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Help:IPA

From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For help installing IPA-compatible fonts, seeHelp:Special characters § IPA symbols.
For a basic introduction to using IPA written for English readers, seeHelp:IPA/Introduction.
This article includes inline links to audio files. If you have trouble playing the files, seeWikipedia Media help.
The latest official IPA chart, revised to 2020

Here is a basic key to the symbols of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Several rare IPA symbols are not included. These IPA symbols are found in themain IPA article

Contents:Top0-9ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Main symbols

[change |change source]
SymbolExamplesDescription
A
[a](audio speaker iconlisten)GermanMann, FrenchgareFor many English speakers, the first part of theow sound incow. Found in some dialects of English incat orfather.
[ä](audio speaker iconlisten)Mandarin 他tā, American Englishfather, Spanishcasa, Frenchpatte
[ɐ](audio speaker iconlisten)RPcut, GermanKaiserslautern(In transcriptions of English,[ɐ] is usually written ⟨ʌ⟩.)
[ɑ](audio speaker iconlisten)RPfather, Frenchpâte, Dutchbad
[ɑ̃](audio speaker iconlisten)FrenchCaen,sans,tempsNasalized[ɑ].
[ɒ](audio speaker iconlisten)RPcotLike[ɑ], but with the lips slightly rounded.
[ʌ](audio speaker iconlisten)American EnglishcutLike[ɔ], but without the lips being rounded. (When ⟨ʌ⟩ is used for English, it may really be[ɐ] or[ɜ].)
[æ](audio speaker iconlisten)RPcat
B
[b](audio speaker iconlisten)Englishbabble
[ɓ](audio speaker iconlisten)SwahilibwanaLike a[b] said with a gulp. Seeimplosive consonants.
[β](audio speaker iconlisten)SpanishlaBamba, Kinyarwandaabana "children", Korean 무궁화 [muɡuŋβwa̠]mugunghwaLike[b], but with the lips not quite closed.
[ʙ](audio speaker iconlisten)Niassimbi [siʙi] "lower jaw"Sputtering.
C
[c](audio speaker iconlisten)Turkishkebap "kebab", Czech stín "shadow", Greekκαι "and"Between Englishtune (RP) andcute. Sometimes used instead for[tʃ] in languages like Hindi.
[ç](audio speaker iconlisten)GermanIchMore of a y-coloration (more palatal) than[x]. Some English speakers have a similar sound inhuge. To produce this sound, try whispering loudly the word "ye" as in "Hear ye!".
[ɕ](audio speaker iconlisten)Mandarin 西安Xi'an, PolishścianaMore y-like than[ʃ]; something like Englishshe.
[ɔ](audio speaker iconlisten)see underO
D
[d](audio speaker iconlisten)Englishdad
[ɗ](audio speaker iconlisten)SwahiliDodomaLike[d] said with a gulp.
[ɖ](audio speaker iconlisten)American EnglishharderLike[d] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ð](audio speaker iconlisten)Englishthe, bathe
[dz](audio speaker iconlisten)Englishadds, Italianzero
[](audio speaker iconlisten)Englishjudge
[](audio speaker iconlisten)Polishniewiedź "bear"Like[dʒ], but with more of a y-sound.
[](audio speaker iconlisten)Polishem "jam"Like[dʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
E
[e](audio speaker iconlisten)Spanishfe; Frenchclé, GermanKleeSimilar to Englishhey, before the y sets in.
[ɘ](audio speaker iconlisten)Australian Englishbird
[ə](audio speaker iconlisten)Englishabove, Hindi ठग[ʈʰəɡ](thug) "thief"(Only occurs in English when not stressed.)
[ɚ](audio speaker iconlisten)American Englishrunner
[ɛ](audio speaker iconlisten)Englishbet
[ɛ̃](audio speaker iconlisten)FrenchSaint-Étienne,vin,mainNasalized[ɛ].
[ɜ](audio speaker iconlisten)RPbird (long)
[ɝ](audio speaker iconlisten)American Englishbird
F
[f](audio speaker iconlisten)Englishfun
[ɟ](audio speaker iconlisten)see underJ
[ʄ](audio speaker iconlisten)see underJ
G
[ɡ](audio speaker iconlisten)Englishgag(Should look like. No different from a Latin "g")
[ɠ](audio speaker iconlisten)SwahiliUgandaLike[ɡ] said with a gulp.
[ɢ](audio speaker iconlisten)Like[ɡ], but further back, in the throat. Found inPersian and some Arabic dialects for/q/, as inMuammar Gaddafi.
[ʒ](audio speaker iconlisten)see underZEnglishbeige.
H
[h](audio speaker iconlisten)American Englishhouse
[ɦ](audio speaker iconlisten)Englishahead, when said quickly.
[ʰ]The extra puff of air in Englishtop[tʰɒp] compared tostop [stɒp], or to French or Spanish[t].
[ħ](audio speaker iconlisten)Arabic ‏مُحَمَّدMuhammadFar down in the throat, like[h], but stronger.
