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TheGettysburg Address is aspeech byU.S. PresidentAbraham Lincoln. It was delivered on the afternoon of Thursday, November 19, 1863. This speech was made during theAmerican Civil War, at thededication of theSoldiers' National Cemetery inGettysburg, Pennsylvania. This was four-and-a-half months after theUnion Army had a victory over theConfederate States Army at theBattle of Gettysburg.
The address is one of the greatestspeeches in thehistory of the United States. Lincoln spoke of how humans were equal as it has been said in theDeclaration of Independence. He also said the Civil War was a fight not simply for theUnion, but "a new birth offreedom" that would make everyone truly equal in one unitednation.
The speech famously begins with "Fourscore and seven years ago", referring to theAmerican Revolution in 1776. "Score" in this case is an old word meaning "twenty." Lincoln used the ceremony at Gettysburg to encourage the people to help America's democracy, so that the "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth".
The speech is very important in thepopular culture of the United States. However, people are not sure about the exact words of the speech. The five knownmanuscripts of the Gettysburg Address are different from one another in some details. They are also different from the words of the Gettysburg Address that have been printed in modern newspapers.
About 172,000 American soldiers fought in the Battle of Gettysburg from July 1–3, 1863. The Battle of Gettysburg was an important influence on the American Civil War[1] and on the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania,[2] where only 2,400 people lived.[2] The battlefield had more than 7,500 bodies of dead soldiers and 5,000horses.[3] Sarah Broadhead, a wife and mother living in the town, feared that they would "be visited withpestilence".[4] Eliza Farnham, anurse, called the place "one vasthospital".[4] An army medical officer spoke similarly: "The ... ten days following the battle of Gettysburgwas ... the greatest amount of human suffering known in this nation since its birth".[4]
The people of Gettysburg wanted to bury the dead properly. At first, they planned to buy land for acemetery and ask the families of the dead to pay for the burial. However, David Willis, a rich 32-year-oldlawyer, did not like this idea. He wrote to the Governor of Pennsylvania, Andrew Gregg Curtin, asking that a National Cemetery be supported by the states. Wills was allowed to buy 17 acres (69,000 m²) for a cemetery to honor the people who died in the battle. He paid $2,475.87 for the land.[5]
At first, Wills wanted todedicate this new cemetery on Wednesday, October 23. He askedEdward Everett to be the main speaker.[6][7] Everett was a very famousorator at that time.[8] He had also served asSecretary of State,U.S. Senator,U.S. Representative,Governor of Massachusetts, president ofHarvard University, andVice Presidentialcandidate.[6] However, Everett replied that he would not be able to prepare a good speech so quickly, and wanted to move the date of the dedication. The organizing committee agreed, and the dedication was moved to Thursday, November 19.[9]
Wills and the event committee then asked President Lincoln to join in the ceremony. Wills' letter said, "It is the desirethat, ... you, as Chief Executive of the nation, formally (officially) set apart thesegrounds ... by a few appropriate (proper) remarks".[10] Lincoln was officially asked to join only 17 days before the ceremony, while Everett had received his invitation 40 days earlier. "Although there is some evidence Lincoln expected Wills's letter, its late date makes the author (writer) appearpresumptuous ... Seventeen days was extraordinarily (remarkably) short notice for presidential participation even by nineteenth-century standards".[11] Also, Wills's letter "made it equally clear to the president that he would have only a small part in the ceremonies".[11]
Lincoln came bytrain to Gettysburg on November 18. He spent the night in Wills's house on the Gettysburg town square. There, he finished the speech he had written inWashington, D.C.[12] There is a popular story that Lincoln completed his address on the train on the back of anenvelope, but it is not true.[6][13] There are several early copies on Executive Mansion paper, and reports of Lincoln finishing his speech while he was a guest of David Wills at Gettysburg. On the morning of November 19 at 9:30 a.m., Lincoln, riding a brownhorse,[14][15] joined the townspeople, andwidows marching out to the grounds to be dedicated.
