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Taclḥiyt nɣTaclḥit nɣTasusit (stirra n tifinaɣ: ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ, stirra n tɛrabt: تشلحيت) tga yattutlayt tamaziɣt iwalan i tayyawt n tutlayin timaziɣin n ugafa. Tettusawal tutlayt ad dar 5 ar 7 id mlyun n imsiwln[2] ɣ iffus n tmazirt n Lmɣrib slawann akkʷ ɣSus,Iḥaḥan, Lḥuz nMṛṛakc d kra n tsggʷin yaḍnin asn d iwalan. Tumẓ tutlayt taclḥit zɣTaṣṣurt ɣ ugafa arAgʷlmim ɣ unẓul arWarzazat ɣ ugmuḍ. Mac ar tt inn nttafa tlla ula ɣ timdinin mqqurnin nLmɣrib zun dTigmmi Tumlilt (kaẓa), dṚṛbaḍ dSla. Tg tutlayt ad tutlayt tamaziɣt tamzwarut ɣ wuṭṭun n imssiwln d turrut n udɣar arakal nna tumẓ grtimaziɣin tigafayin.
Tkka tt inn tclḥiyt ar tettyura s uskkil aɛrab, ilin sis kigan n warratn iclḥiyn. Ɣ isggʷasn ad ggʷranin issufɣ dusinag agldan n tussna tamaziɣt (IRCAM) anaw amaynu ntifinaɣ ar as tininNeo-Tifinaɣ ntta ɣila a s tt ttaran willi as ssnin. Macc askkil alatin ad bahra ittusmrasn, slawan akkʷ g wantirnit.
Taclḥiyt kcmn tt tguriwin tiɛṛabin macc tẓḍaṛ ad tgtutlayt tamaziɣt tagafayt g akkʷ drusnt tguriwin turḍilin zɣ tɛṛabt.
Tikklt tamzwaurt (nna nssn) ɣ tettubdar tguri a ɣ kra n udlis tga tt ɣ udlis nLuis del Mármol Carvajal nna yura f tfriqt, inna gis aya: « [...] dans Maroc et dans toutes les provinces de cet Empire, aussi bien que parmi les Numides et les Getules qui font vers l’occident, on parle la langue africaine pure, qu’on nomme Chilha et Tamazegt, noms fort anciens. »[3]. s taclḥit: « [...] Ɣ Lmɣrib ula ɣ tisgiwin akkʷ n Umnkud ad, ula gr Inumidiyn d Igituln lli d ikkan tsga n utaram, ar sawaln yat tutlayt tafriqt tazddagt, nna mi aqqran Cclḥa d Tamazigt, ismawn ad gan bahra iqburn. ». Da ittini Maṛmul mas gan ismawn ad s sin iqburn macc ur dars ma s rad inbḍ f uwtay n yism. Talɣa n yismCcelḥa tuman is tga taɛṛabt, aya a f ur nẓḍaṛ ad nawi abdar ad am wanẓa is yad illa ism ad ɣ tutlayt n ayt unẓul amɣribi.
Aẓɣuṛ n yism "Aclḥiy" nɣ "Taclḥiyt" ur fllas illi umsasa, ilint mnnawt tannayin ɣ yimrsi ad. Amzwaru ad irar ixf i tsnaẓɣuṛt n tguri iga t ufṛansisWilliam de Slane ɣ usggʷas 1856. Zɣ aylli ittyussann ɣ akud ann inna mas d yucka ism ad zɣ tguri "Acluḥ" (Aamgut: Iclaḥ) lli isnamkn axyam ittyuskarn zɣ wazbaln n ulɣʷm (s tfṛansist: ...mot dérivé du nom berbère achlouh, au pluriel ichlah, qui signifie tente de poil de chameau.)
G 1905, iffɣ dAuguste Mouliéras s yat tannayt infln s imikk f tin umzwaru: "(Acluḥ) iga yat tgrtilt ittusgaddan s waẓẓmay, tuga n uggʷri (Esparto) nɣ d tiznirt, taqburt, ikkarran..." (sfṛansist: “natte en jonc, en alfa ou en palmier nain, vieille et déchirée”)[4].
G tannayt n Van Den Boogert, gant tsnaẓɣuṛin ad timrditin[5]. Ɣ mad iẓlin s tmzwarut, ibayn d is nit tlla tguri "Acluḥ" s unamk n "agiṭun" mac ar tettusmras ɣar ɣ tsgiwin ntqbaylit (Dzayr). Nnig n aya, Anamk amzwaru n tguri "Acluḥ" (mgt: iclaḥ) d aẓṭṭa n taḍut iḥṛcen, ig unamk "Axyam" ɣar asinan[6].
AmaraalimanJohann Wetzstein issfra mas iga uẓɣuṛ n tguri "Cluḥ" aɛṛab: "[...] Le nom schulûḥ signifie : “gueux, canailles de voleurs et de meurtriers”. [...] Ce mot désigne, dans la langue la plus ancienne, une longue branche d’arbre, et aujourd’hui encore, au Liban, une forte branche, tant sur l’arbre que coupée, se nomme schilḥ , pluriel schulûḥ . On transpose l’image sur des hommes rudes, grossiers, et à Damas on dit : “Levez-vous, vous êtes couchés là comme schulûḥ el-arab, des gourdins de bédouins.” Plus largement schilḥ signifie le voleur, ainsi qu’on le rencontre souvent dans les 1001 Nuits "[7]. Kra n isggʷasn ḍarat, rad yalsHans Stumme i tẓiṛt ad[8]. Mac, illa mad yannin is ur igi amẓlan ad nsiggil irm iẓlin s tɛṛabt tantalayt tamɣribit ɣ tɛṛabin tintlayin n ugmuḍ anmmas acku anamk n tguriwin zɣ uẓɣur [CLḤ] naḥya t kigan gr tutlayin tiɛṛabin.