[ɥ](audio speaker iconlisten)see underY
[ɮ](audio speaker iconlisten)see underL
I
[i](audio speaker iconlisten)Englishsea, Frenchville, SpanishValladolid
[ɪ](audio speaker iconlisten)Englishsit
[ɨ](audio speaker iconlisten)Russian ты "you"Often used for unstressed Englishroses.
J
[j](audio speaker iconlisten)Englishyes, hallelujah, GermanJunge
[ʲ]In RussianЛенин[ˈlʲenʲɪn]Indicates a sound is more y-like.
[ʝ](audio speaker iconlisten)Spanishcayo (some dialects)Like[j], but stronger.
[ɟ](audio speaker iconlisten)Turkishgör "see", Czechdíra "hole"Between Englishdew (RP) andargue. Sometimes used instead for[dʒ] in languages like Hindi.
[ʄ](audio speaker iconlisten)SwahilijamboLike[ɟ] said with a gulp.
K
[k](audio speaker iconlisten)Englishkick, skip
L
[l](audio speaker iconlisten)Englishleaf
[ɫ](audio speaker iconlisten)Englishwool
Russian малый[ˈmɑɫɨj] "small"
"Dark" el.
[ɬ](audio speaker iconlisten)Welshllwyd[ɬʊɪd] "grey"
Zuluhlala[ɬaːla] "sit"
By touching roof of mouth with tongue and giving a quick breath out. Found inWelsh placenames likeLlangollen andLlanelli andNelson Mandela's Xhosa nameRolihlahla.
[ɭ](audio speaker iconlisten)Like[l] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ɺ](audio speaker iconlisten)A flapped[l], like[l] and[ɾ] said together.
[ɮ](audio speaker iconlisten)Zuludla "eat"Rather like[l] and[ʒ], or[l] and[ð], said together.
[ʟ](audio speaker iconlisten)
M
[m](audio speaker iconlisten)Englishmime
[ɱ](audio speaker iconlisten)EnglishsymphonyLike[m], but lips touch teeth as they do in[f].
[ɯ](audio speaker iconlisten)see underW
[ʍ](audio speaker iconlisten)see underW
N
[n](audio speaker iconlisten)Englishnun
[ŋ](audio speaker iconlisten)Englishsing, Māoringa
[ɲ](audio speaker iconlisten)SpanishPeña, FrenchchampagneRather like Englishcanyon (/nj/ said quickly).
[ɳ](audio speaker iconlisten)Hindi वरुण[ʋəruɳ]VarunaLike[n] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ɴ](audio speaker iconlisten)Castilian SpanishDon Juan[doɴˈχwan]Like[ŋ], but further back, in the throat.
O
[o](audio speaker iconlisten)Spanishno, Frencheau, GermanBodenSomewhat reminiscent of American Englishno.
[ɔ](audio speaker iconlisten)GermanOldenburg, FrenchGaronne
[ɔ̃](audio speaker iconlisten)FrenchLyon,sonNasalized[ɔ].
[ø](audio speaker iconlisten)Frenchfeu,bœufs, GermanGoetheLike[e], but with the lips rounded like[o].
[ɵ](audio speaker iconlisten)Dutchhut, Frenchje, SwedishdumHalfway between[o] and[ø]. Similar to[ʊ] but with the tongue slightly more down and front. The Dutch vowel is often transcribed with ⟨ʏ⟩ or ⟨œ⟩, whereas the French vowel is typically transcribed with ⟨ə⟩.
[œ](audio speaker iconlisten)Frenchbœuf,seul, GermanGöttingenLike[ɛ], but with the lips rounded like[ɔ].
[œ̃](audio speaker iconlisten)Frenchbrun,parfumNasalized[œ].
[ɶ](audio speaker iconlisten)
[θ](audio speaker iconlisten)see underOthers
[ɸ](audio speaker iconlisten)see underOthers
P
[p](audio speaker iconlisten)Englishpip
Q
[q](audio speaker iconlisten)Arabic ‏قُرْآنQur’ānLike[k], but further back, in the throat.
R
[r](audio speaker iconlisten)Spanishperro, Scotsborrow"Rolled R". (Often used for other rhotics, such as English[ɹ], when there's no ambiguity.)
[ɾ](audio speaker iconlisten)Spanishpero, Tagalogdaliri, Malaykabar, American Englishkitty/kiddie"Flapped R".
[ʀ](audio speaker iconlisten)Dutchrood and Germanrot (some speakers)A trill in the back of the throat. Found for /r/ in some conservative registers of French.
[ɽ](audio speaker iconlisten)Hindi साड़ी[sɑːɽiː] "sari"Like flapped[ɾ], but with the tongue curled back.
[ɹ](audio speaker iconlisten)RPborrow
[ɻ](audio speaker iconlisten)Mandarin 人民日报RénmínRìbào "People's Daily", American Englishborrow, butterLike[ɹ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back, as pronounced by many English speakers.
[ʁ](audio speaker iconlisten)FrenchParis, GermanRiemann (some dialects)Said back in the throat, but not trilled.
S
[s](audio speaker iconlisten)Englishsass
[ʃ](audio speaker iconlisten)Englishshoe
[ʂ](audio speaker iconlisten)Mandarin 少林(Shàolín), Russian Пушкин(Pushkin)Acoustically similar to[ʃ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
T
[t](audio speaker iconlisten)Englishtot, stop
