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Kabhoni

Kubva Wikipedia
Kabhoni
Ngoda (ruboshwe) neGirafati (rudyi),malotlopi maviri eKabhoni
6C
Malotlopigrafati, ngodza ne dzimwe
  • (nemamwe malotlopi ayo)
Ratidziko
  • grafati: tema, inotaridzika sesimbi
  • ngoda: inoburikidza
Huremu hwe Hatomu

Ar, std(C)

[12.0096, 12.0116] conventional: 12.011
Kabhoni muTafura ye Nhangande
Numeri ye Hatomu6
Bokaboka 14 (boka re kabhoni)
Rupoterarupotera 2
Blokubloku - p
Konfigari ye

mhodzigetsi

[He] 2s2 2p2
Mhodzigetsi padeko2, 4
Mutumbi we miriki
Fhezi pa STPgodo (solidhi)
Poyindi ye Sublimation3915 K ​(3642 °C, ​6588 °F)
Dhensiti (nearr.t.)
  • amufurosi: 1.8–2.1 g/cm3
  • grafati: 2.267 g/cm3
  • ngoda: 3.515 g/cm3
Poiyindi itatu4600 K, ​10,800 kPa
Nyenguko ye Kudziyagrafati: 117 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacitygrafati: 8.517 J/(mol·K)

ngoda: 6.155 J/(mol·K)

Mutumbi we Hatomu
Miriro ye Oxidation−4,−3,−2,−1,0,+1,+2,+3,+4
  • (a mildly acidic oxide)
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 2.55
Ito yekunonda
  • 1st: 1086.5 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 2352.6 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 4620.5 kJ/mol
  • (more)
Covalent radiussp3: 77 pm

sp2: 73 pmsp: 69 pm

Unye we

Vhandewaarusi:

170 pm
Dzimwe miriki
Spectral lines ye Kabhoni
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Chitangara che crystalgrafati: ​chiugonyanhatu

(tema)

Chitangara che crystalngoda: ​isachiso-pakati ngoda-kyubhu

(face-centered diamond-cubic)

(clear)

spidhi ye ruzha thin rodngoda: 18,350 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansionngoda: 0.8 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivitygrafati: 119–165 W/(m⋅K)

ngoda: 900–2300 W/(m⋅K)

Mukweso we magetsigrafati: 7.837 µΩ⋅m
Raya re Maginetihuguramagineti (diamagnetic)
Molar magnetic

susceptibility

ngoda: −5.9×10−6 cm3/mol
Modhulasi ya Youngngoda: 1050 GPa
Shear modhulasingoda: 478 GPa
Uwandu we modhulasingoda: 442 GPa
Rheshiyo ye Pwasoningoda: 0.1
Kuoma mu u-Mohsgrafati: 1–2

ngoda: 10

Numeri ye CAS
  • hatomu kabhoni: 7440-44-0
  • grafati: 7782-42-5
  • ngoda: 7782-40-3
Nhoroondo
KuvhumburwaVaijipita neVasumeri (3750 BCE)
Akaziva kuti

inhangande ndi:

Antoine Lavoisier (1789)
Enzanhara ikuru ye Kabhoni
EnzaharaUzhinjiHafu-Upenyu (t1/2)Modhi ye

bvurunuro

Prodhakti
11Csyn20 minβ+11B
12C98.9%stable
13C1.1%stable
14Ctrace5730 yβ14N

Kabhoni (kubva kuChiratini:carbo kureva "marasha"; muChishona unogona kunziChimurasha inhangande re mushonga rine chiratidzoC uye numeri ye hatomu 6. Isinavusimbi nehombaina (tetravalent) ichiita kuti mhodzigetsi mana avepo kuti aumbebhondi rigombedzwana re mushonga. Ndeyeboka rechigumi nemana retafura yerupotera. Kabhoni inongoumba inenge 0.025% chete yegoko reRinopasi.Enzanhara nhatu dzinongoitika,12C ne13C ichidzikama, ukuwo14C irhedhiyosomo (kureva radionucleotide), ichiora nehafu yeupenyu hwemakore angangoita 5,730. Kabhoni chimwe chezvinhu zvishoma zvinozivikanwa kubva kare-kare.

