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Order of Merit

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Order of Merit

Insignia of the Order of Merit presented toDorothy Hodgkin, displayed in theRoyal Society inLondon
Awarded by the sovereign of the Commonwealth realms
Type	Dynastic order
Royal house	House of Windsor
Motto	FOR MERIT
Eligibility	All living citizens of theCommonwealth realms
Awarded for	At the monarch's pleasure
Status	Currently awarded
Sovereign	Charles III
Grades (w/ post-nominals)	Member (OM)
Established	1902
Precedence
Next (higher)	Dependent on state
Next (lower)	Dependent on state

Ribbon of the Order of Merit

TheOrder of Merit (French:Ordre du Mérite)^{[n 1]} is an award, for notable work in thearmed forces,science,art,literature, or for the promotion ofculture. The order was set up in 1902, byEdward VII. Membership of the order is a personal gift of its Sovereign (the monarch does not take advice from politicians about who should be a member). The sovereign of the order is the reigning monarch of theCommonwealth realms. The award is limited to 24 living recipients at any one time from these countries, plus a small number of honorary members.^[1]

Whilst all members can use thepost-nominal lettersOM and a medallion for life,^[2] the Order of Merit's precedence, amongst other honours, differs between Commonwealth realms.

History

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The award filled a gap in the honour system underQueen Victoria. It was only possible to reward people who held official positions. So, for example,T.H. Huxley could be rewarded because he had sat onRoyal Commissions, butCharles Darwin andAlfred Russel Wallace held no official positions. Without question their work was as important as Huxley's, or more so. This kind of problem was known byEdward VII, and when he eventually became king, he drew up this new award which had no such limitations. The idea had been discussed before.

The first mention of a possible Order of Merit was made after theBattle of Trafalgar, in 1805. It was discussed in letters between the First Lord of the Admiralty,Lord Barham and Prime MinisterWilliam Pitt. Nothing came from the idea.^[3] Later,Queen Victoria, her courtiers, and politicians,^[4] all thought that a new order, based on thePrussian orderPour le Mérite, would make up for the insufficient recognition offered by the establishedhonours system to achievement outside of public service, in realms such as art, music, literature, industry, and science.^[3] Victoria's husband,Albert, Prince Consort, took an interest in the matter; he wrote in his diary that he met on 16 January 1844 withRobert Peel to discuss the "idea of institution of a civil Order of Merit" and three days later he talked with the Queen on the subject.^[5] The concept did not wither and, on 5 January 1888, British prime ministerthe Marquess of Salisbury submitted to the Queen a draft constitution for an Order of Merit in Science and Art, consisting of one grade split into two branches of knighthood: the Order of Scientific Merit - for Knights of Merit in Science, with the post-nominal lettersKMS— and the Order of Artistic Merit - for Knights of Merit in Art, with the post-nominal lettersKMA. However,Sir Frederic Leighton,President of the Royal Academy, advised against the new order, primarily because of its selection process.^[6]

King Edward VII, founder of the Order of Merit

It was Victoria's son,Edward VII, who eventually founded the Order of Merit, on 26 June 1902— the date for which his coronation had been originally planned^[7]— as a means to acknowledge "exceptionally meritorious service in Our Navy and Our Army, or who may have rendered exceptionally meritorious service towards the advancement of Art, Literature and Science";^[8] all modern aspects of the order were established under his direction, including the division for military figures.^[2] From the outset, prime ministers attempted to propose candidates or lobbied to influence the monarch's decision on appointments, but the Royal Household adamantly guarded information about potential names.^[2] After 1931, when theCommonwealth of Nations came into being and the formerDominions of theBritish Empire became independent states, equal in status to the UK,^[9]^[10] the Order of Merit remained an honour open to all the King's realms; thus, as with the monarch who conferred it, the order ceased to be purely British.^[1]^[11]

