Crime inRussia has many different types.Organized crimes includedrug trafficking,money laundering,human trafficking,extortion,murder for hire, andfraud. Many criminal operations take part in corruption, black marketeering, terrorism and abduction. Other forms of crime done by criminal groups arearms trafficking, export of contraband oil and metals, and smuggling of radioactive materials.[1] Crime rate in Russia sharply increased since the late1980s.[2] The fall ofcommunism inEastern Europe had tremendous influence on the political economy of organized crime.[3] Approximately 8,000 criminal groups are in the country.[1] Almost 50% of the nation's economy is connected to organized crime.[4][5]
Drug trafficking and illegal drug use is a big problem in the nation.[6][7] The disintegration of theSoviet Union, thecivil war in Afghanistan, thecivil war in Tajikistan, and the conflicts in theNorth Caucasus have made the favorable conditions for the development of illegal drug trade.[8] But measures have been taken to fight drug trafficking. Russia is a party of the 1988United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.[9] In March 2003, Russian PresidentVladimir Putin established the Russian State Committee for Control over the Illegal Trafficking of Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances for combating drug trafficking with more coordinated manner.[10]
Russia is a supply, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children being trafficked for various purposes.[11][12] The trafficking is multidimensional and it involves both commercial sexual exploitation and labor exploitation.[12] Russia is a significant source of women trafficked to over 50 nations.[11] Internal trafficking is a problem in the country; women are trafficked from rural areas to urban settlements for commercial sexual exploitation.[11] Men are trafficked internally and fromCentral Asia for forced labor in theconstruction and agricultural industries.[11]Debt bondage is common among the trafficking victims.[11]Arms trafficking has become a significant problem in Russia following the disintegration of the Soviet Union.[13]
Arms trafficking in Russia stemmed from corruption in thearmed forces and the illegal sale of military equipments.[13] In 2000, the number of seized unregistered firearms was 300,000, which was a 37% increase compared with 1999.[13] Many Russian criminal organizations, aside from arms trafficking in Russia, provide weapons to the terrorist groups inChechnya.[3] Poaching was rare in theSoviet Union,[14]
Poaching is now a major problem in the country. The main cause for poaching in Russia is the consequence of the social and political changes since the collapse of theSoviet Union.[15] State-controlled farms stopped functioning due to the fall of the previous system resulting in highunemployment.[15] Unemployment,poverty,inflation, shortage of food and demand for foreign currency have major impact on the wildlife in the country.[15] Animals being poached arebear,musk deer,tiger etc.[16] Approximately 50,000 cases of poaching are registered annually in Russia.[17]
Between 1992 and 1996, law enforcement agencies in Russia mainly focused ondrug trafficking,arms trafficking,money laundering and theFirst Chechen War, andenvironmental crimes likepoaching and illegal timber smuggling were generally not treated as national security issues.[18] During the post-perestroika transition, the government agencies for environment and wildlife protection experienced severe budget cuts[18] which led to layoffs and salary reductions for wildlife rangers in places likePrimorski Krai and it reduced the resources of the rangers to fight against the poachers.[16] There has been an increasing demand for bear parts, especially bile, and it led to an increase in poaching ofbears in the Russian Federation.[19] The collapse ofcommunism in the country had significant influence on the average Russian's economic ability to maintain his or her family.[19] There are a large population of bears in Russia, and Russia's trade in bear parts is primarily with nearby Asian countries likeSouth Korea and thePeople's Republic of China.[19] Because of these poaching of bears become easy for Russians.[19] Poaching of thesnow leopard is a serious problem in Russia along withAfghanistan,India,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Mongolia,Nepal,Pakistan,People’s Republic of China,Russia,Tajikstan andUzbekistan.[15]
The murder rate in Russia has become three times as big between 1988 and 1994 and is now among thehighest in the world.[20] In 1998, a total of 24,537,600 crimes happened in United States, while in Russia a total of 2,581,940 crimes were recorded.[21] In 1999, the number was 23,677,800 and 3,001,748 respectively.[21] Total recorded rapes in the United States was 93,140 and 89,110 for the years 1998 and 1999, while this number was 7,724 and 7,314 respectively for Russia.[21]
| Country | Russia[22] | Germany[23] | United Kingdom[24] | France[24] | Canada[25] | United States[26] | South Africa[24] | Colombia[24] | Poland[24] | Japan[24] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Homicide rate | 19.80 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 5.7 | 49.60 | 61.78 | 0.056 | 0.005 |
| Year | 2000 | 2000 | 2004 | 2004 | 2004 | 2006 | 2000 | 2000 | 2000 | 2000 |
Following is a comparison of various crimes per 1000 people from 1998 to 2000:
| Country | Russia | Germany | United Kingdom | France | Canada | United States | South Africa | Colombia | Poland | Japan | Italy | Ukraine |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total crimes[27] | 20.58 | 75.99 | 85.55 | 62.18 | 75.49 | 80.06 | 77.18 | 4.98 | 32.85 | 19.17 | 37.96 | 11.77 |
| Car thefts[28] | 0.182 | 1.008 | 5.605 | 4.971 | 4.885 | 3.879 | 20.15 | 49.60 | 1.765 | 2.430 | 4.197 | 0.0673 |
| Robberies[29] | 0.923 | 0.721 | 1.574 | 0.401 | 0.823 | 1.385 | 4.44 | 0.571 | 1.388 | 0.041 | 0.649 | 0.456 |
| Frauds[30] | 0.568 | 10.867 | 5.283 | 2.351 | 2.611 | 1.257 | 1.513 | 0.029 | 2.07 | 0.348 | 0.578 | 0.311 |
| Rapes[31] | 0.048 | 0.090 | 0.142 | 0.139 | 0.733 | 0.301 | 1.195 | 0.043 | 0.062 | 0.017 | 0.040 | 0.024 |
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