About 15,000 people went to the ceremony. This included the governors of six of the 24 Union states. They were Andrew Gregg Curtin of Pennsylvania, Augustus Bradford of Maryland, Oliver P. Morton of Indiana, Horatio Seymour of New York, Joel Parker of New Jersey, and David Tod of Ohio.[16]Canadian politician William McDougall came as Lincoln's guest.[17] Historians do not agree about the exact place where the dedication ceremony was held inside the cemetery.[18] Moving all the bodies to the graves in the cemetery was less than half complete on the day of the ceremony.[6]
By August 1863, tens of thousands of people had been killed or injured because of Civil War battles. This made people in the North begin to dislike Lincoln and the war.[19] Lincoln's 1863drafts were not popular, and people became angriest with them around the time of theNew York Draft Riots. This was just ten days after the Battle of Gettysburg. In September 1863, Pennsylvania's Governor Curtin told Lincoln that people were turning against the war effort:[20]
If the election were tooccur now, the result would be extremely doubtful (not sure), and although most of ourdiscreet friends aresanguine of the result, myimpression is, the chances would be against us. The draft is veryodious in the State... the Democratic leaders have succeeded in excitingprejudice and passion, and haveinfused theirpoison into the minds of the people to a very large extent, and the changes are against us.
In the summer of 1864, Lincoln was worried that the people's bad feelings would make him lose the Presidential election.[21] In the fall of 1863, he grew very concerned about keeping up the Union's spirits toward the war effort. That was the greatest purpose of Lincoln's Address at Gettysburg.[21]
The program organized for that day by Wills and his committee included:[10]
Lincoln's short speech became known in history as one of the best examples of English public speeches. Everett's two-hour oration was called the "Gettysburg address" that day, but his oration is not well-known today.[6][22] It began:
It ended two hours later with:
After Everett finished his speech, Lincoln spoke for two or three minutes.[24] Lincoln's "fewappropriate remarks"[6]summarized the war in ten sentences.
Lincoln's speech is very important in history, but modern scholars do not agree about the words of the speech. There are many different modern versions printed in newspaper accounts of the event.[25][26] Among these, the Bliss version, written some time after the speech for a friend, is seen by lots of people as the most reliable text.[27] Its text is different, however, from the written versions prepared by Lincoln before and after his speech. It is the only version Lincoln put his signature on. It is also the last he is known to have written.[27]
| “ | Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth onthis continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we areengaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate aportion of that field, as afinal resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate...we can notconsecrate...we can nothallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract . The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far sonobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain —that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. | ” |
InLincoln at Gettysburg, Garry Wills notes the similarity between Lincoln's speech andPericles's Funeral Oration during thePeloponnesian War (James McPherson[28] and Gore Vidal[29] also note this). Pericles' speech begins with remembering honored people: "I shall begin with ourancestors: it is bothjust and proper that they should have the honour of the first mention on an occasion like the present". This is very much like the Gettysburg Address's famous beginning. In the Gettysburg Address, Lincoln had begun by speaking of how "our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation". He then praises their State's firmdemocracy: "If we look to the laws, theyafford equal justice to all". He honors the dead's sacrifice: "Thus choosing to die resisting, rather than to live submitting, theyfled only from dishonour, but met danger face to face". He also warmly encourages the living to continue to fight for true democracy: "You, their survivors, must determine to have asunfaltering a resolution in the field, though you maypray that it may have a happierissue".[28][30]
But writer Adam Gopnik felt differently. InThe New Yorker, he said that Everett's Oration was openlyneoclassical. For example, Everett spoke directly aboutMarathon andPericles. But he said that "Lincoln’srhetoric is, instead,deliberatelyBiblical". He added that it is hard to find any obviously classical references in all of his speeches. Gopnik felt that "Lincoln had mastered the sound of theKing James Bible so completely that he could recast (make again)abstract issues ofconstitutional law in Biblical terms (words from the Bible), making the proposition (suggestion) thatTexas andNew Hampshire should be forever bound by a single post office sound like something right out ofGenesis".[25]
There are many theories about where Lincoln's expression of "government of the people, by the people, for the people" came from. InThe American Monthly Review of Reviews,[31] it is suggested that the writings of William Herndon, Lincoln's law partner, much influenced Lincoln. William Herndon wrote inAbraham Lincoln: The True Story of A Great Life that he had brought some of the sermons ofabolitionistminister Theodore Parker to Lincoln, who had been moved by them.
