TheId, ego, and super-ego are ideas created bySigmund Freud. They are threeconcepts used to explain the way the human mind works.
Freud describes the human mind as interaction of id, ego, super-ego. The ego, and to some extent the super-ego, isconscious or on the surface. The id remainsunconscious. Together they make up thepersonality. As per model of thepsyche, theid is the set of uncoordinatedinstinctual trends; theego is the organized realistic part; and thesuper-ego plays the critical and moralising role.[1]
The id, ego and super-ego are functions of themind,not parts of the brain. They do not correspond one-to-one with actual structures of the kind dealt with byneuroscience.
The id represents a constant in the personality as it is always present. The id is governed by thepleasure principle. Early in the development of his theory Freud sawsexual energy as the only source of energy for the id. After the tragedy ofWorld War I, however, Freud felt it necessary to add another instinct to the id. So, he proposed thanatos, thedeath instinct.
Thanatos explains theinstinctualviolent urges ofhumankind. Obviously, the rest of thepersonality would have somehow to deal with these two instincts. By addingthanatos, he could describe more mentalphenomena. His idea of id had wide influence.[2]
The id is unconscious by definition:
The ego is the sense of self and the surface of the personality, the part you usually show the world. The ego is governed by the 'reality principle', or a practical approach to the world. It seeks to turn the id’s drive to behaviour which brings benefits in the long term rather thangrief.[4]
Conscious awareness resides in the ego, although not all of the operations of the ego are conscious. The ego separates out what is real. It helps us to organise our thoughts and make sense of them and the world around us.[1]
The ego is that part of the id which has been modified by the direct influence of the external world ... The ego represents what may be called reason and common sense, in contrast to the id, which contains the passions ... in its relation to the id it is like a man on horseback, who has to hold in check the superior strength of the horse; with this difference, that the rider tries to do so with his own strength, while the ego uses borrowed forces".[5]363/4
However, the ego
serves three severe masters...the external world, the super-ego and the id".[3]110
Its task is to find a balance betweenprimitive drives andreality while satisfying the id and super-ego,
[T]hus the ego, driven by the id, confined by the super-ego, repulsed by reality, struggles...[in] bringing about harmony among the forces and influences working in and upon it, and readily 'breaks out inanxiety.[3]110/1
The Super-ego aims for perfection and the ideal outcome.[6] It comprises that part of the personality, mainlyunconscious, which includes the individual'sego ideals, spiritual goals, and the psychic agency (commonly called "conscience") that criticises and prohibits his or her drives, fantasies, feelings, and actions.
The superego consists of two parts, the conscience and the ego-ideal. The conscience is the familiarmetaphor of angel and devil on each shoulder. The conscience decides what course of action one should take. The ego-ideal is an idealized view of one's self.
Comparisons are made between the ego-ideal and one's actual behavior. Both parts of the super-ego develop through experience with others or via social interactions. As per Freud, a strong super-ego serves to inhibit the biological instincts of the id, while a weak super-ego gives in to the id's urgings. Further, the levels of guilt in the two cases above will be high and low, respectively.