Introduction to Islamic societies

pt. I. The beginnings of Islamic civilizations : the Middle East from c.600 to c.1000

1. Middle Eastern societies before Islam

Ancient, Roman and Persian empires

The Roman Empire

The Sasanian Empire

Religion and society before Islam

Religions and empires

Women, family, and society / with Lena Salaymeh

Marriage, divorce, and sexual morality

Property and inheritance

Seclusion and veiling

The preaching of Islam

2. Historians and the sources

3. Arabia

Clans and kingdoms

Mecca

Language, poetry, and the gods

4. Muhammad : preaching, community, and state formation

The life of the Prophet

The Quran

The Judeo-Christian and Arabian heritage

Community and politics

Conclusion : the umma of Islam

The Arab-Muslim Imperium (632-945)

5. Introduction to the Arab-Muslim empires

6. The Arab-Muslim conquests and the socioeconomic bases of empire

The conquests

The administration of the new empire

7. Regional developments : economic and social change

Iraq

Syria and Mesopotamia

Egypt

Iran

The integration of conquering and conquered peoples

Conversions to Islam

Arabic and other Middle Eastern languages

8. The caliphate to 750

The Rightly Guided Caliphs

The Umayyad monarchy (661-685) The imperial caliphate : the Marwanids (685-750)

The crisis of the dynasty and the rise of the 'Abbasids

9. The "Abbassid Empire

Baghdad

'Abbasid administration : the central government

Provincial government

Local government

Resistance and rebellion

10. Decline and fall of the 'Abbasid Empire

The decline of the central government

Provincial autonomy and the rise of independent states

Cosmopolitan Islam : the Islam of the imperial elite

11. Introduction : religion and identity

12. The ideology of imperial Islam

Umayyad architecture

The desert palaces

The Umayyads and the ancient empires

Islam and iconoclasm

13. The 'Abbasids : caliphs and emperors

The caliphate and Islam

The inquisition

Architecture and court ceremony

The Arabic humanities

Persian literature

Hellenistic literature and philosophy

Culture, legitimacy, and the state

Urban Islam : the Islam of scholars and holy men

14. Introduction

15. Sunni Islam

The veneration of the Prophet

Early Muslim theology

Ashʻarism

Scripturalism : Quran, hadith, and law / with Lena Salaymeh)

Law in the seventh and eighth centuries

Tradition and law : hadith

Reasoned opinion versus traditionalism

The schools of law

Asceticism and mysticism (Sufism)

16. Shiʻi Islam

Ismaʻili Shiʻism

Women, families, and communities

17. Muslim urban societies to the tenth century

Women and family / with Lena Salaymeh

Women and family in the lifetime of the Prophet

Women and family in the Caliphal era

Property and inheritance

Urban communities

18. The non-Muslim minorities

The early Islamic era

Islamic legislation for non-Muslims

Christians and Christianity

Early Islamic era to the ninth century

Christian literature in Arabic

Crusades a nd reaction

The Egyptian Copts

Christians in North Africa

Jews and Judaism / with David Moshfegh

Egyptian and North African Jews : the Geniza era

The yeshivas and rabbinic Judaism

The nagid

Jewish culture in the Islamic context

19. Continuity and change in the historic cultures of the Middle East

Religion and empire

Conclusion. pt. II. From Islamic community to Islamic society : Egypt, Iraq, and Iran, 945-c.1500

20. The post-'Abbasid Middle Eastern state system

Iraq, Iran, and the eastern provinces

The Saljuq Empire, the Mongols, and the Timurids

The western regions

Fatimid Egypt

Syria and the Crusades

The Mamluk empire

Military slavery

The iqtaʻ system and Middle Eastern feudalism

Royal courts and regional cultures : Islam in Persian garb

The post-'Abbasid concept of the state

21. Muslim communities and Middle Eastern societies : 1000-1500 CE

Women and family : ideology versus reality / with Lena Salaymeh

Royal women

Women of urban notable families

Working women and popular culture

Jurisprudence and courts

Urban societies : the quarters and the markets

Religious communities

Shiʻis

Schools of law

Sufis

Islamic institutions and a mass Islamic society

Muslim religious movements and the state

22. The collective ideal

Sunni theory

Mirrors for princes

The philosopher-king

23. The personal ethic

Normative Islam : scripture, Sufism, and theology

Sufism in the post-'Abbasid era

Al-Ghazali : his life and vision

Theology

Alternative Islam : philosophy an gnostic and popular Sufism

Islamic philosophy and theosophy

Ibn al-ʻArabi

Popular Sufism : the veneration of saints

Dialogues within Islam

24. Conclusion : Middle Eastern Islamic patterns

Imperial Islamic society

States and communities in a fragmented Middle East

Coping with the limits of worldly life

State and religion in the medieval Islamic paradigm. pt. III. The global expansion of Islam from the seventh to the nineteenth centuries

25. Introduction : Islamic institutions

Conversion to Islam

North Africa and the Middle East

Turkish conquests and conversions in Anatolia, the Balkans, the Middle East, Inner Asia, and India