| "I brought with me additional sermons and lectures of Theodore Parker, who was warm in hiscommendation of Lincoln. One of these was a lecture on 'The Effect of Slavery on the AmericanPeople' ... which I gave to Lincoln, who read and returned it (gave it back). He liked especiallythe ... expression, which he marked with apencil, and whichhe ... afterwards used in his Gettysburg Address: 'Democracy is direct self-government, over all the people, for all the people, by all the people.'" |
| Abraham Lincoln: The True Story of A Great Life[32] |
Craig R. Smith, In "Criticism of Political Rhetoric and Disciplinary Integrity", suggested that the Gettysburg Address was influenced by the speech of MassachusettsSenatorDaniel Webster. In his "Second Reply to Hayne", Webster had famously cried out, "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable"![33] In this 1830 speech, Webster had also described the Federal Government as "made for the people, made by the people, and answerable to the people". This expression was very similar to Lincoln's "government of the people, by the people, for the people."[34] Webster also said, "Thisgovernment ... is the independent offspring of the popular will. It is not the creature of Statelegislatures ... if the whole truth must be told, the people brought it into existence, established it, and have hitherto (until now) supported it, for the very purpose, amongst others, ofimposing certain salutary restraints on State sovereignties".[34]
Wills was interested in how Lincoln used the ideas of birth, life, and death. Lincoln had described the nation as "brought forth", "conceived", and that shall not "perish".[35] Others, such as Allen C. Guelzo,[36] suggested that Lincoln's expression "four score and seven" was about theKing James Version of the Bible'sPsalms90:10. There, man's life is described as "threescore years and ten; and if by reason of strength they be fourscore years".[37][38]
Each of the five manuscript copies of the Gettysburg Address are named for the person who received it from Lincoln. Lincoln gave a copy to each of his privatesecretaries, John Nicolay and John Hay. Both were written around the time of his November 19 address. The other three copies of the address (the Everett, Bancroft, and Bliss copies) were written a long time after November 19.[39] They were written by Lincoln forcharitable purposes.[39][40] The Bliss copy has become the most widely accepted text of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.[41] This is partly because Lincoln gave it a title andsigned and dated it.[41]
There has been somecontroversy about the two earliest drafts of the Address. Lincoln's son,Robert Todd Lincoln, made Nicolay and Hay thelegal guardians of Lincoln's papers in 1874.[13] The Nicolay Copy appeared as a copy in an article written by Nicolay in 1894. After that, it was thought to be among the papers passed to Hay by Nicolay's daughter Helen when Nicolay died in 1901. Robert Lincoln began a search for the first copy in 1908. He discovered a handwritten copy of the Gettysburg Address among the papers of John Hay—a copy now known as the "Hay Draft".[13]
The Hay Draft was different from the Gettysburg Address printed by Nicolay in 1894 in many important ways. For example, it was written on a different kind of paper, had a different number of words on every line, had a different number of lines, and had corrections in Lincoln's handwriting.[13]
Both the Hay and Nicolay copies of the Address are inside the Library of Congress. They are inside specially designed,temperature-controlled, sealed containers withargongas. This is to protect the documents fromoxidation.[42]
The Nicolay Copy is often called the "first draft". This is because it is thought to be the earliest copy that exists.[43][44] Scholars are not sure if the Nicolay Copy was actually the copy Lincoln read from at Gettysburg on November 19. In an 1894 article, Nicolay wrote that Lincoln had brought to Gettysburg the first part of the speech written inink. Nicolay also said that Lincoln had written the second page in pencil on lined paper before November 19.[43] Matching folds can still be seen on the two pages, suggesting it could be the copy thateyewitnesses say Lincoln took from his coat pocket and read at the ceremony.[44][45] But some of the words and expressions in the Nicolay Copy do not match moderntranscriptions of Lincoln's speech. Because of this, some people believe that the text used at Gettysburg has been lost.[46] The words "under God", for example, are missing in this copy from the phrase "that this nation (under God) shall have a new birth of freedom..." If the Nicolay draft was the copy Lincoln read from, either the modern transcriptions are not correct, or Lincoln spoke differently from his written text several times. John Nicolay kept this copy of the Gettysburg Address until he died in 1901. When he died, it was passed on to his friend John Hay.[13] It is onpermanent display as part of the American Treasuresexhibition of the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C.[47]
In 1906, it was first announced that the Hay Copy had been discovered. It had been found among the papers of John Hay when people were searching for the "original manuscript" of the Address.[13] There are some important differences from the copy of the Address described by John Hay in his article. There are many important words taken out and added by Lincoln's own handwriting, which often changed the basic meaning of the sentence. In this copy, like in the Nicolay Copy, the words "under God" are not there.