Tsananguro

[chinjirudza |chinjirudza mabviro]

Kabhoni iri pachinzvimbo 15 yenhangande yakanyanya kuwanda mugoko reRinopasi, uye iripachinzvimbo chechina chakanyanya kuwanda muchadenga nekuwanda mushure mesikamadzi ( hidhirojeni),chimuzuva (hiliyamu), uyeufemu (okisijeni). Kuwanda kwe Kabhoni, kusiyanisa kwemikumbanidzwa iri oganiki yayo, uye kugona kugadzikamirongo (polymers) pahujoto unowanzosanganwa nawo paRinopasi inoita kuti chinhu ichi chishande sechinhu chakafanana chehupenyu hwese hunozivikanwa. Iri pachinzvimbo chechipiri panhangande dzinowanzo wanikwa mumwiri wemunhu ne masi (mass) (zvingaita 18.5%) mushure meokisijeni.

Mahatomu eKabhoni anogona kubatana pamwechete nenzira dzakasiyana, zvichikonzera akasiyana malotlopi eKabhoni.Malotlopi (kureva allotropes) anozivikanwa anosanganisiragirafati,ngoda,amufurosi kabhoni uyefullerenes. Hunhu hwekabhoni hunosiyana zvakanyanya neiyo fomu yechilotlopi. Semuenzaniso, girafati ine opaque uye dema ukuwo ngoda rinonyanya kujeka. Girafati yakapfava zvekuti inogadzira mutsetse pabepa (saka zita rayo, kubva pashoko reChigiriki rekuti "γράφειν" zvinoreva "kunyora"), nepo ngoda riri iro rakaomesesa rinoitika zvakasikwa rinozivikanwa. Girafati ikondakita yakanaka yemagetsi nepo ngoda rine kondakitivhiti ye magetsi yakaderera. Pasi pemamiriro akajairwa, ngoda, mananochubhu ekabhoni, uyegirafini (kureva graphene) zvine akanyanya kupisa ekupisa kwezvinhu zvese zvinozivikanwa. Ese malotlopi ekabhoni akasimba pasi pezvakajairwa mamiriro, uye girafati iri iyo yakanyanya kugadzikana fomu yethemodhinamiki (kureva thermodynamically form) pakudziya kwakajairwa nekumanikidza. Izvo zvinodzivirira kemikari uye zvinoda hujoto yakanyanya kuita kunyangwe neokisijeni.

Iyo yakajairika oxidation mamiriro emikumbanidzwa eKabhoni asiri oganiki ndeye +4, nepo +2 inowanikwa muKabhoni monokusaidhi uye transition metal carbonyl complexes. Iwo makuru masosi ekabhoni asiri oganiki anosanganisa limestones, dolomites uye kabhoni dhioksaidhi, asi akakosha akawanda anoitika mu organic deposits yemarasha, peat, mafuta, uye methane clathrates. Kabhoni inoumba numeri huru yemakomboni, kupfuura chero chinhu chipi nechipi, ine makomboni anoda kusvika miriyoni gumi atsanangurwa kusvika pari zvino, asi nhamba iyoyo inongova chidimbu chidimbu chenhamba yezvinofungwa zvinobvira makomboni pasi pemamiriro akajairwa. Nechikonzero ichi, kabhoni yagara ichinzi "mambo wezvinhu".

Zita

[chinjirudza |chinjirudza mabviro]

Unenaruvambo

[chinjirudza |chinjirudza mabviro]

Zita rokuti Kabhoni rakabva kupashoko reChiratini rokuticarbo rinoreva kuti marasha.

Mashoko ashandiswa

[chinjirudza |chinjirudza mabviro]

Mabviro eruzivo

[chinjirudza |chinjirudza mabviro]
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