From the start, the order has been open to women,Florence Nightingale being the first woman to receive the honour, in 1907. Several people have not taken the honour, such asRudyard Kipling,A. E. Housman, andGeorge Bernard Shaw. To date,Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, remains the youngest person ever inducted into the Order of Merit, having been admitted by Queen Elizabeth II, in 1968, when he was 47 years of age.^[2]

Eligibility and appointment

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All citizens of theCommonwealth realms are able to be given the Order of Merit. There can only be 24 living people in the order at any given time, not including honorary appointees, and new members are personally selected by the reigning monarch of the 16 realms, presently QueenElizabeth II, with the help of her private secretaries;^[2] the order has thus been described as "quite possibly, the most prestigious honour one can receive on planet Earth."^[12] Within the limited membership is a designated military division, with its own unique insignia; though it has not been abolished, it is currently unused,the Earl Mountbatten of Burma having been the last person so honoured.^[2] Honorary members form another group, to which there is no limit, though such appointments are rare; individuals from countries in theCommonwealth of Nations that are not headed by Elizabeth II are considered foreigners, and thus are granted only honorary admissions, such asNelson Mandela (South Africa) andMother Teresa (India).^[1]

On admission into the Order of Merit, members can use thepost-nominal lettersOM, and have the badge of the order, consisting of a golden crown from which is suspended a red enamelled cross, itself centred by a disk of blue enamel, surrounded by a goldlaurel wreath, and bearing in gold lettering the wordsFOR MERIT;^[13] the insignia for the military grouping has a pair of crossed swords behind the central disk. The ribbon of the Order of Merit is divided into two stripes of red and blue; men wear their badges on a neck ribbon, while women carry theirs on a ribbon bow pinned to the left shoulder, andaides-de-camp may wear the insignia on theiraiguillettes.^[13] Since 1991, the insignia is to be given back upon the recipient's death.^[14]

Current members

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Sovereign: KingCharles III

Members

The Lord Foster of Thames BankOM appointed 25 November 1997^[15]
Sir Roger PenroseOMFRS appointed 9 May 2000^[15]
Sir Tom StoppardOMCBE FRSL appointed 9 May 2000^[15]
The Lord RothschildOMGBE CVO appointed 28 October 2002^[15]
Sir David AttenboroughOMCH CVO CBE FRS FSA appointed 10 June 2005^[15]
The Lord EamesOM appointed 13 June 2007^[15]
Sir Tim Berners-LeeOMKBE FRS FREng appointed 13 June 2007^[15]
The Lord Rees of LudlowOMFRS FMedSci FREng appointed 13 June 2007^[15]
Jean ChrétienOMCC PC QC appointed 13 July 2009^[16]
Neil MacGregorOMAO FSA appointed 4 November 2010^[17]
David HockneyOMCH appointed 1 January 2012^[18]
John HowardOMAC appointed 1 January 2012^[18]
Sir Simon RattleOMCBE appointed 1 January 2014^[19]
Sir Magdi YacoubOMFRS appointed 1 January 2014^[19]
The Lord Darzi of DenhamOMKBE PC FRS FMedSci FRCS FREng appointed 31 December 2015^[20]
Dame Ann DowlingOMDBE FRS FREng appointed 31 December 2015^[20]
Sir James DysonOMCBE FRS FREng appointed 31 December 2015^[20]
Sir David AdjayeOMOBE appointed 11 November 2022^[21]
Dame Elizabeth AnionwuOMDBE appointed 11 November 2022^[21]
The Baroness BenjaminOMDBE appointed 11 November 2022^[21]
Margaret MacMillanOMCC CH appointed 11 November 2022^[21]
Sir Paul NurseOMCH FRS appointed 11 November 2022^[21]
Venkatraman RamakrishnanOMFRS appointed 11 November 2022^[21]
Vacant^[22]

Honorary members

(none)

