  Shown within Jammu and Kashmir | |
| Location | Manda,Jammu and Kashmir,India |
|---|---|
| Region | India |
| Coordinates | 32°56′00″N74°48′00″E / 32.93333°N 74.80000°E /32.93333; 74.80000 |
| Type | Town |
| Part of | Indus Valley Civilisation,Mauryan Empire andKushan Empire |
| History | |
| Founded | 400BC[1][2] |
| Abandoned | 300A.D[2] |
| Periods | 2350-1750 BC (Indus Valley Civilisation) (Mauryan Empire)[2] 78-200 C.E (Kushan Empire)[3] |
| Site notes | |
| Excavation dates | 1976-77 |
| Archaeologists | J. P. Joshi |
| Condition | Abandoned |
Manda is a village and anarchaeological site inJammu. Jammu is in theIndianunion territory ofJammu and Kashmir. It was excavated by Archaeological Survey of India during 1976-77. The survey was done byJ. P. Joshi. The site contains theruins of an ancientIndus Valley Civilization.[4]
Theexcavation found 9.20 meters deep of ruins. These consists of items found in 3 different periods of time. The first period contain two sub periods. The second period has early historicalpottery. They are from North India. These pottery are similar to the those discovered elsewhere in North India. The third period consists of antiquities from the Kushan period. There are also house walls and a 3 meters wide street found in the ruins.[5] The site seems to have been deserted after that.[4]
Manda is on the right river bank of Chenab River. The river is at the foot of Pir Panjal mountain range. Manda is 28 km northwest of Jammu. It was thought to be the northernmost limit of theHarappan Civilisation.[5] It is also considered the northmost site ofIndus Valley Civilisation.[6][7][8][9][10]
Manda is likely a town that is set up by people of the Indus Valley Civilisation. They likely use it to dologging to get wood from Himalayan Sub mountains. They use the river near the town to send the wood to other towns of the Indus Valley Civilization.[11]
There are severalartefacts found in the site. They includeredware from the Pre Harappan era. These redware areterracotta jar, plates, racks for plates and others. These made up of 15% to 25% of total artefacts found.[4]
Important artefacts found are broken fragments of pots having thewriting system of Harappan people craved into them. There is also one unfinishedseal of the Harappan government found in the ruins.[4]
The dig is done on a small, restricted scale. There are no specific structures that could be exposed. One exception is a collapsed rubble wall-like structure.[4]
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