga Qaramada Midoobay aad u isticmaalayay xulafadii isbaahaysiga ee dagaalka kula jirteyawoodi Nazi-ga .
AasaasitaankiiQaramada Midoobay Qorsheeyntii dhisitaanka ururka wuxuu bilaabmey wakhti ka horeeyay Dagaalkii Labaad taasi oo la aaminsan yahay inWaaxda Siyaasada Maraykanka (US State Department) bilowday qorsheeynta arimaha ururka sanadkii 1939.[ 3]
Baasaboodhkii ugu horeeyay ee Qaramada Midoobay la daabacay 1944 Qiyaastii 1–2 Janaayo 1942, ayaa lagu dhawaaqay Qaramada Midoobay wakhtigaasi ooy saxeexeen sharciga ururkaas ilaa 26 wadan.[ 4] [ 5] [ 6]
Waxaan ku dhawaaqaynaa iskuxidhka iyo midnimada Maraykanka, Boqortooyada Biritayn oo la socoto Waqooyiga Ireland, Midowga Soofiyeeti, Shiinaha, Ustareeliya, Biljamka, Kanada, Koosta Riika, Kuuba, Jekoslafaakiya, Jamhuuriyada Doominika, El Saafadoor, Giriiga, Guatemala, Hayti, Honduras, Hindiya, Lugsemburg, Nederland, New Siiland, Nikaraaguwa, Norway, Banama, Boland, Koonfur Afrika, Yugoslaafiya. . . .
Saxeexa dowladaha ayaa hoosta kaga qornaa maqaalkaasi.
Hadaba wakhtiyadii uu socday Dagaalkii Labaad waxaa caan noqotey isticmaalka Qaramada Midoobay taasi oo laga waday Xulafada Wadanada Isbaahaystay ee kor ku soo xusnay. Marka wadan rabo inuu ururkaas Qaramada Midoobay ky biiro waxaa shardi ahayd inuu saxeexo heshiiska isla markaana dagaal ku dhawaaqo Isbaahaysigii Nasiga (Axis).[ 7]
Fikrada ah in ururka Qaramada Midoobay noqdo mid caalamka dhan ka dhexeeya waxay bilaabantey Shirkii Moosko ee 1943dii iyo Shirkii Tehraan ee isla sanadkaasi. Shir dhacay bishii Agoosto ilaa Oktoobar 1944kii ayaa wadanadaShiinaha ,Boqortooyada Biritayn , iyoMidowgii Soofiyeeti , oo ku kulmay caasimada Washington, D.C ayaa waxay ku soo saareen in ururka Qaramada Midoobay laga dhigo mid caalami ah oo u dhaxeeya wadanada aduunka dhamaantood. Is-aragyo kale iyo hadalo badan ka dib waxaa la isku raacay cida xubin ka noqon karta ururka iyo shaqooyinka uu qaban doono kuwaasi ooy ka mid ahaayeen inuu ilaaliyo nabada guud ee caalamka, horumarinta dhaqaalaha iyo xidhiidhka bulshooyinka caalamka.[ 8] [ 9]
Qaramada Midoobay 1945. Wadanada buluuga khafiifka ah waa kuwii ururka bilaabay. Kuwa buluuga jaamudka ah waa wadanada la ilaalinayay iyo la gumaysanayay Markeey taariikhdu ahayd Abriil 25, 1945, waxaa magaaladaSan Fransisko ka bilaabmay Shirkii Caalamiga ee Qaramada Midoobay halkaasi ooy ku kulmeen wadano gaadhay 50 dal iyo tiro badan oo ururo caalami ah. Hadaba 26 Juun, labo bilood ka dib markii shirka la bilaabay, ayaa 50kii wadan dhamaantood saxeexeenDastuurka Qaramada Midoobay . Ka dib markii ay dib u eegis ku sameeyeen wadanada Shiinaha, Midowga Soofiyeeti, Boqortooyada Biritayn, Maraykanka iyo tiro kale oo wadano ah ayaa 24 Oktoobar 1945, waxaa si rasmi ah loogu dhawaaqay jiritaankaUrurka Qaramada Midoobay [ 10] [ 11]
Shirkii ugu horeeyay eeGolaha Sare wuxuu qabsoomay 10 Janaayo 1946 magaaladaLondon .[ 12] Golaha Amniga .[ 13]
Ururka Qaramada Midoobay wuxuu qabtey hoowlo aad u balaadhan; kuwaasi waxaa ugu muhiimsan horumarinta xidhiidhka bulshooyinka, daryeelidaxuquuqda Aadamaha , horumarinta dhaqaalaha, dabargoynta gumeysiga,caafimaadka iyowaxbarashasa , daryeelkaqoxootiga iyoganacsiga . Rajada ugu wayn ee laga aaminsan yahay Qaramada Midoobay waa ineey baajiso (joojiso) inuu dhaco daagaal wayn (dagaalka sadexaad), kaasi oo baabi'in kara dadka iyo duunyada caalamka.