Precedence in each realm

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As the Order of Merit is open to the citizens of sixteen different countries, each with their own system of orders, decorations, and medals, the order's place of precedence varies from country to country. While in the United Kingdom, members rank below Knights and Dames Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, it has been claimed by Stanley Martin, in his bookThe Order of Merit 1902-2002: One Hundred Years of Matchless Honour, that the Order of Merit is actually the pinnacle of the British honours system.^[23] Similarly, though it was not listed in the Canadian order of precedence for honours, decorations, and medals until December 2010,^[24] except relating to those who were appointed to the order prior to 1 June 1972,^[25] bothChristopher McCreery, an expert on Canadian honours and secretary to theLieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia, andRafal Heydel-Mankoo, an editor ofBurke's Peerage, stated that the Order of Merit was the highest civilian award for merit a Canadian could receive.^[26]^[27]^[28]

Some orders of precedence are as follows:

Country		Preceding	Following
Australia Order of precedence		Knight/Dame Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath(GCB)	Knight/Dame of the Order of Australia(AK/AD)
Canada Order of precedence		Cross of Valour(CV)	Companion of the Order of Canada(CC)
New Zealand Order of precedence		Knight/Dame Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath(GCB)	Member of the Order of New Zealand(ONZ)^[29]
United Kingdom	England and Wales Order of precedence	Knight/Dame Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath(GCB)	Knight/Dame Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath(KCB/DCB)

Past members

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Substantive members

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The Earl Roberts, firstBritish member of the Order of Merit

Florence Nightingale, the first female member of the Order of Merit, appointed in 1907

The Lord Rutherford of Nelson, firstNew Zealand member of the Order of Merit, appointed in 1925

Samuel Alexander, the firstAustralian member of the Order of Merit, appointed in 1930

Jan Smuts, the firstSouth African member of the Order of Merit, appointed in 1947

William Lyon Mackenzie King, the firstCanadian member of the Order of Merit, appointed in 1947

