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Kshetri

From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Chhetri/Khas/Kshatriya/Rajput/Chetry
क्षेत्री/खस/क्षत्रिय


Total population
43,98,053 as per Nepal Census 2011
Regions with significant populations
   Nepal
Languages
AncientBactrian,Turanian languages,Nepali languageKhas Kura as mother tongue,jumli,humli
Religion
Budhism ancestral deity worshipShamanism/ Masto,Hinduism
Related ethnic groups
Uzbek,Kazakh,Sakha,Magars,Gurungs

Khas/Kshetri or Khas/Chhetri/Chetry (Nepali:क्षेत्री) are Tatar Ab-Original Native From of people belonging totartarrace in Khas group, a Altaic ethno-linguistic group (seeAltaic languages). Generally, the Parvate/Pahari (hilly) Kshatriyas are called as Kshetris orKhas Kshetris. Kshetris served as rulers, administrators, governors and warriors as per their Occupational caste. They were able to dominate most of the Nepalese history through monopolizing government and military upto 1951 AD. After democracy in Nepal, Kshetris were still visible in the government especially dominating Panchayati government and still monopolizing military.

According to 1854Muluki Ain (Legal Code) of Nepal, Kshetris belong tosacred thread bearers (Yagyopavit) andtwice born (Dvija)Hindus.[1]

Etymology

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Chhetri is Nepalese local colloquial term forKshatriya. Kshetri (Nepali:क्षेत्री) is considered a derivative form of the Sanskrit wordKshatriya.[2][3] Hill-Kshetri, Kshetri, Chhetri,Rajput ,Pahadi Chhetri and Khas Kshetri are all used to denote this caste.

History

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Leader of Pande Kshetris at the Unification of Nepal

They are descended from old warriors of Khas Kingdom. Other Evidence Shows That They are descended from Western China or Tibet. Chhetri dominated the military forces of Shah dynasty of Nepal.[4] The 7 main Chhetri families at Royal court of Nepal formed group called Kaji Khalak (Aristocrats). They are; Basnyat, Pande, Thapa, Khadka, Karki, Kunwar and Bista. Basnyat, Pande and Thapas were most powerful Chhetri groups led by Shivaram Singh Basnyat, Kalu Pande and Birbhadra Thapa at the Unification of Nepal. The Kunwars were led by Ramkrishna Kunwar and Bista/Bisht were led by Gajabal Bista and Atibal Bista. Sometimes, Bhandari Kshetri family of Jaswanta Bhandari was also considered asKaji Khalak family of the Royal court of Nepal.

Leader of Basnyats at the Unification of Nepal
Leader of Kunwars at the Unification of Nepal

In the court struggle for power, Pande Khalaks and Thapa Khalaks were fierce opponents. They often opposed each other. Pandes were supported by Basnyats due to blood relations. Thapas were supported by Kunwars due to blood relations. In the end, Kunwars betrayed Thapa groups by murdering the Thapa leader Mathabar Singh Thapa. That caused Kunwars to rise to power and all Kshetris were thrown of power. The Kunwar high rank officers escalated quickly between 1841 AD to 1854 AD.[5] Kunwars claimed royalty and changed their surname toRana (meaning: King) fromKunwar (meaning: Prince). In 1951AD, democracy was established and Kshetri rule were stopped.[6]

Bhimsen Thapa, longest reigning Prime Minister fromThapa dynasty

Demography

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According to2011 Nepal census, Kshetri stands as the most populous group in Nepal with 16.6% of Nepal's population (or 43,98,053 peoples).[7]Kshetris are the second largestHindu group with Hindu population of 43,65,113 (99.3% of Kshetris) as per the2011 Nepal census.[7] Kshetris are largest group in 20 districts in Nepal.Kathmandu consists largest Kshetri population.[7]

Kshetris has second highest civil service representation with 19.59% of Nepal's bureaucracy afterBahuns while having 16% of Nepal's total population. The civil service representation to population ratio is 1.18 times for Kshetri.[8] Kshetri dominate the military forces with nearly all high ranked officers belonging to either Kshetri or Thakuri caste. Nearly, only one Chief of Army Staff (Chhatraman Singh Gurung) belonged to Non-Chhetri/Thakuri caste. Thus, the highest military rank (Chief of Army Staff previously Commander-in-Chief) is completely monopolized by Chhetri caste.they also recruit in british army in large numbers, chhetri/thakuris dominant 40% of total nepal army strength , and they have reserved regiment the 9 gorkha rifles in indian army.