Conversions in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa

Muslim elites and Islamic communities

The reform movement

Social structures of Islamic societies

Islamic states

26. Islamic North Africa to the thirteenth century

Muslim states to the eleventh century

The Fatimid and Zirid empires and the Banu Hilal

The Almoravids and the Almohads

Scholars and Sufis : Islamic religious communities

27. Spanish-Islamic civilization

Hispano-Arabic society / with David Moshfegh

Hispano-Arabic culture

the Reconquista

Muslims under Christian rule

The Jews in Spain / with David Moshfegh

The synthesis of Arabic, Hebrew, and Latin cultures

The breakdown of convivencia / with David Moshfegh

The expulsion of the Jews from Spain and Portugal / with David Moshfegh

Jews in North Africa

The expulsion of the Muslims / with David Moshfegh

28. Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco from the thirteenth to the nineteenth centuries

Tunisia

Algeria

Morocco : the Marinid and Saʻdian states

the ʻAlawi dynasty to the French protectorate

29. States and Islam : North African variations

Islam in Asia

30. Introduction : empires and societies

31. The Turkish migrations and the Ottoman Empire

Turkish-Islamic states in Anatolia (1071-1243)

The rise of the Ottoman (c.1280-1453) : from ghazi state to empire

The Ottoman world empire

The patrimonial regime : fifteenth and sixteenth centuries

The janissaries and civil and religious administration

Ottoman law / with Lena Salaymeh

Provincial government

Royal authority, cultural legitimization, and Ottoman identity

The Ottoman economy

rulers and subjects : Jews and Christians in the Ottoman Empire

Jews

Greek Orthodox and Armenian Christians

Coptic Christians

Christians in the Ottoman Near East

Muslim communities

Women and family in the Ottoman era (1400-1800) / with Lena Salaymeh

The Ottoman legal system and the family

Freedom and slavery

Family and sexuality

32. The postclassical Ottoman Empire : decentralization, commercialization, and incorporation

New political institutions

Networking

Power, ideology, and identity

Center and periphery

33. The Arab provinces under Ottoman rule

Egypt

The Fertile Crescent

34. The Safavid Empire

The origins of the Safavids

Iran under the early Safavids

The reign of Shah ʻAbbas

The conversion of Iran to Shiʻism

State and religion in late Safavid Iran

The dissolution of the Safavid Empire. 35. The Indian subcontinent : the Delhi sultanates and the Mughal Empire

The Muslim conquests and the Delhi sultanates

Conversion and Muslim communities

The varieties of Indian Islam

Muslim holy men and political authority

The Mughal Empire and Indian culture

Authority and legitimacy

The decline of the Mughal Empire

The reign of Aurangzeb (r.1658-1707)

Islam under the Mughals

The international economy and the British Indian Empire

36. Islamic empires compared

Asian empires as Islamic states

37. Inner Asia from the Mongol conquests to the nineteenth century

the western and northern steppes

Turkestan (Transoxania, Khwarizm, and Farghana)

Eastern Turkestan and China

38. Islamic societies in Southeast Asia

Pre-Islamic Southeast Asia

The coming of Islam

Portuguese, Dutch, and Muslim states

Java : the state, the 'ulama' and the peasants

The crisis of imperialism and Islam on Java : 1795-1830

Aceh

Malaya

Minangkabau

Islam in Africa

39. The African context : Islam, slavery, and colonialism

40. Islam in Sudanic, savannah, and forest West Africa

The kingdoms of the western Sudan

Mali

Songhay

The central Sudan : Kanem and Bornu

Hausaland

Non-state Muslim communities in West Africa : merchants and religious lineages

Zaway lineages : the Kunta

Merchants and missionaries in the forest and coastal regions

Senegambia

41. The West African jihads

The Senegambian jihads

ʻUthman don Fodio and the Sokoto Caliphate

the jihad of al-Hajj ʻUmar

The late nineteenth-century jihads

Jihad and conversion

42. Islam in East Africa and the European colonial empires

Sudan

Darfur

The coastal cities and Swahili Islam

Ethiopia and Somalia

Central Africa

colonialism and the defeat of Muslim expansion

Conclusion

43. The varieties of Islamic societies

44. The global context

The inner spaces of the Muslim world

The Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean

The desert as ocean : Inner Asia and the Sahara

The rise of Europe and the world economy

European trade, naval power, and empire

European imperialism and the beginning of the modern era. pt. IV. The modern transformation : Muslim peoples from the nineteenth to the twenty-first centuries