	Countries^{[n 2]}	Name	Date of appointment	Date of death
1.^{[n 3]}		The Earl Roberts	26 June 1902	14 November 1914
2.		The Viscount Wolseley	26 June 1902	25 March 1913
3.		The Earl Kitchener	26 June 1902	5 June 1916
4.		The Lord Rayleigh	26 June 1902	30 June 1919
5.		The Lord Kelvin	26 June 1902	17 December 1907
6.		The Lord Lister	26 June 1902	10 February 1912
7.		Sir Henry Keppel	26 June 1902	17 January 1904
8.		The Viscount Morley of Blackburn	26 June 1902	23 September 1923
9.		William Edward Hartpole Lecky	26 June 1902	22 October 1903
10.		Sir Edward Hobart Seymour	26 June 1902	2 March 1929
11.		Sir William Huggins	26 June 1902	12 May 1910
12.		George Frederic Watts	26 June 1902	1 July 1904
13.		Sir George Stuart White	30 June 1905	24 June 1912
14.		The Lord Fisher	30 June 1905	10 July 1920
15.		Sir Richard Claverhouse Jebb	30 June 1905	9 December 1905
16.		Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema	30 June 1905	25 June 1912
17.		George Meredith	30 June 1905	18 May 1909
18.		William Holman Hunt	30 June 1905	7 September 1910
22.		The Earl of Cromer	29 June 1906	29 January 1917
23.		The Viscount Bryce	11 February 1907	22 January 1922
24.		Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker	30 June 1907	10 December 1911
25.		Florence Nightingale	12 May 1907	13 August 1910
26.		Henry Jackson	26 June 1908	25 September 1921
27.		Alfred Russel Wallace	26 June 1908	7 November 1913
28.		Sir William Crookes	8 July 1910	4 April 1919
29.		Thomas Hardy	8 July 1910	11 January 1928
30.		Sir George Otto Trevelyan	19 June 1911	17 August 1928
31.		Sir Edward William Elgar	19 June 1911	23 February 1934
32.		Sir Arthur Knyvet Wilson	8 March 1912	25 May 1921
33.		Sir Joseph John Thomson	15 March 1912	30 August 1940
34.		Sir Archibald Geikie	1 January 1914	10 November 1924
35.		The Earl of Ypres	3 December 1914	22 May 1925
36.		The Viscount Haldane	26 May 1915	19 August 1928
37.		Henry James	1 January 1916	28 February 1916
38.		The Earl Jellicoe	31 May 1916	20 November 1935
39.		The Earl of Balfour	3 June 1916	19 March 1930
41.		The Earl Beatty	3 June 1919	11 March 1936
42.		The Earl Haig	3 June 1919	29 January 1928
44.		The Earl Lloyd-George	5 August 1919	26 March 1945
45.		Sir James Matthew Barrie	2 January 1922	19 June 1937
46.		Francis Herbert Bradley	3 June 1924	18 September 1924
47.		Sir Charles Scott Sherrington	3 June 1924	4 March 1952
48.		Sir James George Frazer	1 January 1925	7 May 1941
49.	/	The Lord Rutherford of Nelson	1 January 1925	19 October 1937
50.		Sir Charles Algernon Parsons	3 June 1927	11 February 1931
51.		Sir George Abraham Grierson	4 June 1928	9 March 1941
52.		Robert Seymour Bridges	3 June 1929	21 April 1930
53.		John Galsworthy	3 June 1929	31 January 1933
54.	/	Samuel Alexander	3 June 1930	13 September 1938
55.		Montague Rhodes James	3 June 1930	12 June 1936
56.		George Macaulay Trevelyan	3 June 1930	21 July 1962
57.		Sir Charles Edward Madden	1 January 1931	5 June 1935
58.		Philip Wilson Steer	1 January 1931	18 March 1942
59.		Sir William Henry Bragg	3 June 1931	10 March 1942
