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Geography

From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Map ofEarth withcountry borders and bigcities shown

Geography (fromGreek:γεωγραφία,geographia, literally "earth description")[1] is the study of earth and its people and one ofsocial sciences.[2] Its features are things likecontinents,seas,rivers andmountains. Its inhabitants are all the people andanimals that live on it. Its phenomena are the things that happen liketides,hurricanes,tornadoes,earthquakes and more.

A person who is an expert in geography is ageographer. A geographer tries to understand the world and the things that are in it, how they started and how they have changed.[3]

Geography is divided into two main parts, which are:Physical geography andhuman geography. Physical geography studies the naturalenvironment and human geography studies the humanenvironment. The humanenvironmental studies would include things such as thepopulation in a country, how a country'seconomy is doing, and more. There is alsoenvironmental geography.

Maps are a main tool of geography, so geographers spend much time making and studying them. Making maps is calledcartography, and people who specialize in making maps are cartographers.

Branches

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Physical geography

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Main article:Physical geography

Physical geography (or physiography) focuses on geography as anEarth science. It aims to understand the physical problems and the issues oflithosphere,hydrosphere,atmosphere, pedosphere, and globalflora andfauna patterns (biosphere).


Physical geography can be divided into many broad categories, including:

BiogeographyClimatology &MeteorologyCoastal geographyEnvironmental management
GeodesyGeomorphologyGlaciologyHydrology &Hydrography
Landscape ecologyOceanographyPedologyPalaeogeography
Quaternary science

Human geography

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A crowd of people around a band.

Human geography is thesocial science that covers the study of people and their communities, cultures, economies, and their interaction with theenvironment.Geographers studying the humanenvironment may look at:

History

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The oldest known world map dates back to ancientBabylon from the 9th century BC.[4] The best knownBabylonian world map is theImago Mundi of 600 BC.[5]Star charts (maps of the sky) are of similar age.

During theMiddle Ages, people inEurope made fewer maps. People in the eastern countries made more.[6] Abū Zayd al-Balkhī created the "Balkhī school" of mapping inBaghdad.[7]

Western Europe became known as the leader of geographic thought during theEuropean Renaissance andThe Age of Exploration (1400–1600). Theprinting press made maps and information about the world available to everyone. In 1650, the first edition ofGeographia Generalis was published.

In the 1700s and 1800s, scientists started to study the relationship between theenvironment and its people

Related pages

References

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  1. ↑Harper, Douglas."Online Etymology Dictionary".Etymonline.com. Online Etymology Dictionary.Archived from the original on 12 February 2009.
  2. ↑"Geography".The American Heritage Dictionary/ of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. RetrievedOctober 9, 2006.
  3. ↑Geography: The Mother of Sciences
  4. ↑Kurt A. Raaflaub & Richard J.A. Talbert (2009).Geography and Ethnography: Perceptions of the World in Pre-Modern Societies.John Wiley & Sons. p. 147.ISBN 978-1-4051-9146-3.
  5. ↑Siebold, Jim."Slide 103".henry-davis.com. Henry Davis Consulting Inc. Archived fromthe original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved10 November 2016.
  6. ↑Needham, Joseph (1959).Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth. Vol. 3. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. p. 512.ISBN 978-0-521-05801-8. Retrieved10 November 2016.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help);|journal= ignored (help)
  7. ↑Edson, Evelyn; Savage-Smith, Emilie (Winter 2007). "Medieval Views of the Cosmos".International Journal of the Classical Tradition.13 (3):61–63.JSTOR 30222166.

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