[ʈ](audio speaker iconlisten)Hindi ठग[ʈʰəɡ](thug) "thief"Like[t], but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ts](audio speaker iconlisten)Englishcats, Russianцарьtsar
[](audio speaker iconlisten)Englishchurch
[](audio speaker iconlisten)Mandarin 北京 Běijīng (audio speaker iconlisten), Polishciebie "you"Like[tʃ], but with more of a y-sound.
[](audio speaker iconlisten)Mandarin 真正zhēnzhèng, PolishczasLike[tʃ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
U
[u](audio speaker iconlisten)American Englishfood, Frenchvous "you", GermanSchumacher
[ʊ](audio speaker iconlisten)Englishfoot, GermanBundesrepublik
[ʉ](audio speaker iconlisten)Australian Englishfood (long)Like[ɨ], but with the lips rounded as for[u].
[ɥ](audio speaker iconlisten)see underY
[ɯ](audio speaker iconlisten)see underW
V
[v](audio speaker iconlisten)Englishverve
[ʋ](audio speaker iconlisten)Hindi वरुण[ʋəruɳə] "Varuna"Between[v] and[w]. Used by some Germans and Russians forv/w, and by some speakers of British English forr.
[ɤ](audio speaker iconlisten)see underY
[ɣ](audio speaker iconlisten)see underY
[ʌ](audio speaker iconlisten)see underA
W
[w](audio speaker iconlisten)Englishwow
[ʷ]Indicates a sound has lip rounding, as in Englishrain
[ʍ](audio speaker iconlisten)what (some dialects)like[h] and[w] said together
[ɯ](audio speaker iconlisten)Turkishkayık "caïque",Scottish GaelicgaolLike[u], but with the lips flat; something like[ʊ].
[ɰ](audio speaker iconlisten)SpanishaguaLike [w], but with the lips flat.
X
[x](audio speaker iconlisten)Scottish Englishloch, GermanBach, Russianхороший[xɐˈroʂɨj] "good", Spanishjovenbetween[k] and[h]
[χ](audio speaker iconlisten)northern Standard DutchScheveningen, Castilian SpanishDonJuan[doɴˈχwan]Like[x], but further back, in the throat. Some German and Arabic speakers have[χ] for[x].
Y
[y](audio speaker iconlisten)Frenchrue, GermanBülowLike[i], but with the lips rounded as for[u].
[ʏ](audio speaker iconlisten)GermanDüsseldorfLike[ɪ], but with the lips rounded as for[ʊ].
[ɣ](audio speaker iconlisten)Arabic ‏غَالِيghālī and Swahilighali "expensive", SpanishsuegroSounds rather like French[ʁ] or between[ɡ] and[h].
[ɤ](audio speaker iconlisten)Mandarin 河南Hénán,Scottish GaelictaighLike[o] but without the lips rounded, something like a cross of[ʊ] and[ʌ].
[ʎ](audio speaker iconlisten)ItaliantagliatelleLike[l], but more y-like. Rather like Englishvolume.
[ɥ](audio speaker iconlisten)FrenchluiLike[j] and[w] said together.
Z
[z](audio speaker iconlisten)Englishzoo
[ʒ](audio speaker iconlisten)Englishvision, Frenchjournal
[ʑ](audio speaker iconlisten)old-styled Russian позже[ˈpoʑːe] "later", PolishźleMore y-like than[ʒ], something likebeigey.
[ʐ](audio speaker iconlisten)Russianжир "fat"Like[ʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ɮ](audio speaker iconlisten)see underL
Others
[θ](audio speaker iconlisten)Englishthigh, bath
[ɸ](audio speaker iconlisten)Japanese 富士[ɸɯdʑi]Fuji, Māori[ˌɸaːɾeːˈnuiː]wharenuiLike[p], but with the lips not quite touching
[ʔ](audio speaker iconlisten)Englishuh-oh, Hawaii, Germandie AngstThe 'glottal stop', a catch in the breath. For some people, found inbutton[ˈbʌʔn̩], or between vowels across words:Deus ex machina[ˌdeɪəsˌʔɛksˈmɑːkɪnə]; in some nonstandard dialects, ina apple[əˈʔæpl̩].
[ʕ](audio speaker iconlisten)Arabic ‏عَرَبِيّʻarabī "Arabic"A light, voiced sound deep in the throat, articulated with the root of the tongue against the pharynx (back of the throat).
[ǀ](audio speaker iconlisten)Englishtsk-tsk! ortut-tut!, Zuluicici "earring"(The English click used for disapproval.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including[kǀ], [ɡǀ], [ŋǀ]. The Zimbabwean MPNcube has this click in his name, as didCetshwayo.
[ǁ](audio speaker iconlisten)Englishtchick! tchick!, Zuluixoxo "frog"(The English click used to urge on a horse.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including[kǁ], [ɡǁ], [ŋǁ]. Found in the name of theXhosa.
[ǃ](audio speaker iconlisten)Zuluiqaqa "polecat"(The English click used to imitate the trotting of a horse.) A hollow popping sound, like a cork pulled from a bottle. Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including[kǃ], [ɡǃ], [ŋǃ].
[ʘ](audio speaker iconlisten)ǂ’Amkoeʘoa "two"Like a kissing sound.
[ǂ](audio speaker iconlisten)Khoekhoeǂgā-amǃnâ [ǂàʔám̀ᵑǃã̀] "to put in the mouth"Like an imitation of a chewing sound.