Sidoo kale fiiriXarunta Sare Qaramada Midoobay Xarunta Sare Qaramada Midoobay Xarunta Sare Qaramada Midoobay sidoo kaleFadhiga Qaramada Midoobay waa dhisme aad u wayn oo ku yaala caasimadaNew York wadankaMaraykanka .
Xarunta sare Qaramada MidoobayNew York Dhismaha QM magaalada Fiyeena Badhtamihii Diisambar 1945, ayaa Golaha Guurtida Maraykanka iyo Aqalka Wakiiladu u codeeyeen in Ururuka Qaramada Midoobay laga codsado ineeyXarunta Sare ka dhisato wadankaMaraykanka . Arintaasi way aqbashay Qaramada Midoobay, waxayna deegaan ka salaxatay bariga caasimadaNew York halkaasi oo ay ku iibsatey lacag dhanUS $8.5 milyan oo ahayd lacag deeq ah. Dhismaha oo socday labo sano (1949 ilaa 1950) waxaa la furayXarunta Sare Qaramada Midoobay Janaayo 9, 1951, inkastoo la dhamaystiray dhismaha bishii Oktoobar 9, 1952.[ 14] New York , ururku wuxuu xafiisyo waaweyn ku leeyahay Jeniifa, Heeg, Fiyeena,Nayroobi iyo meelo kale oo badan.
Sidoo kale fiiriWadanada Xubnaha Qaramada Midoobay Maabka wadanada xubinta ka ah Qaramada Midoobay iyo wadanada QM u aqoonsan tahay wadan (midabka buluuga[ 15] Deegaanada Falastiin , Galbeedka Saxaraha, iyoAntarktika . Calamaanta wadanaxa xubinta ka ah QM. Waxaa jira193 Wadan oo xubin ka ah Ururka Qaramada Midoobay kuwaasi oo mid kasta xubin ka yahayGolaha Sare Qaramada Midoobay .[ 16] Dastuurka Qaramada Midoobay :[ 17]
Ka mid noqoshadaQaramada Midoobay waa mid u furan dhamaan dowladaha jecel nabada marka laga reebo kuwa uu dasturku ka reebay, ayadoo la tixraacayo xukunka ururka. Codsiga ka mid noqoshada Qaramada Midoobay waxaa go'aan ka gaadhi karaGolaha Sare oo la tashanayaGolaha Amniga . Warbixin taageero leh oo ka timaada Golaha Amnigu waxay u baahan tahay in xubnaha golahaasi codeeyaan taasi oo ugu yaraan sagaal xubnood ogolaansho bixiyaan; kuwaasi oo aanay ku jirin Shanta Xubin ee joogtada ah. Ka dib, ogolaanshaha Golaha Amniga waa ineey ansixiyaan Golaha Sare, kuwaasi oo ugu yaraan labo meelood sadex meelood (2/3) codeeyaan ogolaansho.[ 18] [ 19]
Maabka wadanada hada xubinta ka ah QM iyo taariikhd ku soo biireen.[ 20] 1945 (xubnihii ugu horeeyay)
1946–1959
1960–1989
1990–wakhti xaadirkan (hada)
wadanada aan xubinta ahayn
Taariikh ahaan Qaramada Midoobay waxaa la aasaasay 24 Oktobat 1945 ka dib markii shanta Wadax ee Xubinta joogtada ah isku afgarteen Dastuurka Qaramada Midoobay. Wadanadaasi aasaaska ka qeyb qaatay waxay kala yihiinShiinaha ,Faransiiska ,Ruushka ,Boqortooyada Ingiriiska , iyoMaraykanka .[ 21]
