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Richard I of England

From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Richard I "the Lionheart"
King ofEngland
King of England
Reign6 July 1189 – 6 April 1199
Coronation3 September 1189
PredecessorHenry II "Curtmantle"
SuccessorJohn "Lackland"
RegentQueen Eleanor;William Longchamp, Bishop of Ely(Third Crusade)
Born(1157-09-08)8 September 1157
Beaumont Palace,Oxford
Died6 April 1199(1199-04-06) (aged 41)
Châlus,Limousin
Burial
SpouseBerengaria of Navarre
HouseHouse of Plantagenet
FatherHenry II "Curtmantle"
MotherEleanor of Aquitaine
ReligionCatholic Christian

Richard I of England (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199) was theKing ofEngland from 1189 to 1199. He was alsoDuke of Normandy,Aquitaine andGascony; Lord ofCyprus; andCount of Poitiers, Anjou, Maine, and Nantes and was overlord ofBrittany at various times. He is sometimes calledRichard the Lionheart orRichard Coeur de Lion, which means the same thing inFrench.

Life

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Richard was the son ofHenry II of England andEleanor of Aquitaine. As the third son, he was not expected toinherit thethrone, and he was areplacement child.[1] At the age of 11, he becameDuke ofAquitaine.

Later, Richard was one of the leaders of theThird Crusade againstSaladin. During Richard's journey, he conqueredSicily andCyprus. He fought in theSiege of Acre and theBattle of Arsuf. In the end, thecrusade did not succeed: Richard was never able to win backJerusalem from theMuslim forces. He decided to return home toEngland.

On his way back from the crusade, Richard was captured byDuke Leopold of Austria. TheEnglish people had to pay a hugeransom to set him free. He was considered a brave and noble king, but he spent only six months of his eleven-year reign in England. He died after being shot with acrossbow while he wasbesieging acastle inLimousin.

Richard’s remains wereburied in different places.[2] His body was buried atFontevraud Abbey nearSaumur inFrance,[2] with his father and mother. His internalorgans were buried atChâlus, at theChâteau de Châlus-Chabrol, nearLimoges, in centralFrance.[2] Hisheart was buried in the Notre-Dame Cathedral atRouen.[2]

Richard’s heart was found in 1838 and was examined by scientists in 2012.[2] They did tests forpoisons because one mediaeval story claimed Richard had died from a poisonedarrow. They found no evidence to support the idea. Richard probably died fromgangrene orsepticaemia from the arrow wound.[2]

Richard wassucceeded by his younger brother,John.

Richard I of England

Legacy

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Because of his military exploits, Richard's popular image is still dominated by the positive qualities ofchivalry and military competence. Contemporaries considered Richard as both aking and aknight famed for personal martial prowess, which was apparently the first instance of such a combination. He was known as a competent military leader and individual fighter, who was courageous and generous. Victorian England admired him as acrusader and a man of God and erected a heroicstatue of him outside theWestminster Palace.

Richard was seen as a pious hero by his subjects. He is an enduringiconic figure both inEngland and inFrance.

Photo gallery

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In world culture

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In 1851, theGerman poetHeinrich Heine wroteKönig Richard, a poem that was dedicated to Richard and was later translated into several languages.

 

König Richard

Wohl durch der Wälder einödige Pracht
Jagt ungestüm ein Reiter;
Er bläst ins Horn, er singt und lacht
Gar seelenvergnügt und heiter.
 
Sein Harnisch ist von starkem Erz,
Noch stärker ist sein Gemüte,
Das ist Herr Richard Löwenherz,
Der christlichen Ritterschaft Blüte.
 
»Willkommen in England!« rufen ihm zu
Die Bäume mit grünen Zungen -
»Wir freuen uns, o König, daß du
Östreichischer Haft entsprungen.« 
 
Dem König ist wohl in der freien Luft,
Er fühlt sich wie neugeboren,
Er denkt an Östreichs Festungsduft -
Und gibt seinem Pferde die Sporen.[3]
<1851>



King Richard

Through lonesome, desolate splendor of woods
A rider gallops unabated.
He blows the horn, he sings and he laughs
With joy, carefree and contented.

His armor is thick and his posture is strong,
Much stronger is his dedication.
King Richard is he, Richard Cœur de Lion,
The Lord's army blooms in elation.

“Welcome to England!” they say out loud -
The green leafy trees by the waters -
“We are pleased and happy, O King, that you have
Sprung free fromthat Austrian fortress!”

The King breathes free air, in his heart he is glad,
He feels born anew and enlivened.
That damp dungeon smell makes no longer him sad,
He, spurring his horse, is triumphant.

(Translated by Sergei Osankin)


References

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  1. Adam Taylor (8 September 2014)."'A spare to the heir': The weirdness of being a royal sibling".The Washington Pose. Retrieved19 October 2014.
  2. 123456Morelle, Rebecca (28 February 2013)."Richard the Lionheart's mummified heart analysed".bbc.co.uk. Retrieved1 March 2013.
  3. Heinrich Heine's Sämmtliche Werke. Bibliothek-Ausgabe (The Complete Poetic Works of Heinrich Heine. Library Edition), Hamburg: Hoffman und Campe, 1885, p. 45.
House of Wessex
Kýntlinga andHouse of Godwin (927–1066)
House of Normandy (1066–1135;1141)
House of Blois (1135–1154)
House of Plantagenet (1154–1399)
House of Capet (1216–1217)
House of Lancaster
(cadet branch of Plantagenet)
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(cadet branch of Plantagenet)
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House of Tudor (1485–1603)
House of Grey (1553)
House of Stuart
andOrange (1603–1649; 1660–1707)
Debatable or disputed rulers are initalics.
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