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Voiceless alveolar fricative

From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Voiceless alveolar fricative
s
IPA Number	132
Encoding
Entity(decimal)	`s`
Unicode(hex)	U+0073
X-SAMPA	`s`

Thevoiceless alveolar fricative is a type ofconsonant. The letter for this sound in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨s⟩. TheX-SAMPA symbol for this sound is⟨s⟩. TheEnglish language has this sound, and it is the sound represented by 's' insun andsorry.

Features

[change |change source]

Thephonation is voiceless. This means that this sound is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
Theplace of articulation (where the sound is produced) isalveolar. This means that this sound is produced with the tip of the tongue (apical) or the blade of the tongue at thealveolar ridge (laminal).
Themanner of articulation (how the sound is produced) isfricative. This means that this sound is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, to maketurbulence.

Examples

[change |change source]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning
Adyghe		сэ/sė	[sa]	'I'
Arabic	Modern Standard^[1]	جَلَسَ/ǧalasa	[ˈdʒælæsɐ]	'to sit'
Assyrian		ܣܝܦܐsèpa	[seːpaː]	'sword'
Bengali		রাস্তা	[raːst̪a]	'street'
Burmese		စစားဗျီ/ca carr bhye	[sə sá bjì]	'I am eating now'
Chinese	Cantonese	閃 /sim2	[siːm˧˥]	'twinkle'
Dutch	Belgian Standard^[2]	staan	[staːn]	'to stand'
Emilian and Romagnol		sèl	[ˈs̺ʲɛːl]	'salt'
Estonian		sõna	[ˈsɤnɑ]	'word'
English		sit	[sɪt]	'sit'
Esperanto		Esperanto	[espeˈranto]	'Who hopes'
Faroese		sandur	[sandʊɹ]	'sand'
Georgian^[3]		სამი/sami	[ˈsɑmi]	'three'
Hebrew		ספר/sefer	[ˈsefeʁ]	'book'
Hindustani		साल /سال	[saːl]	'year'
Japanese^[4]		複数形 /fukusūkē	[ɸɯkɯsɯːkeː]	'plural'
Kabardian		сэ/sė	[sa]	'I'
Khmer		អេស្ប៉ាញ /éspanh	[ʔeːpaːɲ]	noun: 'Spain' adjective: 'Spanish'
Korean		섬 /seom	[sʌːm]	'island'
Malay		satu	[satu]	'one'
Maltese		iebes	[eaˈbes]	'hard'
Marathi		साप	[saːp]	'snake'
Nepali		सगरमाथा	[sʌɡʌrmät̪ʰä]	'Mount Everest'
Odia		ସମାନ	[sɔmänɔ]	'equal'
Occitan	Limousin	maichent	[mejˈsẽ]	'bad'
Persian		سیب /sib	[sib]	'apple'
Portuguese^[5]		caço	[ˈkasu]	'I hunt'
Punjabi		ਸੱਪ/sapp	[səpː]	'snake'
Spanish^[6]	Latin American	saltador	[s̻al̪t̪aˈð̞o̞r]	'jumper'
	Canarian
	Andalusian
	Filipino
Swahili		Kiswahili	[kiswaˈhili]	'Swahili'
Sylheti		ꠢꠂꠍꠦ/oise	[ɔise]	'done'
Vietnamese^[7]		xa	[saː˧]	'far'
Yi		ꌦsy	[sɻ̩˧]	'die'

Notes

[change |change source]

↑Thelwall (1990), p. 37.
↑Collins & Mees (2003), p. 190.
↑Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
↑Okada (1999), p. 117.
↑Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
↑Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 258.
↑Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.

References

[change |change source]

Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,20 (2):37–41,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266,S2CID 243640727
Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981],The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers,ISBN 978-9004103405
Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006),"Standard Georgian"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,36 (2):255–264,doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
Okada, Hideo (1999),"Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.),Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119,ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,25 (2):90–94,doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223,S2CID 249414876
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003),"Castilian Spanish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33 (2):255–259,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
Thompson, Laurence C. (1959), "Saigon phonemics",Language,35 (3):454–476,doi:10.2307/411232,JSTOR 411232

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Kirshenbaum TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

IPA:Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m		ɱ		n̼			n̥	n			ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ		ɴ
Stop	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼			t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate									ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	ʈʂ	ɖʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative									s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔		ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant				ʋ						ɹ				ɻ		j		ɰ						ʔ̞
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ				ɡ̆		ɢ̆		ʡ̆
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r			ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			ʈɭ̊˔	ɖɭ˔	cʎ̝̊	ɟʎ̝	kʟ̝̊	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative									ɬ	ɮ			ɭ̊˔	ɭ˔	ʎ̝̊	ʎ̝	ʟ̝̊	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant										l				ɭ		ʎ		ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			ɭ̥̆	ɭ̆		ʎ̆		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Gray areas are sounds which are impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

IPA: Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U	EG
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ	ʡʼ
	Affricate			t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	ʈʂʼ		kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			cʎ̝̊ʼ	kʟ̝̊ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k‼ q‼	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ‼ ɢ‼	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ‼ ɴ‼	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥

Gray areas are sounds which are impossible.

Co-articulated consonants

IPA:Co-articulated consonants

n͡m

t͡p

d͡b

Labial–alveolar

Labial–velar

Fricative/approximant

ɥ̊

Labial–palatal

Labial–velar

Sj-sound (variable)

Lateral approximant

Velarized alveolar

Other	Nasal labial–velar approximant[w̃] Nasal palatal approximant[j̃] Voiceless bidental fricative[h̪͆] Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop[t̪ʙ̥] Voiceless nasal glottal approximant[h̃]

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i y	ɨ ʉ	ɯ u
Near-close	ɪ ʏ		ʊ
Close-mid	e ø	ɘ ɵ	ɤ o
Mid	e̞ ø̞	ə	ɤ̞ o̞
Open-mid	ɛ œ	ɜ ɞ	ʌ ɔ
Near-open	æ	ɐ
Open	a ɶ	ä	ɑ ɒ

Vowels beside dots are:unrounded • rounded

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