Ururka Qaramada Midoobay wuxuu leeyahay qeeybo, waaxyo, goleyaal, xubno, wakiilo, gudi iyo ururo aad u badan. Marka la soo ururiyo qeeybaha ugu sareeya ururku waa lix waaxood kuwaasi oo qabta shaqooyin kala duwan, isla markaana maamulo dhamaan xubnaha, wakiilada, barnaamijyada, haayadaha, ururada hoos yimaada Qaramada Midoobay. Kuwaasi oo kala ah:Golaha Sare ; (t)Golaha Amniga ; (j)Golaha Dhaqaalaha iyo Bulshada ; (x)Golaha Kalsoonida (waaxdani ma shaqeeyso hada); (kh)Maxkamada Cadaalada Caalamiga ; iyo (d)Golaha Xoghaynta .[ 22]
Hoolka Golaha Sare Qaramada MidoobayXarunta Sare QM ,New York Xubinimada iyo Ka Qeybqaadashada Labo qoraal oo sharaxaya xubinimada iyo ka qeyb qaadashada shaqada Golaha Sare, fiiri:
Golaha Sare Qaramada Midoobay (Af Ingiriis :United Nations General Assembly Af Carabi :لاسعانود UNGA amaGA ) waa xubin ka mid ahLixda Xubnood Qaramada Midoobay iyo meesha kali ah ee dhamaan xubnaha Qaramada Midoobay ku leeyihiin wakiilo (dad matala). Golahani wuxuu awood u leeyahay inuu xaqiijiyo kharashka ku shaqeeyso Qaramada Midoobay, u magaaco xubin aan joogto ahaynGolaha Amniga Qaramada Midoobay , ka helo warbixin dhamaan xubnaha, wakiilada, hayadaha iyo ururada Qaramada Midoobay isla markaana amar iyo talobixin siiyo ururadaasi.[ 23]
Qolka Golaha Amniga Golaha Amniga Qaramada Midoobay (Af Ingiriis :United Nations Security Council UNSC );Af Carabi :لاسعانود lixda xubin ugu sareeysa Ururka Qaramada Midoobay iyo waaxda masuulka ka ahamniga iyo nabada caalami eeaduunka , iyo xubinta u qaabilsan aqbalitaanka ka mid noqoshadaJimciyada Quruumaha Ka Dhaxaysa . Sidoo kale Golaha Amnigu wuxuu u qaabilsan yahay inuu socodsiiyo, fuliyoSharciga Qaramada Midoobay .
Fadhiga Golaha Dhaqaalaha iyo Bulshada QM.Xarunta Qaramada Midoobay ,New York Qaraarkii ECOSOC 2007/25: ku taageeraysay talaaboyinka dowladaha madaxa banaan. Golaha Dhaqaalaha iyo Bulshada Qaramada Midoobay (Af Ingiriis :United Nations Economic and Social Council Af Carabi :لاسعانود ECOSOC ) waa xubin ka mid ahlixda xubin ugu sareeysa Ururka Qaramada Midoobay . Sidoo kale hayadani waxay ka masuul tagay iskuxidhka iyo maamulida dhaqaalaha, bulshada iyo wixii la xidhiidha ee 14 hay'ado wakiilo khaas u ah Qaramada Midoobay.Golaha Dhaqaalaha iyo Bulshada Qaramada Midoobay wuxuu leeyahay 54 xubnood; kuwaasi oo yeesha hal kulan oo afar todobaad ah bisha Luuliyo halmar sanadkii si ay ugu arimiyaan howlaga loo igmaday.