Wiss kraḍ ad ifk tannayt nns d amara angliz Robert Cunninghame Graham ɣ 1898[9]. Inna fllas maya:"Shillah is the Arabic name for the Southern Berbers, i.e. of the Atlas and the Sahara; Shluoch, in Arabic, means “cast out,” and Shillah, the “cast out folk.” The Shillah call themselves Amazeight, i.e. the noble people. This difference of opinion as to nomenclature has been observed in other nations. […] The Arabs use neither the word “Tamazirght” nor the word “Berber,” but call the Berber tribes “Shillah,” that is, the “outcasts”; the verb is “Shallaha” and the term used for the speech Shluoch".[9]
Kra n imrzutn d imaratn nnan mas tga taguri taɛrabt d mas tga tsnamk "imxxarn", maccan ɣ tsga yaḍn wiyyaḍ ar ttinin is tga tamaziɣt, zun dMuḥammad Aqdim, lli innan ɣ yan umgrad nns, mas d ism n"Cluḥ", ɣ tillawt, iga ism aẓɣuṛan nna fkan imzdaɣn n Lmɣrib, imṣmudn ɣwaṭlas mqqurn ɣ tisgwin nMṛṛakc, tamazirt nSus dwaṭlas mẓẓiyn i yixfawn nnsn. Ɣ Tclḥit, amyag"Iclḥ" ila anamk n izdɣ bdda, zun iɣ tnnit"staqqṛ"[10]. Ɣaya ad aɣ yakkan mas d ism nCluḥ" iga tt middn lli d istaqṛn. Inna ula ɣ tirra nns is ur igi amẓlan ad nsiggl anamk n tguri ad ɣ imawaln n tutlayin yaḍnin[9].
G tannayt n Ṛacid Agrur, ixṣṣa ad zwar nqrru is d taguri taɛṛabt ad d nttnɛimil, ur d tamaziɣt, maccan ad tt nsiggil ɣ tɛṛabt taklasikt izgl. Ixṣṣa ad tt nsiggl ɣ tɛṛabt tantalant tamɣribit lli igan yat tutlayt iddrn, ittnfaln d tizi s unmgal n tɛṛabt taklasikt. Ɣ tɛṛabt tamɣribit ur llin kra n irimn yaḍn s uẓur "CLḤ" amr wid izdin d imaziɣn, aya ar immal is d taguri ad ijṛa as unfal imsisli zɣ /r/ s /l/ (rhotacisme). Amyag "Crrḥ" isnamkinciser, disséquer, iwa ɣ walln n imslɛṛabn, acku ar gis ttfhamn ɣar kra n imikk n tguriwin turḍilin, "Cclḥa" tga yat tutlayt taɛṛabt ibbin, ittugzzarn, ifrɣn aylliɣ ggamin ad sul gis fhmn kra[11].
Tuddma "a-" ɣAclḥiy tga azwir nna nẓḍaṛ ad naf ɣ tugt n tguriwin ticlḥiyin, ar nttafa azwir ad ɣ tutlayin timaziɣin s tɣarast ad nit, d stutlayin tifrusyawiyin s tɣarasin yaḍn yaẓn i umaɣnu nɣ talɣa ad. Tagara n-iy (itturḍal-d zɣuḍfir aɛṛab -iyy) ad ismuttgn ismawn d ifrisn. Llant awd kra n timzarayin yaḍnin ddu talɣa nAclḥay dTaclḥayt, s tgara n-ay ɣ udɣar n-iy ddu iḍiṣ n trgalt lli t id izwarnḥ[12]. Amagut nAclḥiy iga tIclḥiyn nɣiclḥay ; amma ism nns unti iga tTaclḥiyt, amagutTiclḥiyin nɣticlḥay. Amma sddarija nɣ taɛrabt tamɣribit, amsiwl amay igaCcəlḥ, amagutCcluḥ, d tutlaytCcəlḥa,[13] tawafuɣt tawtmant nTaclḥit.
Ɣ warratn iqburn n tutlayt Taclḥit, ar nn nttafa is tt inn tkka tutlayt tṭṭaf ismTamaziɣt nɣTamazixt. S umdya, isawl umara imqqurnAwzal (iddr g tuddma n tasut tis 18) fnnaḍm n Tmazixt ann ifulkin.[14]
Acku tmazirt nSus a ɣ bahra ggutn imsiwln n tutlayt ad, illa mad issmrasn ismTasusit (tutlayt n Sus) fad ad isawl f tutlayt Taclḥiyt. Amsiwl amay igaAsusiy, amagutIsusiyn, d yism untiTasusiyt, amagut nnsTisusiyin.
Ar ass-ad ur illi kra n uṣiḍn igaddan ittuyskarn f imsiwln n tutlayin timaziɣin ɣ tmazirt n Lmɣrib. Ɣ usit n Ethnologue, ɣ tẓrigt tis 17-20 (2014-2017) ibdr usit ad mas d amḍan n imsiwln nna d ifka uṣiḍn n Lmɣrib n usggas 2014, ar ittini mas isklm umḍan n imsiwln n tutlayt Taclḥit kra n 4 id mlyun lli igan 13% zɣ imzdaɣn n tmazirt. Amma ɣ tẓrigt tis 21 nns (2018), inna Ethnologue mas llan 7 id mlyun ɣ usggas n 2016 (war uɣbalu) lli igan 20% zɣ imzdaɣn. Iɣ nenna mas d tin 2016 ad iṣḥan, aṣiḍn n Lmɣrib n usggas 2014 islki bahra amḍan n imsiwln, acku icqqa nit ad tamnt masd tɣlid tigmiḍi n ismiwln n tutlayt ad s 7 tnqqiḍin gr 2014 d 2016. Ar ittini uṣiḍn lli ittuyskar ɣ 2016 mas d umḍan n imsiwln n taclḥit ɣ Lmɣrib iga 5 id mlyun lli igan 14% zɣ imzdaɣn[15], Macc tugt n middn ibayn asn umḍan ad ur izdi d lwaqiɛ d mas d amḍan imqqur bahra f wad lli d nnan[16].