This version has been described as "the mostinexplicable" of the drafts.[44] It is sometimes referred to as the "second draft".[44][48] The "Hay Copy" was probably made on the morning of the delivery of the Address. It could also have been made shortly after Lincoln came back to Washington. The people who believe it was completed on the morning of his address note that it has some expressions that are not in the first draft but are in the reports of the address and in later copies by Lincoln. It is likely, they say, that Lincoln used this copy when he delivered the address.[49] Lincoln later gave this copy to his other secretary, John Hay. Hay's descendants gave it and the Nicolay Copy to the Library of Congress in 1916.[50]
The Everett Copy is also known as the "Everett-Keyes Copy". It was sent by President Lincoln to Edward Everett in early 1864. Everett, who was collecting the speeches at the Gettysburg dedication into one book to sell for hurt soldiers at New York's Sanitary Commission Fair, had asked for it. The Illinois State Historical Library inSpringfield, Illinois has it on display.[49] It is in the Treasures Gallery of the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum.
The Bancroft Copy of the Gettysburg Address was written by President Lincoln in February 1864. The famous historianGeorge Bancroft, the "father of American History",[51] who wroteHistory of the United States, had asked him to write it for him.[52] Bancroft wanted to put this copy inAutograph Leaves of Our Country's Authors and sell it at a Soldiers' and Sailors' Sanitary Fair inBaltimore. But Lincoln wrote on both sides of the paper, so he could not use it for this purpose.[53] Therefore, Bancroft was allowed to keep it.[54] This copy was kept by the Bancroft family for many years. Then, it was sold to different dealers and bought by Nicholas and Marguerite Lilly Notes.[55] Theydonated it to Cornell in 1949. It is now kept by the Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections in the Carl A. Kroch Library atCornell University.[49] Among the five copies, it is the only one to be privately owned.[56]
When Lincoln found that his fourth written copy could not be used, he wrote a fifth copy. The Bliss Copy was named forColonel Alexander Bliss, Bancroft'sstepson.[53] It is not known if Lincoln made any more copies. Lincoln wrote this copy with much care. He gave it a title—"Address delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg"—and signed and dated this copy.[53] In fact, it was the only copy of the Gettysburg Address he signed. Partly because of this, it has become the most well-known version of the Gettysburg Address.[41] It is the source of most modern copies of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.[41]
Today, this copy hangs in the Lincoln Room of theWhite House. It is a present fromOscar B. Cintas, who used to be aCubanAmbassador to the United States.[49] Cintas liked to collect art and manuscripts. He had bought the Bliss Copy for $54,000 at a publicauction in 1949. It "set a new high record for the sale of a document at public auction".[53][57] The Castro government claimed Cintas' properties after it became powerful in 1959. But Cintas, who died in 1957, hadwilled the Gettysburg Address to the American people, if it would be kept at the White House. It was moved there in 1959, and is still there today.[53]
Another source of the Gettysburg Address is the copy from the Associated Press. It was copied from the notes taken by reporter Joseph L. Gilbert. It is different from the drafted words in a few ways.[58][59]
Eyewitnesses reports about Lincoln's performance are various. In 1931, 87-year-old Mrs. Sarah A. Cooke Myers suggested that there was adignified silence after Lincoln finished his speech. She had been there when she was 19 years old. "I was close to the President and heard all of the Address, but it seemed short. Then there was an impressive silence like our MenallenFriends Meeting. There was noapplause when he stopped speaking".[60] Historian Shelby Foote said that the applause, which came after a long time, was "barely polite".[61] But the governor of Pennsylvania, Curtin, said, "He pronounced (said) that speech in a voice that all the multitude (people) heard. The crowd was hushed into silence because the President stood beforethem ... It was so Impressive! It was the common remark of everybody. Such a speech, as they said it was!"[18]
There is a story that Lincoln turned to his bodyguard Ward Hill Lamon and said that his speech "won't scour (wouldn't be successful)". Garry Wills argued that this story was not true. He said that Lamon was the only person who remembered this remark, and that it was not reliable.[10] Garry Wills felt that Lincoln had done what he wanted to do at Gettysburg.
