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TheRuhr (GermanRuhrgebiet, colloquialRuhrpott,Kohlenpott,Pott orRevier), is anurban area inNorth Rhine-Westphalie,Germany.[3] Wi 4435 km² an a population o some 5.2 million (2009), it is the lairgest urbanagglomeration in Germany. It consists o several lairge, umwhile industrial ceeties bordered bi the riversRuhr tae the sooth,Rhine tae the wast, anLippe tae the north. In the Southwest it borders tae theBergisches Land. It is considered pairt o the lairgerRhine-Ruhrmetropolitan region o mair nor 12 million fowk.
Syne the Ruhr ispolycentric, coordinates shawn aregeneral in natur an sae can be uised tae focus on the entire region o the Ruhr:51°30′N7°30′E / 51.500°N 7.500°E /51.500; 7.500.
Frae wast tae east, the region includes the ceeties oDuisburg,Oberhausen,Bottrop,Mülheim an der Ruhr,Essen,Gelsenkirchen,Bochum,Herne,Hagen,Dortmund, anHamm, as weel as pairts o the mair "rural" destrictsWesel,Recklinghausen,Unna anEnnepe-Ruhr-Kreis. Historically, the wastren Ruhr towns, siclik Duisburg an Essen, belangit tae the historic region o theRhineland, whauras the eastren pairt o the Ruhr, includin Gelsenkirchen, Bochum, Dortmund an Hamm, wur pairt o the region oWestphalie. Syne the 19t century, thir destricts hae grown thegither intae a muckle complex wi a vast industrial landscape, inhabitit bi some 7.3 million fowk (whan includinDüsseldorf anWuppertal). It is the fowert maistmuckle urban area inEurope efterMoscow,Lunnon anParis.
For 2010, the Ruhr region wis ane o theEuropean Caipitals o Cultur.
- ↑metropoleruhr.de
- ↑heichest: Wengeberg inBreckerfeld, lawest:Xanten
- ↑"Few foreigners know that in fact 'the Ruhr' is the name of a 150-mile-long Rhine right-bank tributary which, after meandering through the industrial basin now named after it, enters its parent near Europe's greatest inland port, Duisburg." SeeGerman International, Volume 10 (1966), p. 30. "The territory through which the Ruhr flows is called the Ruhr district." See Edmund Jan Osmańczyk and Anthony Mango,Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: A to F, 2003, p.1970. "Many industries were built in the Ruhr region, where both iron ore and coal were found." Kathryn Lane,Germany: The Land (2001), p. 24.
- Botting, Douglas (1985).From the Ruins of the Reich: Germany 1945–1949. New York: Crown Publishing.ISBN 0-517-55865-3.
- Bishop, Patrick.Bomber Boys Fighting Back 1940–1945
- French Directorate for Economic Affairs,Memorandum on the separation of the German industrial regionsArchived 2011-08-09 at theWayback Machine, 8 September 1945.
- Gareau, Frederick H. "Morgenthau's Plan for Industrial Disarmament in Germany",Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Jun., 1961), pp. 517–53in JSTOR
- Yoder, Amos. "The Ruhr Authority and the German Problem",Review of Politics, Vol. 17, No. 3 (Jul., 1955), pp. 345–358in JSTOR
- Kift, Roy,Tour the Ruhr: The English language guide (3rd ed., 2008) (ISBN 3-88474-815-7) Klartext Verlag, Essen[1]Archived 2022-05-22 at theWayback Machine
- Berndt, Christian.Corporate Germany Between Globalization and Regional Place Dependence: Business Restructuring in the Ruhr Area (2001)
- Crew, David. Town in the Ruhr: A Social History of Bochum, 1860–1914 (1979) (ISBN 0231043007)
- Fischer, Conan.The Ruhr Crisis, 1923–1924 (2003)
- Gillingham, John. "Ruhr Coal Miners and Hitler's War",Journal of Social History Vol. 15, No. 4 (Simmer, 1982), pp. 637–653in JSTOR* Chauncy D. Harris, "The Ruhr Coal-mining District",Geographical Review, 36 (1946), 194–221.
- Gillingham, John.Industry and Politics in the Third Reich: Ruhr Coal, Hitler, and Europe (1985) (ISBN 0231062605)
- Pounds, Norman J. G.The Ruhr: A Study in Historical and Economic Geography(1952) online
- Pierenkemper, Toni. "Entrepreneurs in Heavy Industry: Upper Silesia and the Westphalian Ruhr Region, 1852 to 1913",Business History Review Vol. 53, No. 1 (Spring, 1979), pp. 65–78in JSTOR
- Royal Jae Schmidt.Versailles and the Ruhr: Seedbed of World War II (1968)
- Spencer, Elaine Glovka. "Employer Response to Unionism: Ruhr Coal Industrialists before 1914"Journal of Modern History Vol. 48, No. 3 (Sep., 1976), pp. 397–412in JSTOR
- Spencer, Elaine Glovka.Management and Labor in Imperial Germany: Ruhr Industrialists as Employers, 1896–1914. Rutgers Varsity Press.(1984) online
- Todd, Edmund N. "Industry, State, and Electrical Technology in the Ruhr Circa 1900",Osiris 2nt Series, Vol. 5, (1989), pp. 242–259in JSTOR
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