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Dorothy Hodgkin

From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Dorothy Hodgkin
Order of Merit medal of Dorothy Hodgkin,
displayed in theRoyal Society, London, 2004.
Born
Dorothy Mary Crowfoot

(1910-05-12)12 May 1910
Died29 July 1994(1994-07-29) (aged 84)
NationalityBritish
EducationSir John Leman Grammar School
Alma mater
Known for
Spouse
ChildrenLuke, Elizabeth, and Toby
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsBiochemistry
X-ray crystallography
ThesisX-ray crystallography and the chemistry of the sterols (1937)
Doctoral advisorJohn Desmond Bernal
Doctoral students
Other notable students

Dorothy Mary Crowfoot HodgkinOMFRSHonFRSC[8] (12 May 1910 – 29 July 1994), was a Britishchemist. She developedprotein crystallography. Hodgkin received theNobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964.[9]

Early life

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Hodgkin was born inCairo,Egypt. She and her sisters were sent to live inEngland whenWorld War l started. She spent the rest of her life there.

Her mother was an expert on nature and Ancient Egyptiantextiles. Hodgkin’s father was a Britisharcheologist and scholar.

Career

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She studied crystals and became a tutor atSomerville College,Oxford. In 1969, Hodgkin used computer technology to analyse the structure ofInsulin. Insulin is aprotein which is used to treatdiabetes.

Hodgkin advanced the technique ofX-ray crystallography. It is a method used to discover thethree dimensional structures ofbiomolecules.

Ernst Chain thought he had found the structure ofpenicillin, and Hodgkin proved he was right. She also found the structure ofvitamin B12. For her work she was awarded theNobel Prize in Chemistry.

In 1969, after 35 years of work and five years after winning the Nobel Prize, Hodgkin was able to find the structure ofinsulin.

X-ray crystallography became a widely used tool and was used to find the structures of many biological molecules, such asDNA. The structure of molecules helps us understand how they work.

Honours

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Apart from the Nobel Prize, she was appointed to theOrder of Merit, and given theCopley Medal, the top award of theRoyal Society.

Later, she was Chancellor ofBristol University from 1970 to 1988, and President ofPugwash from 1976 to 1988.[10] Pugwash is an organization which holds conferences on Science and World Affairs.

Her best-known student wasMargaret Thatcher, who consulted her when she (Thatcher) was in office.[11][12][13]

Controversies

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Hodgkin was not allowed to enter theUnited States without special permission from theCIA.[14] She protested and wantedworld peace. She was also a friend ofJ.D. Bernal, who was also left-wing. She received theLenin Peace Prize in 1987.

Hodgkin died of a stroke in 1994.

References

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  1. Anon (2014)."EMBO profile Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin".people.embo.org. Heidelberg:European Molecular Biology Organization.
  2. Howard, Judith Ann Kathleen (1971).The study of some organic crystal structures by neutron diffraction.solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk (DPhil thesis). University of Oxford.OCLC 500477155. Archived fromthe original on 2022-05-06. Retrieved2019-05-23.
  3. Crace, John (2006-09-26)."Judith Howard, Crystal gazing: The first woman to head a five-star chemistry department tells John Crace what attracted her to science".The Guardian. Archived fromthe original on 2017-08-17.
  4. 12"Chemistry Tree – Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin".academictree.org.
  5. James, Michael Norman George (1966).X-ray crystallographic studies of some antibiotic peptides.bodleian.ox.ac.uk (DPhil thesis). University of Oxford.OCLC 944386483.EThOS uk.bl.ethos.710775. Archived fromthe original on 2019-12-14. Retrieved2019-05-23.
  6. John Blundell,Margaret Thatcher, A Portrait of The Iron Lady, 2008, pp. 25–27. Degree student, 1943–1947.
  7. Blundell, T.; Cutfield, J.; Cutfield, S.; Dodson, E.; Dodson, G.; Hodgkin, D.; Mercola, D.; Vijayan, M. (1971)."Atomic positions in rhombohedral 2-zinc insulin crystals".Nature.231 (5304):506–11.Bibcode:1971Natur.231..506B.doi:10.1038/231506a0.PMID 4932997.S2CID 4158731.
  8. Hodgkin, Prof. Dorothy Mary Crowfoot.Who Was Who. Vol. 2017 (onlineOxford University Press ed.). A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc.{{cite book}}:|website= ignored (help)closed accessdoi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U173161(subscription required)
  9. "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin." Encyclopedia of World Biography, Gale, 1998. Student Resources in Context. Accessed 31 Mar. 2017.
  10. Howard, Judith A.K. (2003). "Dorothy Hodgkin and her contributions to biochemistry".Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology.4 (11):891–896.doi:10.1038/nrm1243.PMID 14625538.S2CID 20958882.
  11. Obituary:Royal Society of Edinburgh obituaryArchived 2006-05-25 at theWayback Machine
  12. Guy Dodson (2002)."Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin, O.M. 12 May 1910--29 July 1994".Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society.48:179–219.doi:10.1098/rsbm.2002.0011.S2CID 61764553.[permanent dead link]
  13. Ferry, Georgina. 1998.Dorothy Hodgkin: a life. Granta Books, London.
  14. Rose, Hilary (1994).Love, Power, and Knowledge: Towards a Feminist Transformation of the Sciences. Indiana University Press. p. 139.ISBN 9780253209078.
Winners of theNobel Prize inChemistry
1901–1925