Kra n iɣbula yaḍn ar daɣ akkan yan umḍan bahra imqqurn f walli yad nbdr, Stroomer (2001a) iḍkḍ is llan «gr 6 d 8 id mlyun» n imsiwln, s ɣik ad (2008) isslkm amḍan ad s «kra n 8 ar 9 id mlyun».[17] Stroomer ur ifki awd yan uɣbalu nna f ibna asutg nns.
Mqqar d amḍan n imsiwln n tutlayt taclḥit, slawann akkʷ irgazn, ar sawaln Taclḥit d Ddarija ula nttat, ur illi awd kra immaln mas d taclḥit amm tutlayt iddrn tettusmigl ɣ imal. S tmntilt n tmrniwt tudrift n umḍan n imzdaɣn n Lmɣrib ɣ isggʷasn ad ggʷranin (zɣ 12 id mlyun ɣ 1961 ar uggar n 33 id mlyun ɣ 2014), nẓḍaṛ ad nini mas d Taclḥit ass a sis isawal uṭṭun akkʷ imqqurn g umzruy nns.
| Tasga | Uṭṭun n imzdaɣn | Uṭṭun n imsiwln | Tigmiḍi |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sus-Masst-Dra | 3 094 985 | 1 717 139 | 61,9% |
| Agʷlmim-Ssmara | 425 211 | 182 695 | 47,8% |
| Mṛṛakc-Tansift-Lḥuz | 3 088 338 | 969 561 | 35,1% |
| Tadla-Azilal | 1 448 155 | 199 092 | 15,3% |
| Tasga | Uṭṭun n imzdaɣn | Uṭṭun n imsiwln | Tigmiḍi |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sus-Masst | 2 657 906 | 1 751 560 | 65.9% |
| Agʷlmim-Asif n Nun | 414 489 | 215 534 | 52.0% |
| Mṛṛakc-Asfi | 4 504 767 | 1 184 753 | 26.3% |
| Dra-Tafilalt | 1 627 269 | 357 999 | 22.0% |
| Bni Mllal-Xnifra | 2 512 375 | 266 311 | 10.6% |
Tantlayin ɣ ugns n tutlayt taclḥit ur jjun d nttnti ad tt inn ikkan gant imrsi n kra n usnubbc ɣ mad izrin, macc mnnaw n iminagn nnan mas d imsiwln n tantlayin kullu tnt n tutlayt taclḥit ẓḍaṛn ad myarmasn. Walli akkʷ izwarn iga Stumme, lli inẓan is d kulci imsiwln ufan ad rmsn ingrat sn,"acku tintlayin timdanin n tutlayt nnsn ur tnt bahra naḥya."[19] Mayad nit ad isddid mass Ḥmad Bukus, yan usnils amɣribi d umsiwl s tutlayt Taclḥit, lliɣ inna: "tṭṭaf Tclḥiyt yat tamunt tamdrut lli d ittajjan iclḥiyn ad sawaln d ingratsn bla awd kra n tmukrist, zɣ tmazirt n Iḥaḥan ɣ ugafa utrim ar Ayt Baɛmran ɣ yiffus utrim, zɣ Wactukn ɣ utaram ar Iznagn ɣ ugmuḍ, d zɣ Aqqa ɣ tiniri ar Tassawt ɣ uzaɣar n Mṛṛakc."[20]
Ur llin iwtta ibaynn mzyan gr tantalayin n tutlayt taclḥit d tantalayin ntamaziɣt n Waṭlas anammas. Azrig lli d isfrraqn gr tutlayin ad s sin illa ɣ kra mani gr uzgig llid ittawin zɣ Mṛṛakc ar Zagura, macc ar tinnin masd tqbilin n Iɣujdamn, Igliwa d Ayt Wawzgit walan i Tclḥiyt, d tiqbilin tiddjarin nnsn Inultan, Infdwak d Imɣran walan itamaziɣt n Waṭlas anammas.
Zun d tutlayin timaziɣin yadnin, Taclḥiyt ar tettyura s mnnaw igʷmmayn, macc agʷmmay amaziɣ-alatin ad bahra ittusmrasn ɣ tirra. Ama igʷmmayn iɛṛabn ar tn bahra nttafa ɣ tmzgadiwin tiqburin dar willi ɣranin ɣ skayl timslmin. Ɣil llan midn lli ittaran s ugʷmmay ntifinaɣ.
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Uran imzwura tamaziɣt s iskkiln ntfinaɣ d iskkiln n tɛṛabt d iskkiln n tlatinit maca ɣ usggʷas n 2003 iskcmusinag agldan n tussna tamaziɣt tifinaɣ ɣ uslmad n tmaziɣt; tdwl tifinaɣ tunṣibt ɣ umrruk.
Agmay n Talatint gis sin wanawn:
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Agmmay amaziɣ alatin nɣ Agmmay alatin n tmaziɣt nɣ akk Tamɛmmrit iga yan ugmmay alatini ittiwskar fad ad sis nttara tutlayin timaziɣin n ugafa zun d taclḥit, tarifit, taqbaylit d tacawit d wiyyaḍ zɣ isggʷasn 1840 Agʷmmay Amaziɣ Alatin iṭṭaf 23 iskkiln Ilatiniyen d 10 isekkilen yaḍn. Yiwi-d ugmmay ad ism n Tamɛmmrit, tajmilt iMulud Mɛemmri, nttan ad tn iɛdln.