The following day, Everett wrote a letter to Lincoln. In the letter, he praised the President for his speech, saying, "I should be glad if I could flatter myself that I came as near to the central (main) idea of the occasion, in two hours, as you did in two minutes".[62] Lincoln replied that he was glad the speech was not a "total complete failure".[62]
Other public reaction to the speech was different according to each party. The DemocraticChicago Times said, "The cheek of every American must tingle with shame as he reads the silly, flat and dishwatery utterances (remarks) of the man who has to be pointed out to intelligent foreigners as the President of the United States". However, the RepublicanNew York Times praised the speech.[16] TheSpringfield, MA. Republican newspaper printed the entire speech, calling it "a perfectgem" that was "deep in feeling, compact (simple) in thought and expression, and tasteful and elegant in every word and comma". The Republican said that Lincoln's short remarks would "repay further study as the model speech".[63]
William R. Rathvon is the only known eyewitness of the Gettysburg Address to have left anaudio recording of what he remembered.[64] One year before he died in 1939, Rathvon's remarks were recorded on February 12, 1938. It included his reading the address itself. The title of the record was "I Heard Lincoln That Day - William R. Rathvon, TR Productions". TheNational Public Radio (NPR) discovered a copy during a "Quest for Sound" project in 1999.[65][66] NPR allows people to hear the record around Lincoln'sbirthday.
The only known andconfirmedphotograph of Lincoln at Gettysburg[67] was taken by David Bachrach.[68] It was identified in the Mathew Brady collection of photographic plates in 1952. Lincoln's speech was short, but he and others sat for hours during the rest of the program. Because Everett's speech was very long, and because it took a long time for 19th century photographers to prepare for taking a picture, it is likely that photographers were not prepared for how short Lincoln's speech was. In 2006, John Richter identified two more photographs in the Library of Congress collection.[69]
The Nicolay and Hay copies do not have the words "under God", but they appear in the three later copies (Everett, Bancroft, and Bliss). So, someskeptics suggest that Lincoln did not say "under God" at Gettysburg.[70][71] Yet at least three reporterstelegraphed the words of the Gettysburg Address with the words "under God" included. Historian William E. Barton says:[72]
The reporters who were there at that time included Joseph Gilbert, Charles Hale,[73] John R. Young. There were also reporters from theCincinnati Commercial,[74]New York Tribune,[75] andNew York Times.[75] Charles Hale "had notebook and pencil in hand, [and] took down the slow-spoken words of the President".[76] "Hetook down what he declared was the exact language of Lincoln'saddress ... Hisassociates confirmed his testimony, which was received, as it deserved to be at its face value".[77] Lincoln probably spoke differently from what he had prepared and added the expression when he was speaking.
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The Gettysburg Address's importance in the history of the United States can be seen by the long time it has been a part of American culture. Popular works often refer to the Gettysburg Address as if expecting that the audience will know Lincoln's words. Many years have passed after the Address was delivered, but it is still one of the most famous speeches in American history.[78]Martin Luther King, Jr.'s famous speech of "I Have a Dream" spoke of the Gettysburg Address.[79] In August 1963, King spoke of President Lincoln and his well-known words: "Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed theEmancipation Proclamation.This ... decree came as agreat ... light of hope to millions of Negroslaves who had beenseared in theflamesof ... injustice".
The Constitution of France spoke ofFrance as a"gouvernement du peuple, par le peuple et pour le peuple" ("government of the people, by the people, and for the people"). This was a directtranslation of Lincoln's words.[80]
The address has become a part of American tradition. It is studied inschools[81] and warmly praised by writers. The Gettysburg Address shows an important interpretation of the Declaration of Independence that is still remembered and used. It is widely accepted as one of the most important documents in U.S. history, together with theDeclaration of Independence and theConstitution.[81] To this day, it is one of the most famous,[82] beloved, and mostquoted of modern speeches.[81]
Edward Everett was famous in his day, indeed, is famous yet,as ... easily foremost (first) among all the orators of the classic or academic type belonging to (in) his generation in America.
Asked in September...Everett had said that he could not possibly be ready until November 19.
{{cite journal}}:Unknown parameter|agency= ignored (help){{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help){{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)[F]our days before the March [King] told AlDuckett ... that his August 28 oration needed to be "sort of a Gettysburg Address."
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