fadhiga Golaha Kalsoonida Dunida sanadkii 1945, xubnaha Golaha Kalsoonida QM waa midabka cagaaran. Dunida sanadka 2010, ma lahan ddeegaano leh Golaha Kalsoonida Golaha Kalsoonida Qaramada Midoobay (Af Ingiriis :United Nations Trusteeship Council UNTC );Af Carabi :لاسعانود xubnaha ugu muhiimsan Qaramada Midoobay taasi oo loo sameeyay si ay u caawiso maamulka iyo gacan ku hayntadeegaanada lagu aaminay Qaramada Midoobay . Sidoo kale ula jeedada ururku wuxuu ahaa inuu gacan ka geysto maamulida deegaanada aan weli madaxbanaanida qaadan isla markaana hoostegin wadanadiigumeystaha , iyo inuu ilaaliyo xidhiidhka iyo nabada caalamiga ah.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee,Dagaalkii Labaad ee Aduunka wixii ka dambeeyay waxaa deegaano badan noqdeen wadano xor ah taasi oo meesha ka saartey farogelintii iyo maamulkii Golaha Kalsoonida Qaramada Midoobay.
Fadhiga Maxkamada Aduunka Maxkamada Cadaalada Caalamka (Af Ingiriis :International Court of Justice ICJ );Af Carabi :لاسعانود "Maxkamada Aduunka" ) waa waaxda koowaad QM|cadaalada Qaramada Midoobay]] taasi oo fadhigeedu yahayDhismaha Nabada Heeg wadankaHolland . Shaqada ugu horeeysa ee hayadani waa ineey xaliso muranka xadadka iyo ilaaliso heshiisyada dhulka ee wadanada xubinta ka ah hayadani.Sidoo kale waxay talobixin siisaaGolaha Sare ,hayadaha Qaramada Midoobay iyo wixii soo hoosgala.
Xoghayaha hada jooga xafiiska mudane Ban ki moon.!!'? Golaha Xoghaynta Qaramada Midoobay (Af Ingiriis :United Nations Secretariat Af Carabi :لاسعانود lixda waaxood ugu muhiimsan Qaramada Midoobay.[ 24] Xoghayaha Guud kaasi oo qabta shaqo aad u muhiim ah, sida go'aan goynta, diyaarinta qorshooyinka ururka iyo isku xidhka dhamaan waaxyaha Qaramada Midoobay.
Jagada Xoghayaha Guud waa hogaanka sare ee Golaha Xoghaynta Qaramada Midoobay, qeyb ka mid ah xubnaha ugu muhiimsanQaramada Midoobay . Sidoo kale Xogahaya Guud ee Qaramada Midoobay waa afhayeenka iyo hogaanka guud ee Qaramada Midoobay. Wakhti xaadirkan waxaa Xoghaye Guud ka ah Qaramada MidoobayBan Ki-moon oo u dhashay wadankaKoonfur Kuuriya , kaasi oo xafiiska ku wareegay horaantii bishii Janaayo 2007. Jaale Banki Moon wuxuu xilku ka dhamaaday 31 Diisambar 2011, waxaana si muran la'aan au dib loogu doortay mar labaad 21 June 2011.[ 25]
Guud ahaan Ururka Qaramada Midoobay waxaa soo maraysideed xoghaye oo ka soo jeedaqaarado kala duwan ee caalamka.