Assmrs n ugʷmmay a ar t bahra nttafa dar wid iɣran tamaziɣt g tsdawin d dar kra n imɣnasn nna isnubbucn ɣ tmsnilst tamaziɣt. Kigan n idlisn iclḥiyn itrarn ttyaran is-s, niẓḍiṛ ula ad t-naf ɣ trubba n faysbuk d isitn n iclḥiyn.
Agʷmmay a ad issmras umata n ugdud ɣ wanṭirnit d itilfunn acku nttat a mi ssnn zɣ tɣri nnsn i tutlayt tafṛansist g tinmal. Tusi d tamakt ad n itrra ilugnn nns zɣ tfṛansist (s umdya: /c/ = ch, /ɣ/ = gh, /x/ = kh, atg) maca ur tṭṭif ilugnn ibiddn f msasan midden, ayad a f ar nttafa ku yan manmk dars tga.
Uran imḥḍaṛn n timzgadiwin n unẓul n lmɣrib s ugʷmmay aɛṛab, illin idllisn d arratn s iskkiln ad .
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Yuwi d uslmad Ɛumaṛ Affa lli igan aslmad ɣ tsdawit n Ṛṛbaṭ dffir isnubbucn lli iga f usntl "amzruy n warra amaziɣ s uskkil « aεṛab »" mas igaUmṛṛuk s umata ansa i uskkir n warratn s tutlayin tamaziɣin s tmzarayin nns akkʷ swa ɣSus nɣ dLaṭlas nɣ dRrif irnu isslkn ɣ yat tinawt iga ttusinag agldan n tussna tamaziɣt ɣ 2003 mas dSus ad igan tansbaɣurt uggar s wanaw ad n warratn. Aya yuwi t id, mk lli inna, wansa arakal lli illan dar tsga ad lli tt yujjan ad taggug f iḍiṣn inadafn aylli tt yujjan ad tḍuf kigan n uzug anutlay d unamun d udmsan d usrtan.
Awttas zɣ warratn lli skrn iclḥiyn n zikk ur igi tutlayt taclḥit s yixf nns macc d ad sslkmn tussna tasgdant i ugdud amaziɣ lli ikkan ur da ittakʷztaεṛabt, aya isfaw t mas amata ɣ warratn ad aɣn d iskkinn n usgd swa ɣ yigr n usumd nɣ ɣ yigr n uflas nɣ ɣ yigr n tikli n wasr nɣ isfra lli t ittalɣn, issuman t awd acku ur snzgumn imaratn ad s wanaw n tirra d ur srisn kra n ilugnn i usnmarra amaziɣ.
Kra n imdyatn zɣ warratn aɣ d yuwḍn :
Yuwi d uslmad Affa ɣ tinawt nns uttay n 25 n warra ttyaranin s tutlayt taclḥit, irnu uslmad ad mas d arrantn lli ittyamaẓn ɣUṛubba ttwaḥḍan ɣ Iks Un ɣ Rufans ɣFṛanṣa.
Zɣ warratn imaziɣn igan izaykutn lli ittyaskarn s tmaziɣt« Kitab al-asma » (Adlis n ismawn) lli igan yan usgzawal (msmun awal) amaziɣ aεṛab ittuɣuln s tasut tiss 12 n tlalit, ittyaskar usgzawal ad ɣ 1146 dat n tlalit, yara tu Tunart lli iluln ɣ 1085 dat tlalit immt ɣ 1172 (ur igi u Tumrt Amuwḥḥidi), tili ɣ warra ad 2500 n tguri tamaziɣt lli ɣ amunt 250 n wassaɣn n imɣayn, ig usgzawal ad yan zɣ isgzawaln akkʷ iqbrn ɣ umaḍal. Kkuẓ n warratn ad ufan n udlis ad, kraygat yan gisn ur irwas wayyaḍ. Munn kullu ɣ yan warra ig win tasut tis sat d mrawt ar tis snamrawt. Gan s kkuẓ itsn win umaraIbn Tunart. Tiss kkuẓt, talli akk gisn istawhman, gis uggar n 2.500 n ukccumn iɛrabn d usuɣl nnsn s taclḥit. Ikccumn ad smunntn ɛla ḥsab imrsi nnsn (tazzit n ufgan, imudar n tgmmi, imɣi ...).
Zɣ kullututlayin timaziɣin n ɣilad, ɣwalli akk iqrbn irwasn tamaziɣt taqburt tazaykut nna s yuraIbn Tunart adlis nns tga tt Taclḥit. Mayad ar itbayyan mzyan ɣ iwaliwn d tguriwin n umawal ad acku llan gisn kra n tguriwin nna ur aɣ tn tafat abla ɣ tutlayt taclḥit d ur llin ɣ tutlayin timaziɣin yaḍn, zun d:Aɣwy, Afulkiy, Asid, Tigmmi, Idgam dDar.
D llan daɣ kra n iwaliwn ɣ udlis ad nna ur llin ɣ taclḥit n ɣilad, wala ɣtutlayin timaziɣin yaḍn, zun d:Kasra (ɣar),Wala (bahra),Aysladd (abla).
Tikklt tamzwarut lli ɣ rad ittyura uglam n tjṛṛumt n tutlayt Taclḥit tga tt twuri n umsnils aliman Hans Stumme (1864–1936), lli d issufɣn adlis nnsHandbuch des Schilḥischen von Tazerwalt ɣ usggʷas n 1899. Tɣama-nn tjṛṛumt n Stumme aɣbalu n jṛṛumt n tutlayt Taclḥit lli akkʷ imqqurn i uzgn n tasut. Tamukrist lli s tinn ikkan ɣ ammas n igi nns iga tt asmrs n talsarit timsislit bahra icqqan, nna ittyskarn fad ad tg tamnɣudt, macc ur ar tlkkam ɣ tugt n twal ad tsml kra n usmdya amssusaɣ n imuɣna ittuysawaln. Isfɣ d Stumme ula yat tlknsit n tinfusin n Taclḥit (1895, ittuysnfl gis kra ɣ Stroomer 2002).