van 't Hoff (1901) ·E. Fischer (1902) ·Arrhenius (1903) ·Ramsay (1904) ·von Baeyer (1905) ·Moissan (1906) ·Buchner (1907) ·Rutherford (1908) ·Ostwald (1909) ·Wallach (1910) ·Curie (1911) ·Grignard /Sabatier (1912) ·Werner (1913) ·Richards (1914) ·Willstätter (1915) ·Haber (1918) ·Nernst (1920) ·Soddy (1921) ·Aston (1922) ·Pregl (1923) ·Zsigmondy (1925)

1926–1950

Svedberg (1926) ·Wieland (1927) ·Windaus (1928) ·Harden /von Euler-Chelpin (1929) ·H. Fischer (1930) ·Bosch /Bergius (1931) ·Langmuir (1932) ·Urey (1934) ·F. Joliot-Curie /I. Joliot-Curie (1935) ·Debye (1936) ·Haworth /Karrer (1937) ·Kuhn (1938) ·Butenandt /Ružička (1939) ·de Hevesy (1943) ·Hahn (1944) ·Virtanen (1945) ·Sumner /Northrop /Stanley (1946) ·Robinson (1947) ·Tiselius (1948) ·Giauque (1949) ·Diels /Alder (1950)

1951–1975

McMillan /Seaborg (1951) ·Martin /Synge (1952) ·Staudinger (1953) ·Pauling (1954) ·du Vigneaud (1955) ·Hinshelwood /Semyonov (1956) ·Todd (1957) ·Sanger (1958) ·Heyrovský (1959) ·Libby (1960) ·Calvin (1961) ·Perutz /Kendrew (1962) ·Ziegler /Natta (1963) ·Hodgkin (1964) ·Woodward (1965) ·Mulliken (1966) ·Eigen /Norrish /Porter (1967) ·Onsager (1968) ·Barton /Hassel (1969) ·Leloir (1970) ·Herzberg (1971) ·Anfinsen /Moore /Stein (1972) ·E. O. Fischer /Wilkinson (1973) ·Flory (1974) ·Cornforth /Prelog (1975)

1976–2000

Lipscomb (1976) ·Prigogine (1977) ·Mitchell (1978) ·Brown /Wittig (1979) ·Berg /Gilbert /Sanger (1980) ·Fukui /Hoffmann (1981) ·Klug (1982) ·Taube (1983) ·Merrifield (1984) ·Hauptman /Karle (1985) ·Herschbach /Lee /Polanyi (1986) ·Cram /Lehn /Pedersen (1987) ·Deisenhofer /Huber /Michel (1988) ·Altman /Cech (1989) ·Corey (1990) ·Ernst (1991) ·Marcus (1992) ·Mullis /Smith (1993) ·Olah (1994) ·Crutzen /Molina /Rowland (1995) ·Curl /Kroto /Smalley (1996) ·Boyer /Walker /Skou (1997) ·Kohn /Pople (1998) ·Zewail (1999) ·Heeger /MacDiarmid /Shirakawa (2000)

2001–present

Knowles /Noyori /Sharpless (2001) ·Fenn /Tanaka /Wüthrich (2002) ·Agre /MacKinnon (2003) ·Ciechanover /Hershko /Rose (2004) ·Grubbs /Schrock /Chauvin (2005) ·Kornberg (2006) ·Ertl (2007) ·Shimomura /Chalfie /Tsien (2008) ·Ramakrishnan /Steitz /Yonath (2009) ·Heck /Negishi /Suzuki (2010) ·Shechtman (2011) ·Lefkowitz /Kobilka (2012) ·Karplus /Levitt /Warshel (2013) ·Betzig /Hell /Moerner (2014) ·Lindahl /Modrich /Sancar (2015) ·Sauvage /Stoddart /Feringa (2016) ·Dubochet /Frank /Henderson (2017) ·Arnold /Smith /Winter (2018) ·Goodenough /Whittingham /Yoshino (2019) ·Charpentier /Doudna (2020) ·MacMillan /List (2021) ·Bertozzi /Meldal /Sharpless (2022) ·Bawendi /Brus /Ekimov (2023) ·Baker /Hassabis /Jumper (2024) ·Kitagawa /Robson /Yaghi (2025)

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