60.		John William Mackail	1 January 1935	13 December 1945
61.		John Edward Masefield	3 June 1935	12 May 1967
62.		Ralph Vaughan Williams	3 June 1935	26 August 1958
63.		Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins	3 June 1935	16 May 1947
64.		The Lord Chetwode	1 January 1936	6 July 1950
65.		Herbert Albert Laurens Fisher	1 February 1937	18 April 1940
66.		The Lord Baden-Powell	11 May 1937	8 January 1941
67.		Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington	9 June 1938	22 November 1944
68.		The Lord Chatfield	2 January 1939	15 November 1967
69.		Sir James Hopwood Jeans	2 January 1939	16 September 1946
70.		The Lord Newall	29 October 1940	30 November 1963
71.	/	George Gilbert Aimé Murray	1 January 1941	20 May 1957
72.		Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens	1 January 1942	1 January 1944
73.		Augustus Edwin John	11 June 1942	31 October 1961
74.		The Lord Adrian	11 June 1942	4 August 1977
75.		Sir William Searle Holdsworth	1 January 1943	2 January 1944
76.		Sir Alfred Dudley Pickman Rogers Pound	3 September 1943	21 October 1943
77.		The Lord Passfield	8 June 1944	13 October 1947
78.		Sir Henry Hallett Dale	8 June 1944	23 July 1968
79.		Sir Giles Gilbert Scott	8 June 1944	8 February 1960
80.	/	Alfred North Whitehead	1 January 1945	30 December 1947
82.		Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill	1 January 1946	24 January 1965
83.		The Viscount Portal of Hungerford	1 January 1946	22 April 1971
84.		The Viscount Alanbrooke	13 June 1946	17 June 1963
85.		The Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope	13 June 1946	12 June 1963
86.		The Earl of Halifax	13 June 1946	23 December 1959
87.		Jan Christiaan Smuts	1 January 1947	11 September 1950
89.		William Lyon Mackenzie King	17 November 1947	22 July 1950
90.		Thomas Stearns Eliot	1 January 1948	4 January 1965
91.		Sir Robert Robinson	9 June 1949	8 February 1975
92.		The Earl Russell	9 June 1949	2 February 1970
93.		Sir Alexander George Montagu Cadogan	1 January 1951	9 July 1968
94.		The Viscount Trenchard	1 January 1951	10 February 1956
95.		George Edward Moore	7 June 1951	24 October 1958
96.		The Earl Attlee	5 November 1951	8 October 1967
97.		Wilder Graves Penfield	1 January 1953	5 April 1976
98.		Walter John de la Mare	1 June 1953	22 June 1956
100.		The Lord Hailey	31 May 1956	1 June 1969
101.		Sir John Douglas Cockcroft	1 January 1957	18 September 1967
102.		The Viscount Waverley	8 December 1957	4 January 1958
103.		Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet	12 June 1958	31 August 1985
104.		The Viscount Samuel	21 November 1958	2 February 1963
105.		The Earl Alexander of Tunis	23 April 1960	16 June 1969
106.		Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood	23 April 1960	9 October 1967
107.		Graham Sutherland	23 April 1960	17 February 1980
108.		Sir Geoffrey de Havilland	23 November 1962	21 May 1965
109.		Sir Basil Urwin Spence	23 November 1962	19 November 1976
110.		Sir Owen Dixon	29 May 1963	7 July 1972
112.		George Peabody Gooch	16 August 1963	31 August 1968
