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Xiongnu

From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
TheEnglish used in this article or sectionmay not be easy for everybody to understand. You can help Wikipedia by readingWikipedia:How to write Simple English pages, then simplifying the article.(July 2023)
Xiongnu
3rd century BC–460s
Territory of the Xiongnu (green), circa 250 BC
Territory of the Xiongnu (green), circa 250 BC
CapitalLongcheng (龙城/蘢城), nearKhoshoo Tsaidam (present-day inMongolia), was established as the annual meeting place andde facto capital.
Religion
possiblyTengriism[1][2]
Chanyu 
History 
• Established
3rd century BC
• Disestablished
460s
Part ofa series on the
History ofXinjiang

TheXiongnu (Chinese:匈奴) were a group ofnomads who lived north ofChina from the 3rd century BC to the 460s AD. Their lands were infertile, so they often attacked China. To stop these attacks, the first emperor of China,Qin Shi Huang, built theGreat Wall of China between 214 and 206 BC. SomeHan dynasty emperors tried to make peace with them, but the Xiongnu continued to attack Chineseborders.

Some people believe that the Xiongnu were related to theHuns, and this idea is still widely accepted today. In the past, different nomadic tribes often lived together, even if they spoke different languages. Around 60 BC, a power struggle led to the Xiongnu breaking up into five smaller groups.

In 202 AD, the leader of the Southern Xiongnu surrendered toCao Cao, the Prime Minister of the Han dynasty.

The Han dynasty sent unrelated women falsely labeled as princesses and members of the Han imperial family when they were practicing Heqin marriage alliances with the Xiongnu.[3][4][5][6][7]

The Xiongnu practiced marriage alliances with Han dynasty officers and officials. The older sister of the Chanyu (the Xiongnu ruler) was married to the Xiongnu GeneralZhao Xin, the Marquis of Xi who was serving the Han dynasty. The daughter of theQiedihou Chanyu was married to the Han Chinese GeneralLi Ling after he surrendered and defected.[8][9][10][11][12] TheYenisei Kirghiz Khagans claimed descent from Li Ling.[13][14] Another Han Chinese General who defected to the Xiongnu wasLi Guangli who also married a daughter of the Chanyu.[15] The Han Chinese diplomatSu Wu married a Xiongnu woman given by Li Ling when he was arrested and taken captive.[16] Han Chinese explorer Zhang Qian married a Xiongnu woman and had a child with her when he was taken captive by the Xiongnu.Han Emperor Wu dispatched the Han Chinese explorerZhang Qian to explore the mysterious kingdoms to the west and to form an alliance with the Yuezhi people in order to combat the Xiongnu. During this time Zhang married a Xiongnu wife, who bore him a son, and gained the trust of the Xiongnu leader.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23]

The Kyrgyzkhagans claimed descent from the Chinese generalLi Ling, grandson of the famousHan dynasty generalLi Guang.[24][25][26][27] Li Ling was captured by the Xiongnu and defected in the first century BCE.[28][29] And since the Tang royal Li family also claimed descent from Li Guang, the Kirghiz Khagan was therefore recognized as a member of the Tang Imperial family. This relationship soothed the relationship when Kyrgyz khaganAre (阿熱) invadedUyghur Khaganate and put Qasar Qaghan to the sword. The news brought toChang'an by Kyrgyz ambassador Zhuwu Hesu (註吾合素).

The Khitan rulerAbaoji did extend his influence onto the Mongolian Plateau in 924, but there is no indication whatsoever of any conflict with the Kyrgyz. The only information we have from Khitan (Liao) sources regarding the Kyrgyz indicates that the two powers maintained diplomatic relations. Scholars who write of a Kyrgyz "empire" from about 840 to about 924 are describing a fantasy. All available evidence suggests that despite some brief extensions of their power onto the Mongolian Plateau, the Kyrgyz did not maintain a significant political or military presence there after their victories in the 840s.