Amara wissin lli rad isawl f tutlayt ad iga tt Saɛid Sid Kawi (Saʿīd al-Sidqāwī, 1859-1910), amsiwl n yat zɣ tutlayin timaziɣin n Dzayr. Issufɣ d ɣ wakud ann yan umawal n Twarg (1894), ilmma yurri dar tutlayin timaziɣin n tmazirt nLmɣrib. Amawal nnsDictionnaire français-tachelh'it et tamazir't (1907) gis agudi n iwaliwn s tutlayt taclḥit d tmaziɣt n waṭlas anammas, d uggar n 20 tiwriqin n tiwinas ubɣirn. Arra ad ibayn is ittuyskar s yat tɣarast igan taddraft, iqqan d ad ittyuɣra s tɣḍft.
Di yiḍ n imnɣi amaḍlan amzwaru, tbayn d yat tdlist timskrt mẓẓiyn ittyuran s ifassn n yan ukapitan (mn bɛd rad yaḍu akulunil) Léopold-Victor Justinard (1878–1959), s uzwlManuel de berbère marocain (dialecte chleuh). Ar gis nttafa ubckil anjṛum igzzuln, yat tlknsit n tinfusin, n tmdyazt d umarg, d kra n imsawaln bahra istawhman, kullu tn munn d usuɣl nnsn. Ittyura udlis ad ɣ tizi lli ɣ tt inn ikka umara isala timhal tiɛṣkṛiyn ɣ tsga n Fas, imikk dffir usdurri afransawi (1912). Yura Justinard ula mnnaw n idlisn izdin d umzruy n tmazirt n Sus.
Emile Laoust (1876–1952), tamarat takffaḍt lli yuran kigan n idlisn d imgradn izdin d tutlayin timaziɣin, tssufɣ d ɣ 1921 adlis nnsCours de berbère marocain (taẓrigt tis snat tettusmɣur g 1936), gis aslmd n tjṛṛumt d timssirdin itcqqun imikk a s imikk d iwaliwn isgumann, iḍṛiṣn ifulkin (ur lan usuɣl) d yat talgamt n tguriwin.
Isbuɣla bahra Edmond Destaing (1872-1940) tussniwin n umawal n taclḥit s udlis nnsEtude sur la tachelḥît du Soûs. Vocabulaire français-berbère (1920) d udlis nTextes berbères en parler des Chleuhs du Sous (Maroc). Inna Destaing mas rad iswuri ɣ yan usnubbc izdin d tajṛṛumt taclḥiyt, macc xtad iggʷran ur rad jjun tẓṛ tufawt.
Issufɣ d akumunḍun Robert Aspinion adlis nApprenons le berbère: initiation aux dialectes chleuhs (1953), lli igan yan udlis islmadn tajṛṛumt tanɣmast, mac ur trwi ukan yan imikk. Tilsaritin rxan macc gan imnɣad n Aspinion ḥidn ingrawn imsislitn d ifransawiyn iqdimn.
Ama Tikklt tamzwarut lli ɣ rad gis ittyuskar uglam s tutlayt tanglizt iga ttOutline of the Structure of Shilha (1958) n umara amirikani Joseph Applegate (1925–2003). Iswuri f wawal n imsiwln n ayt Sidi Ifni, ittyura udlis s yat tmamkt ur bahra iḥlin nna s icqqa ad t sis tɣrt, abla yan umawal lli d ibayn mzyan. Tirsalitin lli gis illan ur bahra msackan d wawal n taclḥit yɛni ur tettuyskar mzyan.
Adlis waḥdu t nna ɣ tlla tjṛṛumt n tutlayt Taclḥit d nna ittyuran ddu usati asnils atrar iga ttLe Berbère (1988) n umaraLionel Galand (1920–2017), asnils afṛansis d umsnils amẓṛmaziɣ. Amara ad ixdm kigan ɣ udlis nns f wawal n ɣccan ɣ idrarn n waṭlas mẓẓiyn, iskr asn ula asmzazal d tqbaylit n Dzayr, d tatwargit n Nijr.
Tutlayt Taclḥit tṭṭaf kraḍ iɣritn imslicann, nna ɣ tiɣzi ur tgi aṣḍḍaṛ imsfru. Ar mmaln iɣritn yat lgamme igan abaraw bahra n imslinyen. Aɣri /a/ art bahra tnṭaqn s [a] nɣ [æ], d /u/ tettuynṭaq bla awd kra n ukrnay anmɣur abla iɣ tettrs taman kra nw. Tilit n kra n targalt afarign da tɣr i asufɣ imslmms uggar n uɣri, zun d ɣ tguri nkraḍ [krɐdˤ],kkuẓ [kkɤzˤ],sḍis [sdˤɪs] (smzazal atyan [jæn],sin [sin] dsmmus [smmʊs] )
| Adffiran | Anammas | Adffran | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Urgil | i | u | |
| Uṛẓim | a |
Ar d tbayyan kra n iɣritn imslicann yaḍnin ɣ iwaliwn imaynutn lli d ikkan tutlayin yaḍnin, s umdya / o / zun d ɣrristora "restaurant" (n tfransist).