45. Introduction : imperialism, modernity, and the transformation of Islamic societies

Islamic reformism

Islamic modernism

Nationalism

Patterns of response and resistance

The contemporary Islamic revival

Nationalism and Islam in the Middle East

46. The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and modernization of Turkey

The partition of the Ottoman Empire

Ottoman reform

The Young Ottomans

The Young Turks

World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire

Republican Turkey

The Turkish Republic under Ataturk

The post-World War II Turkish Republic

Islam in Turkish politics : 1950-1983

Islam and the state : 1983-2000

The AKP : a new synthesis and a new governing party

the current state of Turkish politics

47. Iran : state and religion in the modern era

Qajar Iran : the long nineteenth century

The constitutional crisis

Twentieth-century Iran : the Pahlavi era

The 'ulama' and the revolution

The Islamic Republic

Islam and the state

48. Egypt : secularism and Islamic modernity

The nineteenth-century reforming state

British colonial rule

Egyptian resistance : from Islamic modernism to nationalism

The liberal republic

The Nasser era

Sadat and Mubarak

The Islamic revival

Secular opposition movements-

Revolution and reaction

49. The Arab East : Arabism, military states, and Islam

Notables and the rise of Arab nationalism

Arabism and Arab states in the colonial period

Syria

Lebanon

Iraq to 1958

Transjordan and Jordan

The struggle for Arab unit and the contemporary Fertile Crescent states

Syria

Iraq

Lebanon

The Palestinian movement and the struggle for Palestine

Zionists and Palestinians to 1948

The Palestinian movement and Israel from 1948 to the 1990s

Toward a two-state solution?

50. The Arabian Peninsula

Yemen

Union of the two Yemens

Islam and the state

Saudi Arabia

Political and religious opposition

Foreign policy

The Gulf states

Oman

Kuwait

Bahrain

Qatar

United Arab Emirates

Arab states, nationalism, and Islam

51. North Africa in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries

Algeria

The French occupation

The rebirth of Algerian resistance : to the end of World War II

The drive to independence and the Algerian revolution

Independent Algeria

Tunisia

The colonial era

Independent Tunisia : from the 1950s to the present

Morocco

Under colonial rule

Independent Morocco

Libya

Islam in state ideologies and opposition movements : the Middle East and North Africa

52. Women in the Middle East : nineteenth to twenty-first centuries / with Lena Salaymeh

Imperialism and reform in the nineteenth century

Changes in family law

Women's secular education

Labor and social and political activism

Post-World War I nation-states

Turkey

Iran

Egypt from the 1920s to the present

Post-World War II Arab states

Education, work, and social activism in the Arab countries

Changing social mores

Islamism and feminism

Western gaze and obsession with veiling

Twenty-first century revolutions. Islam and secularism in Central and Southern Asia

53. Muslims in Russia, the Caucasus, Inner Asia, and China

The Caucasus and Inner Asia under Tsarist rule

Islamic reform and modernism : the jadid movement

The revolutionary era and the formation of the Soviet Union

Soviet modernization

The pre-world War II era

Post-World War II

Post-Soviet Russia

The Caucasus

Azarbayjan

Newly independent states in formerly Soviet Central Asia

The Muslims of China

54. The Indian subcontinent : India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh

From the Mughal Empire to the partition of the Indian subcontinent

Muslim militancy from Plassey to 1857

From the Mutiny to World War I

From cultural to political action

From elite to mass politics

The Pakistan movement

The Muslims of post-partition India

Pakistan

Foreign policy

Afghanistan

Bangladesh

55. Islam in Southeast Asia : Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines

Dutch rule and economic development in the Indies

Southeast Asian responses to Dutch rule

Islamic traditionalism and revolt

The priyayi, the merchant elites, nationalism, and Islamic modernism

The conservative reaction

Islamic and secular nationalist political parties : 1900-1950

The Indonesian Republic

Sukarno and a secular Indonesia : 1955-1965

The Suharto regime : state and Islam, 1965-1998

Indonesian Islam : 1998 to the present

British Malaya and independent Malaysia

The Malaysian state and Islam in a multiethnic society

The Philippines

Islam in twentieth-century Africa

56. Islam in West Africa

Colonialism and independence : African states and Islam

West African Muslim-majority countries

Mali

Mauritania

Senegal

Nigeria : a divided society

Muslims in other West African states

57. Islam in East Africa

Sudan

Independent Sudan

Military rule

Civil war

Somalia

Ethiopia and Eritrea

Swahili East Africa

Zanzibar

Tanzania

Kenya

Uganda

The Shiʻi communities

58. Universal Islam and African diversity

Islam in the West

59. Muslims in Europe and America

Muslims in the United States

American converts

Muslim identity issues in the United States

Canada

Eastern Europe

Bosnia and Yugoslavia

Albania and Albanians

Bulgaria

Muslims in Western Europe

Immigrant identities in Europe

Immigrant states by country

Britain

France

Germany

Sweden, the Netherlands, and Spain

The anti-immigrant reaction

Conclusion : secularized Islam and Islamic revival

The institutional and cultural features of pre-modern Islamic societies

The nineteenth, and twentieth-century transformation of Islamic societies

Nations, nationalism, and Islam

The Islamic revival

Religious revival

Transnational Islam

"Islamism: and political action

Transnational politics : military and terrorist organizations

Contemporary patterns in relations between states and Islamic societies

Islamic and neo-Islamic states

Secularized states with Islamic identities

Secularized states and Islamic opposition

Islamic national societies in Southeast Asia

Muslims as political minorities

Glossary