— Michael Drompp

References

[change |change source]
  1. ↑Pines, Yuri (2012).The Everlasting Empire: The Political Culture of Ancient China and Its Imperial Legacy. Princeton University Press. p. 37.ISBN 978-1-4008-4227-8.
  2. ↑Man, John (2005).Attila: The Barbarian King who Challenged Rome. Bantam Press. p. 62.ISBN 978-0-593-05291-4.
  3. ↑Lo, Ping-cheung (2015)."11 Legalism and offensive realism in the Chinese court debate on defending national security 81 BCE". In Lo, Ping-cheung; Twiss, Sumner B (eds.).Chinese Just War Ethics: Origin, Development, and Dissent. War, Conflict and Ethics (illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 269.ISBN 978-1317580973.There were altogether nine marriages of Han princesses (fake or real) to the Xiongnu during these roughly 60 years (for a complete list of details, see Cui 2007a, 555). We will call this policy Heqin Model One, and, as Ying-shih Yu ...
  4. ↑Qian, Sima (2019).Historical Records 史记: The First and Most Important Biographical General History Book in China. DeepLogic.Liu Jing said: "The Han dynasty was just calm, the soldiers were exhausted by the fire, and the Xiongnu could not be ... If the majesty could not send a big princess, let the royal woman or the fake princess, he I will know that I will ...
  5. ↑Chin, Tamara T. (2020).Savage Exchange: Han Imperialism, Chinese Literary Style, and the Economic Imagination. Harvard University Studies in East Asian Law. BRILL. p. 225.ISBN 978-1684170784.In the Han- Wusun alliance (unlike the Han- Xiongnu heqin agreements) the gifts flowed in the proper direction, ... Thus, while Empress Lü transgressed the heqin marriage in having a false princess sent, Liu Jing's original proposal ...
  6. ↑Chin, Tamara Ta Lun (2005).Savage Exchange: Figuring the Foreign in the Early Han Dynasty. University of California, Berkeley. p. 66, 73, 74.Figuring the Foreign in the Early Han Dynasty Tamara Ta Lun Chin ... Emperor Han Wudi's military push to reverse the power relations between Xiongnu and Han stands in stark contrast to the original ... Xiongnu with a false princess .
  7. ↑Mosol, Lee (2013).Ancient History of the Manchuria. Xlibris Corporation. p. 77.ISBN 978-1483667676.... 孝文皇帝 sent a girl as a new wife for the Chanyu as a 'fake princess of Royal family' with a eunuch named '中行 ... The Han lured the Xiongnu chief deep into the China proper town called "馬邑," but Gunchen Chanyu realized the trap ...
  8. ↑, p. 31.
  9. ↑Qian Sima; Burton Watson (January 1993).Records of the Grand Historian: Han dynasty. Renditions-Columbia University Press. pp. 161–.ISBN 978-0-231-08166-5.
  10. ↑Monumenta Serica. H. Vetch. 2004. p. 81.
  11. ↑Frederic E. Wakeman (1985).The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. pp. 41–.ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.
  12. ↑Sima, Qian (1993).Records of the Grand Historian: Han Dynasty II. p. 128.ISBN 0231081677.
  13. ↑Veronika Veit, ed. (2007).The role of women in the Altaic world: Permanent International Altaistic Conference, 44th meeting, Walberberg, 26–31 August 2001. Vol. 152 of Asiatische Forschungen (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 61.ISBN 978-3447055376. Retrieved8 February 2012.
  14. ↑Michael Robert Drompp (2005).Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire: a documentary history. Vol. 13 of Brill's Inner Asian library (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 126.ISBN 9004141294. Retrieved8 February 2012.
  15. ↑Lin Jianming (林剑鸣) (1992).秦漢史[History of Qin and Han]. Wunan Publishing. pp. 557–8.ISBN 978-957-11-0574-1.
  16. ↑Hong, Yuan (2018).The Sinitic Civilization Book II: A Factual History Through the Lens of Archaeology, Bronzeware, Astronomy, Divination, Calendar and the Annals (abridged ed.). iUniversе. p. 419.ISBN 978-1532058301.
  17. ↑James A. Millward (2007).Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang. Columbia University Press. p. 20.ISBN 978-0-231-13924-3. Retrieved2011-04-17.
  18. ↑Julia Lovell (2007).The Great Wall: China Against the World, 1000 BC – AD 2000. Grove Press. p. 73.ISBN 978-0-8021-4297-9. Retrieved2011-04-17.
  19. ↑Alfred J. Andrea; James H. Overfield (1998).The Human Record: To 1700. Houghton Mifflin. p. 165.ISBN 978-0-395-87087-7. Retrieved2011-04-17.
  20. ↑Yiping Zhang (2005).Story of the Silk Road.China Intercontinental Press. p. 22.ISBN 978-7-5085-0832-0. Retrieved2011-04-17.
  21. ↑Charles Higham (2004).Encyclopedia of ancient Asian civilizations. Infobase Publishing. p. 409.ISBN 978-0-8160-4640-9. Retrieved2011-04-17.
  22. ↑Indian Society for Prehistoric & Quaternary Studies (1998).Man and environment, Volume 23, Issue 1. Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies. p. 6. Retrieved2011-04-17.
  23. ↑Adrienne Mayor (22 September 2014).The Amazons: Lives and Legends of Warrior Women across the Ancient World. Princeton University Press. pp. 422–.ISBN 978-1-4008-6513-0.
  24. ↑Veronika Veit, ed. (2007).The role of women in the Altaic world: Permanent International Altaistic Conference, 44th meeting, Walberberg, 26-31 August 2001. Vol. 152 of Asiatische Forschungen (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 61.ISBN 978-3447055376. Retrieved8 February 2012.
  25. ↑Michael Robert Drompp (2005).Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire: a documentary history. Vol. 13 of Brill's Inner Asian library (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 126.ISBN 9004141294. Retrieved8 February 2012.
  26. ↑Kyzlasov, Leonid R. (2010).The Urban Civilization of Northern and Innermost Asia Historical and Archaeological Research(PDF). Curatores seriei VICTOR SPINEI et IONEL CANDEÂ VII. Vol. The Urban Civilization of Northern and Innermost Asia Historical and Archaeological Research. ROMANIAN ACADEMY INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY OF IAȘI Editura Academiei Romane - Editura Istros. p. 245.ISBN 978-973-27-1962-6. Florilegium magistrorum historiae archaeologiaeque Antiqutatis et Medii Aevi.
  27. ↑Drompp, Michael (2021).Tang China and the Collapse of the Uighur Empire: A Documentary History. Brill's Inner Asian Library. BRILL. p. 126.ISBN 978-9047414780.
  28. ↑Veit, Veronika-, ed. (2007).The role of women in the Altaic world : Permanent International Altaistic Conference, 44th meeting, Walberberg, 26-31 August 2001. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 61.ISBN 978-3-447-05537-6.OCLC 182731462.
  29. ↑Drompp, Michael R. (1999). "Breaking the Orkhon Tradition: Kirghiz Adherence to the Yenisei Region after A. D. 840".Journal of the American Oriental Society.119 (3):394–395.doi:10.2307/605932.JSTOR 605932.
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