Abla kraḍ iɣritn imslican ad, llan kra n iɣritn inkliyn ur gin imslican, nna s ttussan s yism n "schwa". Ɣ tugt n imdyatn, aɣri n tukkit ar nttiẓḍur ad as nssld dffir tuddma n kra n tafirt war aɣri CC nɣ CCC, iɣ tga yat ɣ tirgalin timawayn, nɣ sin itsn, ttuyssladn[21], s umdyatigemmi [tigĭmmi],ameḥḍar [amɐ̆ʜdˤɐr]. Ɣ ammas n twuri n tilsaritin timsislitn lli d skrn Stumme (1899) d Destaing (1920, 1940), tugt n iɣritn inkliyn ad ttyumlan.
kra n imaratn yaḍnin dffir mayad zun d Aspinion (1953), sxddmn tamatart ⟨e⟩ fad ad ṛcmn adɣar nna ɣ ittuẓḍar ad gis ttusflad kra n uɣri n tukkit, mknna tga taɣara nns, d ar ttaran ula ⟨e⟩ nɣ ɣ tilawt awd yan uɣri, mqqar akk tad igzzuln, ur aɣ tettuysflad. S umdyaakessab [akssæb] nɣar icetta [ar iʃtta]. Tamatart ⟨e⟩, ar as ttinin "schwa", zun d talli d isxdm Aspinion d wiyyaḍ yaḍnin, tuɣal d anagraw awnɣan ka ittuysxdamn fad ad iml masd targalt lli t iḍfarn tlla ɣ tuddma n tafirt: [ak⟨e⟩s.sab], [a.ri.š⟨e⟩t.ta]. Mklli s iẓṛa Galand, Asnqḍ n «schwa» ikka d «tamyurt tabṛṛanit n Taclḥit». D mk lli s t daɣ imla s tɣarast yaḍn Ridouane (2008), iɣritn inkliyn nɣ «vocoïdes intrusifs» ur akk imkin ad asn nfk aẓayr n aɣri apanṭatik. Ilmma yuf ad akk ur nttara iɣritn inkliyn d « schwa », d ad nttara iɣritn s tamamkt igan timsislit, mk lli nit iskr Galand (1988) ɣ tiẓrigin kulltn n iḍṛiṣn imaynutn.
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Tṭṭaf tclḥiyt 33 n trgalin timslicanin. Tṭṭf tirgalin timsnkrin (“Tuffayin”) d trgalin tuglanin tirsitanin zun d tutlayin timaziɣin yaḍn d tɛṛabt. Illa unuḥyu gr uraran ittwancucn d ururan udrizn irsitann. Tussda n trgalin tga tanmyẓlayt.
Tafliwt ddaws da tmmal tirgalin s tlsarit talatint tanawayt. Ɣinna g ur tmsasa tlsarit d usnmarra n IPA rad tafim tamzwarut gr taskiwin.
| Ancucan | Uglan | Imḍfṛ-udlugl | Unɣan | Ulɣiwan | Ilḍṭan | Ankaran | Agranzazan | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| arsitan | ankaran | arsitan | attwancuc | arsitan | attwancuc | |||||||
| Anzran | m | n | ||||||||||
| Aggaɣ | arimɣr | t | tˤ ⟨ṭ⟩ | k | kʷ | q | qʷ | |||||
| imɣr | b | d | dˤ ⟨ḍ⟩ | g | gʷ | |||||||
| Ameryan | arimɣr | f | s | sˤ ⟨ṣ⟩ | ʃ ⟨š⟩ | χ ⟨x⟩ | χʷ ⟨xʷ⟩ | ʜ ⟨ḥ⟩ | ||||
| imɣr | z | zˤ ⟨ẓ⟩ | ʒ ⟨ž⟩ | ʁ ⟨ɣ⟩ | ʁʷ ⟨ɣʷ⟩ | ʢ ⟨ɛ⟩ | ɦ ⟨h⟩ | |||||
| Aznaɣri | l | lˤ ⟨ḷ⟩ | j ⟨y⟩ | w | ||||||||
| Asmamay | r | rˤ ⟨ṛ⟩ | ||||||||||
| Asnmarra alatin | Azal asnmsli (IPA) | Aglam |
|---|---|---|
| m | m | imɣr asincucan anzran |
| n | n̪ | imɣr uglan anzran |
| t | t̪ | arimɣr uglan aggaɣ |
| ṭ | t̪ˤ | arimɣr isnkr uglan aggaɣ |
| k | k | arimɣr adatulwiɣ aggaɣ |
| kʷ | kʷ | arimɣr attwancuc adatulwiɣ aggaɣ |
| q | q | arimɣr ilḍṭan aggaɣ |
| qʷ | qʷ | arimɣr attwancuc ilḍṭan aggaɣ |
| b | b | imɣr asincucan aggaɣ |
| d | d̪ | imɣr uglan aggaɣ |
| ḍ | d̪ˤ | imɣr imsnkr uglan aggaɣ |
| g | ɡ | imɣr adatulwiɣ aggaɣ |
| gʷ | ɡʷ | imɣr attwancuc adatulwiɣ aggaɣ |
| f | f | arimɣr ancuglan amryan |
| s | s̪ | arimɣr uglan amryan |
| ṣ | s̪ˤ | arimɣr imsnkr uglan amryan |
| š | ʃ | arimɣr imḍfr-udlugl amryan |
| x | χ | arimɣr ilḍṭan amryan |
| xʷ | χʷ | arimɣr attwancuc ilḍṭan amryan |
| ḥ | ʜ | arimɣr ankaran amryan |
| z | z̪ | imɣr ankaran amryan |
| ẓ | z̪ˤ | imɣr imsnkr uglan amryan |
| ž | ʒ | imɣr imḍfr-udlugl amryan |
| ɣ | ʁ | imɣr ilḍṭan amryan |
| ɣʷ | ʁʷ | imɣr attwancuc ilḍṭan amryan |
| ɛ | ʢ | imɣr ankaran amryan nɣ d amaɣlal aramray |
| h | ɦ | imɣr agranzazan amryan nɣ d amaɣlal aramray |
| l | l̪ | imɣr uglan imidis amaɣlal aramray |
| ḷ | l̪ˤ | imɣr imsnkr uglan imidis amaɣlal aramray |
| y | j | imɣr anɣan amaɣlal aramray |
| w | w | imɣr anculwiɣan amaɣlal aramray |
| r | r̪ | imɣr uglan asmamay |
| ṛ | r̪ˤ | imɣr imsnkr uglan asmamay |
Iznaɣritn /w/ d /y/ lan imsliḍn inaɣritnu di gr trgalin (C_C) d gr trgalin d tirisa (C_# d #_C). S tmamkt immrwasn, ẓḍaṛn iɣritn urgiln /u/ d /i/ ad ilin imsliḍn uraglannw dy bac ad anfn i tilɣit. Aya a f llan, ɣ umata n tantlayin[22], ɣ yan ubṭṭu ansmad d iɣritn urgiln, iznaɣritn ittilin am 'Onset' nɣ 'Coda', d iɣritn urgiln am 'nucleus' ɣ kra n tfrit. Abṭṭu ad ajumman n iznaɣritn d iɣritn urgiln da irggs aẓayr nnsn am kkuẓ ifunimn nna naḥya, ilin akkʷ kra n imsnilsn lkmn gis ad kksn aẓayr imslican i /w/ d /y/[23].
