From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
TheTaliban religious police beating awoman for removing herburqa in public.Asuffragette being arrested inLondon in 1914 for campaigning for women's right tovote inelections.A Rock Against Sexism badge. RAS was a political and cultural movement that promoted women in music and challenged sexism in the rock music community, pop culture and in the world at large.
Misandry refers to the bias, prejudice or discrimination againstmen.[1] Misandry's existence is denied by a significant proportion offeminists.[1] Feminists tend to see men as "inherently responsible" for thepatriarchy,[1][2] leading many to form the impression that men's suffering has not been given equal attention,[1] while men inWestern world are three to four times more likely to die bysuicide.[3]
Kalighat Painting, "Woman Striking Man With Broom," Calcutta, India, 1875.[4]
Gendered racism is a form ofoppression that happens due tostereotypes related torace andgender.[5] While many engage inracism to divide others into "superior" and "inferior" to treat them differently, sexism is theprejudice ordiscrimination based onsex, e.g. bias against women.[5] As a hybrid, gendered racism is related to racial understandings ofmasculinity andfemininity,[5] e.g. bias against women of a certainethnic group based on theircustoms. Theword was coined byDutch-Surinamesesociologist Philomena Essed (1955 ‒ ) to refer towomen facing racism and sexism at the same time. Essed said,
Racism and sexism intertwine and combine under certain conditions into one hybridphenomenon.
Those subject to gendered racism often find it hard to know whether others arebiased against them because of their race or gender, or both.[5] Nevertheless, both the race and gender of a person is said tointersect to form his or heridentity, whose lived experience is suggested to beanalyzed based on both their race and gender.[5]
Anderson, M.L., & Collins, P.H. (2004).Race, class, and gender: An anthology (5th ed.) Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thompson
Erving, C.L., Williams, T.R., Frierson, W., & Derisse, M. (2022).Gendered racial microaggressions, psychosocial resources, and depressive symptoms among Black women attending a historically Black university. Society and Mental Health, 12(3), 230–47.https://doi.org/10.1177/21568693221115766
Essed, P. (1991).Understanding everyday racism: An interdisciplinary theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Lewis, J., Mendenhall, R., Harwood, S., & Browne Huntt, M. (2013).Coping with Gendered Racial Microaggressions among Black Women College Students. Journal of African American Studies, 17(1), 51–73. doi:10.1007/s12111-012-9219-0
Thomas, A. J., Witherspoon, K. M., & Speight, S. L. (2008).Gendered racism, psychological distress, and coping styles of African American women. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14(4), 307.
Wingfield, A. H. (2007).The modern mammy and the angry black man: African American professionals' experiences with gendered racism in the workplace. Race, Gender & Class, 196–212.