Culture

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Kshetri Prime MinisterMathabar Singh Thapa, leader ofThapa Chhetri faction

Religion

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Kshetri are almost all Hindus as per 2011 Nepal census. Historically, they practiced Hindu polytheism and shamanism. They generally worship their clan deity (Kul Devta), friendly deity (Ishta Devta) and Khas Masto deities. Kshetri commonly have warrior like deities as Bhadrakali, Kalika Bhawani and different forms of GoddessKali as female deity andRudra,Veerbhadra (ferocious forms ofShiva) as male deity.Bhadrakali, a popular form of GoddessKali, is the main deity of theNepalese Army (previously Gorkhali Army) due to prevalence of Kshetri commanders. Worship to these deities were necessary before wars. There was a popular folk legend that the Chinese failed the strategic attacks on 1792 AD due to the effect of religiouswar cry ofJai Bhawani. In the times of unification of Nepal, Kshetris were more rigid to worship of ferocious forms of Godess Kali and Lord Shiva. Amar Singh Thapa based on religious values developed Nishankalika flag after ceremoniously inviting Kalika Bhawani, ancestors, friendly deities and 49 Maruts to reside on the flag.

Many Kshetris triennially celebrate clanwise Masto deity worship calledDewali Puja. Dewali Puja is common amongBahuns too. In the Dewali Puja, Kshetris of the same clan give male goat sacrifices at a particular place. It is a form of millennium old ancient worship continued till date. Kshetris celebrate many Hindu festivals likeDashain (Dussehra),Tihar (Deepawali), Maghe Sankranti, Janai Purnima, Holi, etc. Dashain and Tihar are primary festivals of Pahadi Hindu castes. Most Kshetri families give goat sacrifices on either Maha Ashtami day or Maha Nawami day of Dashain festival.

Marriages

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Rajputs andThakuris are sometimes considered as subcaste of Kshetri while they have distinct cultural difference with mainstream Kshetris. Kshetri is an endogamous unit. They donot practice maternal cousin marriages as Thakuri caste which is the basis of cultural distinction. Kshetri has hundreds of clans. They are categorized by family deity and singlegotra. They do not marry with the members of their whole maternal clan and members of their parents' maternal families as per popular quote

मावलीको थर जोगाउनु, बुढामावलीको घर जोगाउनु
Transliteration: Maawali ko thar jogaunu, Budamaawaliko ghar jogaunu.

The maternal clan marriage prohibition also include non marriage prohibition with theBahun counterpart of that clan. For example; Those having maternal clan as Khilchine Adhikari Chhetri cannot marry in the clan of Khilchine Adhikari Bahun as there is brotherhood between these clans. They never marry in their paternal clan and those having samegotra.Jaari marriage i.e. marrying others' wife, is not allowed. AlsoGandharva andRakshas marriages are not allowed.

Diet

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Dieting rules for Kshetri were decided by KshetriBirandala (brotherhood). Kshetri do not consume pork likeRajputs which is a basis of cultural difference. Kshetri are not allowed to eat beef, buffalo, pig, felines and all wild forms of them as per Hindu rituals forKshatriya. Goats, sheep and all variations and forms of them, are fully allowed. Chicken, duck and goose are debatable and allowance is regionally dependent.

Ethics

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Historically, Kshetri has been part of the some of the powerful Pahari empires as Khas Empire and Gorkha Empire. Warriorhood, governance, administration, honesty and integrity has been linked to Kshetris. Kshetris are noted for resourcefulness and charity. Sanskrit verse fromGeeta explains the basis of ethics Kshetris have derived from:

शौर्यं तेजो धृतिर्दाक्ष्यं युध्दे चाप्यपलायनम् ।


दानमीश्वरभावश्च क्षात्रं कर्म स्वभावजम् ॥
Transliteration:Shauryam Tejo Dhritirdakshyam Yuddhe Chapyapalayanam.
Danmeeshwarbhavashcha Kshatram Karma Swabhvajam.