Assumr f kkuẓ ifunimn is sbzziznt fllaɣ iznaɣritn d iɣritn urgiln lli ẓḍaṛnin ad jṛun ɣ yan usartu, ɣ yan unmala amẓli n umawal, s umdyatazwdit,tahruyt (ur d*tazduyt,*tahrwit). Nnig n aya, iznaɣritn /w/ d /y/, zun d tirgal yaḍnin, ar ttiɣzifn, zun ɣafawwu,tayyu[24]. Turda n kkuẓ ifunimn ar aɣ takka ula yan uglam imṛwi n tsnalɣa[25].
illa umyẓli gr trgal tifrdisin d tarfrdisin (ilan tussda nɣ iɣzzafn):
Tussda d usɣzf ar tturarn yan tilalt ɣ tsnalɣa n ismawn d imyagn:
S umnzay, kraygat targalt tẓḍaṛ ad tili tussda nɣ asɣzf, mqqarxxʷ dṛṛ ur jjun as nufi tugga (unattested). Ar ttilin iggaɣn ilḍṭann ɣar g tussda nɣ asɣzf (qq, qqʷ)[26].
Kkuẓt trgal, tṭṭaf ku yat gisnt sin igdazaln ussidn, yan saswa t, yan naḥya t (ɣ tmsislit):
Ɣ tarayt taqburt akkʷ n tsnalɣa, ar bdda nttafa is dṭṭ,ggʷ,qq,qqʷ ad igan igdazaln ussidn nɣ iɣzzafn nḍ,w,ɣ,ɣʷ:
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Nẓḍar ad nsnaḥya gr kraḍ wanawn n yismawn s tsnalɣa nnsn, sin gan iṛṣliyn d yan ubṛṛani:
Ismiln ilɣasnayn nna intayn gan tn wanaw (gender), uṭṭun d waddad.
Ismawn unfiln ad igan asrtu lli bahra iggutn. Nẓḍar ad tn nakʷz s trxawt sɣ twila nnsn tabṛṛanit: Ar bddun s uzwir asmawan ilan tawila (t)V-:
Ismawn unfiln da snuḥyun gr sin wanawn, amay d wunti; Sin wuṭṭunn, asuf (nɣ amyiwn) d umagut, d sin waddadn, addad ilelli (s tfṛansist:état libre, asgzl:EL) d waddad amaruz (s tfṛansist:état d’annexion, asgzl:EA).
Azwir asmawan ur dars awd kra ukttur ansmakan, ar gis ittili yan nɣ sin ifrdisn s sin itsn, yan uzwir n wanaw d yan uzwir anaɣri. Ẓḍarn isufn untiyn ad ad ṭṭfn uḍfir n wanaw dɣ nttan. S umdya, iṭṭaf yismTazdwit azwir n wuntit-, azwir anaɣria- d wuḍfir n wunti-t nna ittyurnan f ufggagzdwi. Ismawn unfiln untiyn ar bdda ttṭṭfn azwir n wunti, maca ismawn imayn isufn ur ar ttṭṭfn azwir n wanaw g waddad ilelli (EL); s umdya, ur illi uzwir n wanaw ɣabaɣuɣ, macc illa gis ɣar azwir anaɣria- lli ittyurnan i ufggag asmawanbaɣuɣ.
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Kra n tguriwin nna d ikkan tutlayt taɛrabt d kra n tguriwin nna immrwasn ɣ tclḥit d tutlayt taɛibrit d tutlayt talatinit d tutlayt taṣbnyulit :
| Taclḥit | Taɛrabt | Taclḥit | Taɛibrit | Taclḥit | Talatinit | Taclḥit | Taṣbnyulit | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| afrran | frran فران | agadir | gadir גָּדֵר | afullus | Pullus | acaqqur | Segur | |||
| aḥddad | ḥddad حداد | aẓalim | bslim בצלים | asnus | Asinus | lficṭa | Fiesta | |||
| axmmas | xmmas خماس | aɣanim | qanim קנים | alili | Lilium | sskwila | Escuela | |||
| agzzar | jazzar جزار | lmd | lmud ללמוד | taɣawsa | Causa | cmrir | Sombrero | |||
| acṭṭab | cṭṭab شطاب | abaw | Faba | acnti | Centeno |
Kra n izwiln nna mmrwasnin d tutlayin tisamiyin :
| Taclḥiyt | Tigrinya | Tafuniqt | Taɛṛabt |
| semmus | ḥammuš- | ḥmš | xams- |
| sḍis | šɨdɨš- | šš | sitt- (Amḍan amsuds: sādis) |
| sa | šobʕat- | šbʕ | sabʕ- |
| tam, ttam | šommon- | šmn | θamān- |
| tẓẓa, ttẓa | tɨšʕat- | tšʕ | tisʕ- }- |
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Llan kraḍt tgrummawin n imqqimn inimann:
Nnig n aya, llant daɣ snat tgrummawin tinafuɣin nna ɣ llan imqqimn ilan uḍfiṛn (abla i umzwaru amyiwn):
Tawsit tettuymla ɣ tis snat tamyiwnt d tis snat d tis kṛaḍt tamagutt. Tawsit ur tettuymla ɣ tis kṛaḍt tamyiwnt d tamzwarut tamagutt. Tawsit ur jju ittuymla ɣ umzwaru amyiwn.