Marks added to letters

[change |change source]

Several marks can be added above, below, before or after letters. The complete list is shown atInternational Phonetic Alphabet § Diacritics and prosodic notation.

SymbolExample
Signs above a letter
[ã]Frenchvin blanc[vɛ̃ blɑ̃] "white wine"
[ä]Portuguesevá[vä] "go"
Signs below a letter
[a̯]Englishcow[kʰaʊ̯],koi[kʰɔɪ̯]
[n̥]Englishboy [b̥ɔɪ̯],doe [d̥oʊ̯]

(see also)

[n̩]Englishbutton
[d̪]Spanishdos, Frenchdeux
Signs next to a letter
[kʰ]Englishcome
[k’]Zuluukuza "come"
[aː]Englishshh![ʃː]
[aˑ]RPcaught[ˈkʰɔˑt]
[ˈa]pronunciation

[pɹ̥əʊ̯ˌnɐnsiˈeɪʃn̩]
[ˌa]
[.]Englishcourtship[ˈkʰɔrt.ʃɪp]

Computer input using on-screen keyboard

[change |change source]

Online IPA keyboard utilities are available.


ForiOS there are free IPA keyboard layouts, e.g.IPA Phonetic Keyboard.

Related pages

[change |change source]

Other websites

[change |change source]
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