According to the Book ofExodus, Moses was born in a time when his people were increasing in number and the EgyptianPharaoh was worried that they might help Egypt's enemies. Moses' Hebrew mother,Jochebed, hid him when the Pharaoh ordered all newborn Hebrew boys to be killed, and he ended up being adopted into theEgyptian royal family. Afterkilling an Egyptian slave-master, Moses ran away to Midian where worked as aShepherd forJethro, a priest of Midian on the slopes of Mt. Horeb. After theTen Plagues were unleashed onEgypt, Moses led the Hebrew people out of Egypt, across theRed Sea, where they based themselves at Horeb and compassed the borders of Edom. It was at this time that Moses received theTen Commandments. Despite living to the age of 120, Moses died before reaching theLand of Israel.
Moses was born of theLevi tribe. The newPharaoh, afraid of the ever-growing Israelite population, ordered every new-born Hebrew boy to be thrown into theNile River, but let every girl live. Moses' mother Jochebed gave birth and kept him hidden for three months from Pharaoh's soldiers. When she could no longer keep him hidden, she fashioned a basket lined with tar and pitch, and placed him in the reeds along the riverbank, while his sister Miriam kept watch from a distance.
A princess, one of pharaoh's daughters, went down to the Nile to bathe. There she discovered a crying baby and noticed he was a Hebrew child. Joining the attendants, Moses' sister offered to find a Hebrew woman to nurse the baby for the princess, who agreed. Bringing Moses' real mother, the princess asked her to be the baby'swet nurse, for which she was paid. When the child grew older, she took him to pharaoh's daughter, who named him Moses, saying, "I drew him out of the water."
Moses fled to Midian, where he married Jethro's daughter, Zipora. Zipora had two sons. The old Pharaoh died and the Israelites cried loudly. God heard him. One day Moses was tending his father-in-law, Jethro's, sheep and came toMount Horeb. God's angel made a bush burn with fire, but it did not burn up. When he came nearer, God spoke to him and ordered him to remove his shoes as he was on holy land. God commanded him to be a leader for theIsraelites and bring them out ofEgypt. At first Moses did not want to do it and said that he was not good with words, but God commanded him and gaveAaron, his brother, to speak for him. Moses returned to Egypt and told the elders what happened.
Moses then went to thePharaoh and asked him to let the Israelites go. However the Pharaoh did not agree. Finally God inflicted ten plagues upon the Egyptians before Pharaoh agreed to release the Israelites. The last plague was the killing of all first-born, both human and animals. However, to save the Israelites, they were instructed to mark their doors with blood from a lamb, so that the avenging angel would see it and know to "pass over" that house.
The Pharaoh finally decided to let the Israelites go who then migrated in large numbers from Egypt. The Pharaoh later changed his mind and followed Moses and his people with an army to attack them. But Moses made theRed Sea to part and give way for Israelites to pass. The Israelites were safe but the Pharaoh's army was destroyed.
Moses led the Israelites through the wilderness, and God gave themmanna and quails to eat, and water from rocks to drink. He also caused theAmalekites to lose in a battle. When Moses came to Mount Sinai, he went up to receive theTen Commandments and other laws from God. The Ten Commandments were written by God on two tablets. God also told him the instructions of the priests' duties. Moses was up the mountain for forty days and forty nights.
When the people waited for Moses and did not find him, they made Aaron, his brother, make a calf out of gold and worshiped it. God warned Moses about it, and when Moses came down and saw what they did, he was so angry that the tablets fell and they smashed into pieces. The people of Levi tribes are commanded to kill people who worshiped the calf.
Later on Moses asked God to forgive the people. God wrote for Moses two more tablets, and put them in the Ark. Moses also asked craftsmen to make the Tabernacle as God wanted.
To some people, Moses is the founder of the philosophy of law as well as such modern legal doctrines as independent judiciary and separation of powers..[7]
While the Israelites were wandering around the wilderness, Moses was the one to whom God spoke. However, the people kept complaining about the hardships. God instructed Moses to send twelve spies to scout the land God is giving to them; however some of them became afraid because the people living there looked stronger and more powerful than they. They told the others not to go there. Only Joshua, son of Nun, and Caleb, son of Jephunneh, reported the truth as God wanted. God decided because of this that the Israelites would wander forty years in the wilderness, and every one except Joshua and Caleb from that generation would die without seeing the promised land.
God gave many laws to the Israelites through Moses. Moses made Joshua take over him before he died.
Moses died before he reachedCanaan, the land God was leading his people to. He was 120 years old when he died.
Today Jews around the world follow the laws of the Ten Commandments and the Torah that God gave to them through Moses. He is also believed to be a prophet by Muslims.
TheBible, theTorah, and theQuran have references to a person calledMoses in them. The name they give to the person, varies. Other people also have written about Moses. These includeTacitus andStrabo. It is not known how much these descriptions have taken from earlier sources, which may now have been lost.
No other written records from countries such as Egypt orAssyria have been found, that are from before about850 BCE and that tell about the stories of the Bible or its main characters.[8][9] There is no known physical evidence (such as pottery shards or stone tablets) to say that Moses' really existed.[10][11] Pharaohs have ordered the destruction of records that put them into a bad light. Several cartouches from monuments have also been destroyed in different epochs of Ancient Egyptian history.[12]
It looks like the story written about Moses in the Bible has two different sources. There were two groups of people who told the story. The two stories were passed on separately. Only later were they combined into the version that can now be found in the Bible. Passing on the stories from one generation to the next has perhaps also introduced inaccuracies. Some people added things to the story when they told it. They also omitted other things.
According to theTorah, Moses ordered the death penalty for many offences. He also had defeated enemies killed.Jews,Christians andMuslims consider him to be a holy figure. For this reason, criticism of these passages of the Hebrew Bible has been left to others.
In the late eighteenth century, for example, thedeistThomas Paine commented at length on Moses' Laws inThe Age of Reason. Paine also gave his view that "the character of Moses, as stated in the Bible, is the most horrid that can be imagined",[13] giving the story atNumbers 31:13–18 as an example. In the nineteenth century theagnosticRobert G. Ingersoll wrote "...that all the ignorant, infamous, heartless, hideous things recorded in the 'inspired' Pentateuch are not the words of God, but simply 'Some Mistakes of Moses'".[14] In the 2000s, theatheistRichard Dawkins referring to the same passage like Paine, concluded, "No, Moses was not a great role model for modern moralists."[15]
↑Two of the more famous examples are the attempted obliteration of all occurrences of the names ofHatshepsut andAkhenaten following their respective reigns, a sort ofdamnatio memoriae.