Bhagvad Geeta pp. 18-43

The above verse explains the duties, characters and behaviours ofKshatriya warrior. These were adapted by Kshetri community which includes exhibition of bravery and skill, prohibition of escaping any war, giving charity and Hindu governance.

Khas/Chhetri Family Names

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Khatri, Adhikari, Arjel, Aidi, Ayer, Bagale, Bogati, Baruwal, Bohara, Balair, Bakheti, Batala, Balayer, Baniya, G.C.(Gharti Chhetri), Basnyat/Basnet, Bham, Majhi, Mudula, Bhandari, Bista/Bisht, Budha, Budhathoki, Gaura bagale, Ghatala, Heita, Heta, Hetal, Chauhan, Thakulla, Thagunna, Chhetri, Dhami, D.C(Dangi Chhetri), Deoja, Kottari, Godar, Kalikote,Karki,Katuwal, Khatri, Khadga, Khadka, Kharka, Khati, Khati Khadka, Khadgaha, khaptari, Verma, Kadayat, Kathayat,Khadka, Khulal, Kshetri, Mahat, Mahatara, Mahara, Pande/Pandey, Punwar, Pwar, Kunwar, Rana, Mhyak Rana, Ranabhat, Rayamajhi, Raya, Rathore, Raut, Rawat, Rawal, Rayamajhi, Rokaya/Rokka/Rokaha, Pulami,Suyal, Swar, Sauka, Sijapati, Sinjapati, Sutar, Saod, Saud, Tandon,Thapa etc.

Gallery

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  • Damodar Pande
    Damodar Pande
  • Bhakti Punwar Thapa
    Bhakti Punwar Thapa
  • Maharani Lalita Tripurasundari (nee Thapa)
    Maharani Lalita Tripurasundari (nee Thapa)
  • Bal Narsingh Kunwar
    Bal Narsingh Kunwar
  • Kehar Singh Basnyat
    Kehar Singh Basnyat
  • Ujir Singh Thapa
    Ujir Singh Thapa
  • Gajaraj Singh Thapa
    Gajaraj Singh Thapa
  • Senapati Shivaram Singh Basnyat
    Senapati Shivaram Singh Basnyat
  • Nain Singh Thapa
    Nain Singh Thapa
  • Kirtiman Singh Basnyat
    Kirtiman Singh Basnyat
  • Ranajang Pande
    Ranajang Pande
  • Mathabar Singh Thapa
    Mathabar Singh Thapa

References

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  1. Serchan, Sanjaya (2001).Democracy, Pluralism and Change. Chhye Pahuppe.ISBN 978-99933-54-39-0.
  2. Singh, Kumar Suresh; Anthropological Survey of India (2005).People of India: Uttar Pradesh (3 pts. Anthropological Survey of India.ISBN 978-81-7304-114-3. Retrieved2017-06-11.{{cite book}}:More than one of|author1= and|last= specified (help)
  3. Hagen, Toni; Thapa, D. (1998).Toni Hagen's Nepal: The Kingdom in the Himalaya. Himal Books. Retrieved2017-06-11.{{cite book}}:More than one of|author1= and|last= specified (help)
  4. Regmi, Mahesh Chandra (1995).Kings and Political Leaders of the Gorkhali Empire, 1768-1814. Orient BlackSwan.ISBN 978-81-250-0511-7.
  5. Adhikari, Indra (12 June 2015).Military and Democracy in Nepal. Routledge.ISBN 978-1-317-58906-8.
  6. Joshi, Bhuwan Lal; Rose, Leo E.Democratic Innocations in Nepal. University of California Press.
  7. 7.07.17.2"Nepal Census 2011"(PDF).
  8. Dhakal, Amit (11 June 2014)."निजामती सेवामा सबैभन्दा बढी प्रतिनिधित्व राजपूत, कायस्थ र तराई ब्राम्हण".Setopati. Retrieved25 January 2018.
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