113.		Henry Spencer Moore	16 August 1963	31 August 1986
114.		The Lord Britten	23 March 1965	4 December 1976
115.		Dorothy Mary Hodgkin	23 March 1965	29 July 1994
116.		The Earl Mountbatten of Burma	15 July 1965	27 August 1979
117.	/	The Lord Florey	15 July 1965	21 February 1968
118.		The Lord Blackett	20 November 1967	13 July 1974
119.		Sir William Turner Walton	20 November 1967	8 March 1983
120.		Benjamin Lauder Nicholson	23 April 1968	6 February 1982
121.	/	The Lord Zuckerman	23 April 1968	1 April 1993
123.		Edward Morgan Forster	1 January 1969	7 June 1970
124.		Malcolm John MacDonald	14 July 1969	11 January 1981
125.		The Lord Penney	14 July 1969	3 March 1991
126.		Sir Geoffrey Ingram Taylor	14 July 1969	27 June 1975
127.		Dame Cicely Veronica Wedgwood	14 July 1969	9 March 1997
128.		John Cawte Beaglehole	21 March 1970	10 October 1971
129.		Lester Bowles Pearson	20 May 1971	27 December 1972
130.		Sir Isaiah Berlin	20 May 1971	5 November 1997
131.		Sir George Robert Freeman Edwards	20 May 1971	2 March 2003
132.		Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin	17 April 1973	20 December 1998
133.		Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac	17 April 1973	20 October 1984
134.		The Earl of Stockton	2 April 1976	29 December 1986
135.		The Lord Hinton of Bankside	2 April 1976	22 June 1983
136.		The Lord Clark	2 April 1976	21 May 1983
137.	/	Sir Ronald Syme	2 April 1976	4 September 1989
138.		The Lord Todd	24 October 1977	10 January 1997
139.		The Lord Franks	24 October 1977	15 October 1992
140.		Sir Frederick William Mallandaine Ashton	24 October 1977	18 October 1988
141.		John Boynton Priestley	24 October 1977	14 August 1984
142.		The Lord Olivier	6 February 1981	11 July 1989
143.		Sir Peter Brian Medawar	6 February 1981	2 October 1987
144.		The Lord Cheshire	6 February 1981	31 July 1992
147.		Sir Sidney Robert Nolan	11 November 1983	28 November 1992
148.		Sir Michael Kemp Tippett	11 November 1983	8 January 1998
150.		Henry Graham Greene	11 February 1986	3 April 1991
152.		Sir Frank Whittle	11 February 1986	9 August 1996
153.		The Lord Menuhin	25 February 1987	12 March 1999
154.		Sir Ernst Hans Josef Gombrich	15 February 1988	3 November 2001
155.		Max Ferdinand Perutz	15 February 1988	6 February 2002
156.		Dame Cicely Mary Saunders	30 November 1989	14 July 2005
157.		The Lord Porter of Luddenham	30 November 1989	31 August 2002
158.		Margaret Thatcher	7 December 1990	8 April 2013
159.		Dame Joan Alston Sutherland	29 November 1991	10 October 2010
160.	/	Francis Harry Compton Crick	27 November 1991	28 July 2004
161.		Dame Ninette de Valois	17 November 1992	8 March 2001
163.		The Lord Jenkins of Hillhead	6 December 1993	5 January 2003
167.		Sir Arthur John Gielgud	9 December 1996	21 May 2000
168.		The Lord Denning	25 November 1997	5 March 1999
170.		Sir Denis Eric Rooke	25 November 1997	2 September 2008
171.		Edward James Hughes	10 August 1998	28 October 1998
172.		George Basil Hume	25 May 1999	17 June 1999
173.		Sir James Whyte Black	9 May 2000	22 March 2010