Madaxweynaha Golaha Sare Qaramada Midoobay waa jago (boos) loo codeeyo qofka noqonaya madaxa sare eeGolaha Sare eeQaramada Midoobay taasi oo dhacda halmar sanad kasta. Madaxweynaha la doorto wuxuu ka shaqeeyaa arimaha Golaha Sare oo kali ah. Wakhti xaadirkan (2015) waxaa madaxweyne u ah Golaha SareMogens Lykketoft oo dhashay wadankaDenmark . Mudane Lykketoft wuxuu ku soo baxay kalafadhigii codaynta madaxnimo ee 71aad, waxaana xafiiska lagu wareejiyay 15 Sebteember, 2015.[ 26] [ 27]
Sidoo kale fiiriLiiska Hayadaha Qaramada Midoobay Wakiilada Khaaska sidoo kale loo yaqaanoHay'ad Khaas Qaramada Midoobay iyo midba kooxda ay ku xidhan tahay ee dhaqaale iyo saamiyad la wadaagto iyo shaqo intaba. Inta ugu badan hayadaha u adeega Qaramada Midoobay waxay si toos ah ama dadban u hoostegaa xafiiskaGolaha Dhaqaalaha iyo Bulshada Qaramada Midoobay halkaasi oo ay warbixin siiyaan ama ka warqaataan Xoghayaha Guud ee Waaxda Iskuxidhka.[ 28] Dastuurka Qaramada Midoobay . Wakhti xaadirkan (2015) guud ahaan waxay Qaramada Midoobay leedahay 15 haayadood[ 29] [ 30] [ 31]
Tiro Astaan Magaca Loo soo gaabiyo Xarun sare La Aasaasay Wadanada Xubnaha Maabka iyo Tixraac - Ururka Qaramada Midoobay QM, UN Maraykanka, New York 1945 [1] Wakiilada Khaaska 01. Ururka Cuntada iyo Dalaga FAO, UCD Talyaaniga, Roma 1945 [2] Archived Maarso 8, 2011 //Wayback Machine 02. Ururka Adeega Duulista Caalamiga ICAO Kanada, Montreal 1947 [3] 03. Kharashka Horumarinta Beeraha Caalamka IFAD Talyaaniga, Rome 1977 [4] Archived Agoosto 3, 2013 //Wayback Machine 04. Ururka Shaqaalaha Aduunka ILO Switzerland, Jeniifa 1919 [5] 05. Ururka Badaha Aduunka IMO, UBA UK, London 1959 [6] Archived Luuliyo 6, 2010 //Wayback Machine 06. Ururka Sicirka Lacagta Caalamka IMF Maraykanka, Washington, D.C. 1945 [7] 07. Midowga Isgaarsiinta Caalamiga ITU Switzerland, Jeniifa 1865 [8] 08. Ururka Waxbarashada, Sayniska iyo Dhaqanka UNESCO Faransiiska, Baaris 1946 [9] Archived Luuliyo 22, 2012 //Wayback Machine 09. Machadka Cilmibaadhista Cadaada iyo Dabagalka Dambiyada UNIDO Usteeriya, Fiyenna 1985 [10] 10. Midoowga Adeega Boostada Caalamka UPU Switzerland, Bern 1874 [11] Archived Maarso 21, 2019 //Wayback Machine 11. Bankiga Aduunka WBG USA, Washington, D.C. 1945 [12] Archived Oktoobar 9, 2012 //Wayback Machine 12. Ururka Caafimaadka Aduunka WHO Switzerland, Jeniifa 1948 [13] 13. Ururka Goaanka Mulkiyada Aduunka WIPO Switzerland, Geneva 1967 [14] 14. Ururka Saadaasha Hawada Aduunka WMO Switzerland, Geneva 1950 [15] 15. Ururka Dalxiiska Dunida UNWTO Isbayn, Madrid 1974 [16] Archived Luuliyo 15, 2007 //Wayback Machine Ururo Kale La Xidhiidha 16. Ururka Diyaarinta Mamnuucida Tijaabinta Nukliyeerka CTBTO Prep Com Usteriya, Vienna 1996 [17] 17. Wakaalada Awooda Atomik Aduunka IAEA Austria, Vienna 1957 [18] 18. Ururka Mamnuucida Hubka Kimiko OPCW Holland, Heeg 1997 [19] 19. Ururka Ganacsiga Aduunka WTO Switzerland, Jeniifa 1995 [20] Archived Jannaayo 5, 2012 //Wayback Machine
