| Kabhoni |
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 Ngoda (ruboshwe) neGirafati (rudyi),malotlopi maviri eKabhoni | | 6C |
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| Malotlopi | grafati, ngodza ne dzimwe |
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| Ratidziko | - grafati: tema, inotaridzika sesimbi
- ngoda: inoburikidza
|
|---|
| Huremu hwe Hatomu Ar, std(C) | [12.0096, 12.0116] conventional: 12.011 |
|---|
| Kabhoni muTafura ye Nhangande |
|---|
| | Numeri ye Hatomu | 6 |
|---|
| Boka | boka 14 (boka re kabhoni) |
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| Rupotera | rupotera 2 |
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| Bloku | bloku - p |
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| Konfigari ye mhodzigetsi | [He] 2s2 2p2 |
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| Mhodzigetsi padeko | 2, 4 |
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| Mutumbi we miriki |
|---|
| Fhezi pa STP | godo (solidhi) |
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| Poyindi ye Sublimation | 3915 K (3642 °C, 6588 °F) |
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| Dhensiti (nearr.t.) | - amufurosi: 1.8–2.1 g/cm3
- grafati: 2.267 g/cm3
- ngoda: 3.515 g/cm3
|
|---|
| Poiyindi itatu | 4600 K, 10,800 kPa |
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| Nyenguko ye Kudziya | grafati: 117 kJ/mol |
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| Molar heat capacity | grafati: 8.517 J/(mol·K) ngoda: 6.155 J/(mol·K) |
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| Mutumbi we Hatomu |
|---|
| Miriro ye Oxidation | −4,−3,−2,−1,0,+1,+2,+3,+4 |
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| Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 2.55 |
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| Ito yekunonda | - 1st: 1086.5 kJ/mol
- 2nd: 2352.6 kJ/mol
- 3rd: 4620.5 kJ/mol
- (more)
|
|---|
| Covalent radius | sp3: 77 pm sp2: 73 pmsp: 69 pm |
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| Unye we Vhandewaarusi: | 170 pm |
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| Dzimwe miriki |
|---|
| Spectral lines ye Kabhoni |
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| Natural occurrence | primordial |
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| Chitangara che crystal | grafati: chiugonyanhatu (tema) |
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| Chitangara che crystal | ngoda: isachiso-pakati ngoda-kyubhu (face-centered diamond-cubic) (clear) |
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| spidhi ye ruzha thin rod | ngoda: 18,350 m/s (at 20 °C) |
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| Thermal expansion | ngoda: 0.8 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C) |
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| Thermal conductivity | grafati: 119–165 W/(m⋅K) ngoda: 900–2300 W/(m⋅K) |
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| Mukweso we magetsi | grafati: 7.837 µΩ⋅m |
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| Raya re Magineti | huguramagineti (diamagnetic) |
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| Molar magnetic susceptibility | ngoda: −5.9×10−6 cm3/mol |
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| Modhulasi ya Young | ngoda: 1050 GPa |
|---|
| Shear modhulasi | ngoda: 478 GPa |
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| Uwandu we modhulasi | ngoda: 442 GPa |
|---|
| Rheshiyo ye Pwasoni | ngoda: 0.1 |
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| Kuoma mu u-Mohs | grafati: 1–2 ngoda: 10 |
|---|
| Numeri ye CAS | - hatomu kabhoni: 7440-44-0
- grafati: 7782-42-5
- ngoda: 7782-40-3
|
|---|
| Nhoroondo |
|---|
| Kuvhumburwa | Vaijipita neVasumeri (3750 BCE) |
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| Akaziva kuti inhangande ndi: | Antoine Lavoisier (1789) |
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| Enzanhara ikuru ye Kabhoni |
|---|
| Enzahara | Uzhinji | Hafu-Upenyu (t1/2) | Modhi ye bvurunuro | Prodhakti |
|---|
| 11C | syn | 20 min | β+ | 11B |
|---|
| 12C | 98.9% | stable |
|---|
| 13C | 1.1% | stable |
|---|
| 14C | trace | 5730 y | β− | 14N |
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Kabhoni (kubva kuChiratini:carbo kureva "marasha"; muChishona unogona kunziChimurasha inhangande re mushonga rine chiratidzoC uye numeri ye hatomu 6. Isinavusimbi nehombaina (tetravalent) ichiita kuti mhodzigetsi mana avepo kuti aumbebhondi rigombedzwana re mushonga. Ndeyeboka rechigumi nemana retafura yerupotera. Kabhoni inongoumba inenge 0.025% chete yegoko reRinopasi.Enzanhara nhatu dzinongoitika,12C ne13C ichidzikama, ukuwo14C irhedhiyosomo (kureva radionucleotide), ichiora nehafu yeupenyu hwemakore angangoita 5,730. Kabhoni chimwe chezvinhu zvishoma zvinozivikanwa kubva kare-kare.