Honorary members

[change |change source]

Mother Teresa (Agnesë Bojaxhiu) was appointed to the Order of Merit in 1983

	Countries^[30]	Name	Date of appointment	Date of death
19.		Prince Yamagata Aritomo	21 February 1906	1 February 1922
20.		Prince Ōyama Iwao	21 February 1906	10 December 1916
21.		Marquess Tōgō Heihachirō	21 February 1906	30 May 1934
40.		Ferdinand Foch	29 November 1918	20 March 1929
43.		Joseph Jacques Césaire Joffre	26 June 1919	3 January 1931
81.		Dwight David Eisenhower	12 June 1945	28 March 1969
88.		John Gilbert Winant	1 January 1947	3 November 1947
99.		Albert Schweitzer	25 February 1955	4 September 1965
111.		Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan	12 June 1963	17 April 1975
149.	/	Agnesë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu	18 November 1983	5 September 1997

Notes

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↑For use in Canada, which uses French and English as official languages at federal level.
↑Flags denote country of origin and country or countries of later residence, respectively.
↑The number shown is the individual's place in the wider order of appointment since the Order of Merit's inception.

References

[change |change source]

↑^1.0^1.1^1.2The Royal Household."The Queen and the UK > Queen and Honours > Order of Merit". Queen's Printer.Archived from the original on 18 July 2009. Retrieved28 July 2009.
↑^2.0^2.1^2.2^2.3^2.4^2.5Jackson, Michael D. (2007)."The Order of Merit 1902-2002: One Hundred Years of Matchless Honour"(PDF).Canadian Monarchist News. Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada. p. 15. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 25 June 2008. Retrieved28 July 2009.
↑^3.0^3.1Martin 2007, p. 11
↑Martin 2007, p. 12
↑Martin 2007, p. 13
↑Martin 2007, pp. 18–20
↑Martin 2007, p. 1
↑Mountbatten, Philip (2007)."Foreword". Written at London. In Martin, Stanley (ed.).The Order of Merit: One Hundred Years of Matchless Honour. New York: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. pp. xvii.ISBN 978-1-86064-848-9.Archived from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved14 October 2009.
↑Arthur, Balfour (November 1926).Imperial Conference 1926: Inter-Imperial Relations Committee Report(PDF). London: King's Printer. p. 1. E (I.R./26) Series. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 5 July 2016. Retrieved29 July 2009.
↑George V (11 December 1931)."The Statute of Westminster, 1931". 2.2. Westminster: King's Printer.Archived from the original on 12 May 2009. Retrieved29 July 2009.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal= (help)
↑"Chrétien says Order of Merit 'humbling experience'". CTV. 14 July 2009. Archived fromthe original on 31 July 2012. Retrieved29 July 2009.
↑Editorial Board (15 July 2009)."Order Worthy?".National Post. Retrieved29 July 2009.^{[dead link]}
↑^13.0^13.1Clarence House."For Children > Medals and Uniforms > Medals > Picture 4: The Order of Merit". Queen's Printer. Archived fromthe original on 1 March 2009. Retrieved29 July 2009.
↑Martin 2007, p. 56
↑^15.0^15.1^15.2^15.3^15.4^15.5^15.6^15.7The Royal Household."The Queen and the UK > Queen and Honours > Order of Merit > List of current members". Queen's Printer.Archived from the original on 16 July 2009. Retrieved15 August 2009.
↑"Queen gives Chrétien Order of Merit". CBC. 13 July 2009.Archived from the original on 17 July 2009. Retrieved15 August 2009.
↑Buckingham Palace."Mr Neil MacGregor appointed to the Order of Merit, 4 November 2010". The Royal Household.Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved4 November 2010.
↑^18.0^18.1"Appointments to the Order of Merit".Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved1 January 2012.
↑^19.0^19.1"New Year Honours 2013: The Full List".The Guardian. 30 December 2013.Archived from the original on 11 January 2014. Retrieved30 December 2013.
↑^20.0^20.1^20.2"New Year's Honours 2016". 30 December 2015.Archived from the original on 30 December 2015. Retrieved3 January 2016.
↑^21.0^21.1^21.2^21.3^21.4^21.5Dunn, Charlotte (2022-11-11)."New Appointments to the Order of Merit".The Royal Family. Retrieved2023-01-18.
↑"Baroness Boothroyd, first female Speaker of the House of Commons, has died aged 93".Sky News. Retrieved2023-02-28.
↑Martin, Stanley (2007). "The Order of Merit 1902-2002: One Hundred Years of Matchless Honour". Written at London and New York. In Jackson, Michael D. (ed.).The Order of Merit 1902-2002: One Hundred Years of Matchless Honour(PDF). Vol. Summer 2007. Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada. p. 15. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 25 June 2008. Retrieved28 July 2009.{{cite book}}:|periodical= ignored (help)
↑Government of Canada (8 December 2010),"Order of Merit (O.M.) Order",Canada Gazette,144 (25), Queen's Printer for Canada, SI/2010-88,archived from the original on 19 December 2010, retrieved10 December 2010
↑Office of the Governor General of Canada."Honours > Order of Precedence". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived fromthe original on 9 October 2006. Retrieved24 July 2009.
↑McCreery, Christopher (2005).The Order of Canada: Its Origins, History and Development. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.ISBN 0-8020-3940-5.
↑Taber, Jane (15 July 2009)."Chrétien 'thrilled' by rare honour from Queen".The Globe and Mail. Archived fromthe original on 17 July 2009. Retrieved24 July 2009.
↑Heydel-Mankoo, Rafal (2009)."Letter". In The Monarchist (ed.).A Letter from Burke's Peerage and Gentry. London: The Monarchist (published 25 July 2009).Archived from the original on 7 August 2010. Retrieved26 July 2009.{{cite book}}:|periodical= ignored (help)
↑New Zealand Defence Force."Medals Home > general medals information > order of wear". Queen's Printer for New Zealand.Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved30 July 2009.
↑name=Flags

References

[change |change source]

Martin, Stanley (2007).The Order of Merit: One Hundred Years of Matchless Honour. New York: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd.ISBN 978-1-86064-848-9.

Orders and Honours of the United Kingdom
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Other honours	Royal Family Orders •Hereditary peerage •Life peerage •Privy Councillor •Baronet •Knight Bachelor •Hereditary knighthood •St. John •ADC •more
See also :Order of Wear,Revocations,UK orders, decorations and medals andUK campaign medals

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