↑ Official Languages , www.un.org. Retrieved 22 May 2015.↑ "Nuqul Archive" . Waxaa laga kaydiyaythe original 2006-09-27. Soo qaatay2006-09-27 . Barameter aan la aqoon|ciwaan= ignored (caawin ) ↑ Townsend Hoopes and Douglas Brinkley,FDR and the Creation of the U.N. (1997) pp 1-55 ↑ David Roll,The Hopkins Touch: Harry Hopkins and the Forging of the Alliance to Defeat Hitler (2013) pp 172-75 ↑ Robert E. Sherwood,Roosevelt and Hopkins, An Intimate History (1948) pp 447-53 ↑ Edmund Jan Osmańczyk. Taylor & Francis. p. 2445http://books.google.com/books?id=6AB2CadyN7QC&pg=PA2445 . Maqan ama ebar|title= (caawin ) ↑ Stephen C. Schlesinger,Act of creation: The founding of the United Nations: A story of superpowers, secret agents, wartime allies and enemies, and their quest for a peaceful world (2003) ↑ http://www.un.org/en/aboutun/history/dumbarton_yalta.shtml ↑ Robert C. Hilderbrand,Dumbarton Oaks: The Origins of the United Nations and the Search for Postwar Security (UNC Press, 2001) ↑ http://www.un.org/aboutun/sanfrancisco/history.html The 60th Anniversary of the San Francisco Conference↑ http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unms/founders.shtml ↑ . United Nationshttp://www.un.org/en/aboutun/history/1941-1950.shtml . Soo qaatay12 March 2015 . Maqan ama ebar|title= (caawin ) ↑ . United Nationshttp://www.un.org/en/sc/about/ . Soo qaatay12 March 2015 . Maqan ama ebar|title= (caawin ) ↑ http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10813F7385E177B93C2A8178BD95F468585F9 ↑ (PDF) . United Nationshttp://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/world.pdf . Maqan ama ebar|title= (caawin ) ↑ . United Nationshttp://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unms/whatisms.shtml . Maqan ama ebar|title= (caawin ) ↑ . United Nationshttp://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter2.shtml . Maqan ama ebar|title= (caawin ) ↑ . United Nationshttp://www.un.org/en/members/about.shtml . Maqan ama ebar|title= (caawin ) ↑ Toeplar, Stefan (2009). p. 114. Maqan ama ebar|title= (caawin ) ↑ . United Nationshttp://www.un.org/en/members/growth.shtml . Maqan ama ebar|title= (caawin ) ↑ . United Nationshttp://www.un.org/aboutun/unhistory/ . Maqan ama ebar|title= (caawin ) ↑ Qeybaha Qaramada MidoobayUnited Nations . United Nationshttp://www.un.org/en/sections/about-un/main-organs/index.html . Soo qaatay9 April 2015 . Maqan ama ebar|title= (caawin ) ↑ CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS: Chapter IV . UN.org.↑ Xoghayaha Qaramada MidoobayUnited Nations . United Nationshttp://www.un.org/en/sections/about-un/secretariat/index.html . Soo qaatay9 April 2015 . Maqan ama ebar|title= (caawin ) ↑ . BBC News. 21 June 2011http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-13868655 . Maqan ama ebar|title= (caawin ) ↑ "Nuqul Archive" . Global Post. November 29, 2014. Waxaa laga kaydiyaythe original Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 18, 2014. Soo qaatayDecember 17, 2014 . Barameter aan la aqoon|ciwaan= ignored (caawin ); Hubi qiimaynta taariikhda:|archive-date= (caawin ) ↑ . Un.org. June 23, 2014http://www.un.org/en/ga/president/68/news/6232014_speaker_denmark.shtml . Soo qaatayDecember 18, 2014 . Maqan ama ebar|title= (caawin ) ↑ (PDF) http://www.un.org/aboutun/chart_en.pdf . Maqan ama ebar|title= (caawin ) ↑ REPERTORY OF PRACTICE OF UNITED NATIONS ORGANSSUPPLEMENT No. 10 (2000-2009) - ARTICLE; United Nations ↑ Eckart Klein:United Nations, Specialized Agencies , para.9. In:Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law . ↑ UN structure and organization, Specialized Agencies Cite error:<ref> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding<references group="lower-alpha"/> tag was found
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