Kabhoni iri pachinzvimbo 15 yenhangande yakanyanya kuwanda mugoko reRinopasi, uye iripachinzvimbo chechina chakanyanya kuwanda muchadenga nekuwanda mushure mesikamadzi ( hidhirojeni),chimuzuva (hiliyamu), uyeufemu (okisijeni). Kuwanda kwe Kabhoni, kusiyanisa kwemikumbanidzwa iri oganiki yayo, uye kugona kugadzikamirongo (polymers) pahujoto unowanzosanganwa nawo paRinopasi inoita kuti chinhu ichi chishande sechinhu chakafanana chehupenyu hwese hunozivikanwa. Iri pachinzvimbo chechipiri panhangande dzinowanzo wanikwa mumwiri wemunhu ne masi (mass) (zvingaita 18.5%) mushure meokisijeni.
Mahatomu eKabhoni anogona kubatana pamwechete nenzira dzakasiyana, zvichikonzera akasiyana malotlopi eKabhoni.Malotlopi (kureva allotropes) anozivikanwa anosanganisiragirafati,ngoda,amufurosi kabhoni uyefullerenes. Hunhu hwekabhoni hunosiyana zvakanyanya neiyo fomu yechilotlopi. Semuenzaniso, girafati ine opaque uye dema ukuwo ngoda rinonyanya kujeka. Girafati yakapfava zvekuti inogadzira mutsetse pabepa (saka zita rayo, kubva pashoko reChigiriki rekuti "γράφειν" zvinoreva "kunyora"), nepo ngoda riri iro rakaomesesa rinoitika zvakasikwa rinozivikanwa. Girafati ikondakita yakanaka yemagetsi nepo ngoda rine kondakitivhiti ye magetsi yakaderera. Pasi pemamiriro akajairwa, ngoda, mananochubhu ekabhoni, uyegirafini (kureva graphene) zvine akanyanya kupisa ekupisa kwezvinhu zvese zvinozivikanwa. Ese malotlopi ekabhoni akasimba pasi pezvakajairwa mamiriro, uye girafati iri iyo yakanyanya kugadzikana fomu yethemodhinamiki (kureva thermodynamically form) pakudziya kwakajairwa nekumanikidza. Izvo zvinodzivirira kemikari uye zvinoda hujoto yakanyanya kuita kunyangwe neokisijeni.
Iyo yakajairika oxidation mamiriro emikumbanidzwa eKabhoni asiri oganiki ndeye +4, nepo +2 inowanikwa muKabhoni monokusaidhi uye transition metal carbonyl complexes. Iwo makuru masosi ekabhoni asiri oganiki anosanganisa limestones, dolomites uye kabhoni dhioksaidhi, asi akakosha akawanda anoitika mu organic deposits yemarasha, peat, mafuta, uye methane clathrates. Kabhoni inoumba numeri huru yemakomboni, kupfuura chero chinhu chipi nechipi, ine makomboni anoda kusvika miriyoni gumi atsanangurwa kusvika pari zvino, asi nhamba iyoyo inongova chidimbu chidimbu chenhamba yezvinofungwa zvinobvira makomboni pasi pemamiriro akajairwa. Nechikonzero ichi, kabhoni yagara ichinzi "mambo wezvinhu".
Zita rokuti Kabhoni rakabva kupashoko reChiratini rokuticarbo rinoreva kuti marasha.