| Iklitikn n tɣawsa tusridt | Taɣawsa tusridt clitics | Uḍfiṛn | Taɣawsa tarusridt Iklitikn | Imili Ismmudn | ||
| 1 | sg. | nkki(n) | yyi | V-Ø / C-i | yyi | V nw / C inw |
| 2 | sg.m. | kyyi(n) | k | -k | a-k | nn-k |
| sg.f. | kmmi(n) | km | -m | a-m | nn-m | |
| 3 | sg.m. | ntta(n) | t | -s | a-s | nn-s |
| sg.f. | nttat | tt / stt | ||||
| 1 | pl.m | nkkʷni(n) | aɣ | -nɣ | a-ɣ | nnɣ |
| pl.f | nkkʷnti(n) | |||||
| 2 | pl.m. | kʷnni(n) | kʷn | V-wn / C-un | a-wn | nn-un |
| pl.f. | kʷnnimti(n) | kʷnt | V-wnt / C-unt | a-wnt | nn-unt | |
| 3 | pl.m. | nttni(n) | tn | -sn | a-sn | nn-sn |
| pl.f. | nttnti(n) | tnt | -snt | a-snt | nn-snt | |
| ∅ = walu amurfim | ||||||
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Taguri turḍilt taqburt akkʷ nna ittwssann dtiyni (cf. Tamaceɣttehäyne, Taɣdimstaβēna), zɣ Tamiṣṛit-taqubṭit (cf. Taqubṭitbnne, beni, benni). Tkka tt inn tfuniqt-tabuniqt, tga tutlayt n ugafa utrim, ar tettyusawal ɣ kra n igzzumn n tfriqt n ugafa, slawan akkʷ g tuns tatrart, ar tasuta tis 5 Ḍart n tlalit n Ɛisa. Tiguriwin turḍilin tibuniqin da tn nttafa ɣ mnnawt tutlayin timaziɣin, gratsnt Tacelḥiyt. Imdyatn:
Irwas is iga umyaglmd dɣ ntta urḍil zɣ tbuniqt (cf. Hebrew).Irwas is d ikcm yismuday s tutlayin timaziɣin zg tutlayt taramayt lli s sawaln wudayn imzwagn imzwura ɣ Tfriqt n Ugafay (cf.yūdāy-ā Taramayt-Tasiryant mgl.yehûdî Taɛibrit,yahūdī Taɛṛabt; Ism aramay ad tkka tguri tagriktἰουδαῖος, d tlatintiūdaeus). Illa ma mi umann wuṭṭunn zg 5 ar 9 is gan urḍiln isamiyn. Igdazaln g Tfuniqt-tabuniqt d Tɛṛabt ur gisn yuman is d nttni ad igan aɣablu nnsn. Ha asmzazal:-{
| Taclḥit | Tigrinya | Tafiniqit | Taɛrabt | |
| 5 | smmus | ḥammuṣ- ḥammuš- | ḥmṣ ḥmš | xams- xams- |
| 6 | sḍis | ṣidiṣ- šɨdɨš- | ṣṣ šš | sitt- sitt- |
| 7 | sa | ṣubɛat šobʕat- | ṣbɛšbʕ | sabɛ- sabʕ- |
| 8 | tam | ṣummun- šommon- | ṣmn šmn | taman- θamān- |
| 9 | tẓa | tiṣɛat- tɨšʕat- | tṣɛ tšʕ | tisɛ- tisʕ- |
Yat tmzarayt n Tlatint/Taṛumanst tkka tt inn ar tettyusawal g ugafa n Lmɣrib ar yan wakud yaẓn i ukcam n lislam. Turḍilin sɣ tlatint d Tṛumanst tazaykut gisnt:
Ar nttssn tiguriwin d ikkan taṛumant tamaẓuẓt s ugdazal nns,s n tṛumanst tamaẓuẓt ar tturruyš, tin tṛumanst tazaykut da ttɣamas. Ittyuɣal Is d kcmnt turḍilin ad zg Tibiru-ṛumanst, lliɣ dids llan imsiwln s tmaziɣt ɣ wawaḍ ɣ Wandalus (Ṣbanya tanslmt). Kra n imdyatn:
Ibdr Destaing yat tutlayt tamdrugt igan s yisminman nɣtadubirt nna s sawaln «kra n middn ɣ Sus, slawann akkʷ tarwa d ayt Sidi Ḥmad u Musa». Ifka yan umdya:is kn tusat inman? "is da tsawalt tutlayt tamdrugt ?"
Snat tutlayin timdrugn ttuysawaln dar timɣarin ticlḥiyin ad inna Lahrouchi d Ségéral (2009). Ar as ttinintagnawt (id ikkanagnaw "walli ur da isslid") dtaɛẓmiyt (id ikkan ddarijaɛəẓmiya "tutlayt tabṛṛanit") nɣtaqqẓmiyt. Ar sxdamn kigan n tizigztt fad ad sntln tutlayt awal amagnu.
 | Ẓṛ ulaTaclḥit ɣWikimawal lli illan ɣWikimidya Incubator |
 | Amnni ad igaamud izdin dTutlayin, isul imẓẓiy. Aws i Wikipidya susnfl nns, tssimɣurt t. |
