Top left:Modena Cathedral an Ghirladinn Touer, Top richt:Modena Ceety Haw, Bottom left:Stoa o Portici del Collegio in Emilia Street, Bottom richt:View o Modena Ducal Palace an San Domenico Cathedral frae Dante Square
Albareto, Baggiovara, Ca' Fusara, Cognento, Cittanova, Collegara, Ganaceto, Lesignana, Marzaglia, Navicello, Portile, San Damaso, San Donnino, Tre Olmi, Villanova
A auncient toun, it is the seat o anairchbishop, but is nou best ken as "the caipital o engines", syne the factories o the famous Italiansports caur makersFerrari,De Tomaso,Lamborghini,Pagani anMaserati are, or wur, locatit here an aw, except Lamborghini, hae heidquarters in the ceety or nearbi. Lamborghini is heidquartered no far awa inSant'Agata Bolognese, in the adjacentProvince o Bologna. Ane o Ferrari's cars, the360 Modena, wis namit efter the ceety itsel. An aw, ane o the colors for Ferraris isModena yellae.
Modena leees on thePianura Padana, an is boondit bi the twa riversSecchia anPanaro, baith affluents o thePo River. Thair presence is seembolisit bi the Twa Rivers Foontain in the ceety's centre, bi Giuseppe Graziosi. The ceety is connectit tae the Panaro bi the Naviglio channel.
The Apennines ranges begin some10 kilometre (6 mile) frae the ceety, tae the sooth.
The commune is dividit intae fowercircoscrizioni. Thir are:
Centro storico (Historical Center, San Cataldo)
Crocetta (San Lazzaro-East Modena, Crocetta)
Buon Pastore (Buon Pastore, Sant'Agnese, San Damaso)
San Faustino (S.Faustino-Saliceta San Giuliano, Madonnina-Quattro Ville)
Modena haes atemperate climate. It experiences het, humid simmers wi little rainfaw an cauld, damp winters.
Frae 1945 tae 1992, Modena haed a uninterruptit consecutive series o Communist mayors. Frae the 1990s, the ceety haes been govrened bi center-left coalitions. At the Apryle 2006 elections, the ceety o Modena gae aboot 50% o its votes tae the Democratic Pairty.
The legislative bouk o the municipality (comune) is the Ceety Cooncil (Consiglio Comunale) which is componit bi 35 members electit ivery five years. Modena's executive bouk is the Ceety Committee (Giunta Comunale) componit bi 9assessors, the deputy-mayor an the mayor. The current mayor o Modena is Giancarlo Muzzarelli, member o theDemocratic Pairty o Italy.
The territory aroond Modena (Laitin:Mutina, Etruscan:Mutna) wis inhabitit bi theVillanovans in theAirn Age, an later biLigurie tribes,Etruscans, an theGaulishBoii (the dounset itsel bein Etruscan). Awtho the exact date o its foondation is unkent, it is kent that it wis awready in existence in the 3rd hunderyear BC, for in 218 BC, durinHannibal's invasion o Italy, the Boii revoltit an laid siege tae the ceety.Livy describit it as a fortifee'd citadel whaur Roman magistrates teuk shelter. The ootcome o the siege is no kent, but the ceety wis maist likely abandoned efter Hannibal's arrival. Mutina wis refoondit as a Roman colony in 183 BC, tae be uised as a militar base biMarcus Aemilius Lepidus, causin the Liguries tae sack it in 177 BC. Nanetheless, it wis rebuilt, an quickly became the maist important centre inCisalpine Gaul, baith acause o its strategic importance an acause it wis on a important crossroads atweenVia Aemilia an the road goin taeVerona.
A view o Piazza Grande
In the 1st hunderyear BC Mutina wis besiegit twice. The first siege wis biPompey in 78 BC, when Mutina wis defendit biMarcus Junius Brutus (a populist leader, no tae be ramfeeselt wi his son, Caesar's best kent assassin). The ceety eventually surrendered oot o hunger, an Brutus fled, anerly tae be slain inRegium Lepidi. In the ceevil war follaein Caesar's assassination, the ceety wis besiegit ance again, this time biMark Antony, in 44 BC, an defendit biDecimus Junius Brutus.Octavianrelievit the ceety wi the help o the Senate.
Cicero cried itMutina splendidissima ("maist beautiful Mutina") in his Philippics (44 BC). Till the 3rd hunderyear AD, it kept its poseetion as the maist important ceety in the newly shapitAemilia province, but the faw o the Empire brocht Mutina doun wi it, as it wis uised as a militar base baith against the barbarians an in the ceevil wars. It is said that Mutina wis niver sackit bi Attila, for a dense fog hid it (a miracle said tae be providit biSaint Geminianus, bishop an patron o Modena), but it wis eventually buriet bi a great fluid in the 7t hunderyear an abandoned.
Its exiles foondit a new ceety a few miles tae the northwast, still representit bi the veelage o Cittanova (leeterally "new ceety"). Aboot the end o the 9t hunderyear, Modena wis restored an refortifee'd bi its bishop,Ludovicus. At aboot this time theSong of the Watchmen of Modena wis componit. Later the ceety wis pairt o the possessions o the CoontessMatilda o Tuscany, becomin a freecomune stairtin frae the 12t hunderyear. In the wars atweenEmperor Frederick II anPape Gregory IX Modena sidit wi the emperor.
TheEste faimily wur identifee'd as lairds o Modena frae 1288 (Obizzo d'Este). Efter the daith o Obizzo's successor (Azzo VIII, in 1308) the comune reassertit itsel, but bi 1336 the Este faimily wis permanently in pouer. UnnerBorso d'Este Modena wis made a duchy.
Enlairgit an fortifee'd biErcole II, it wis made the primar ducal residence whenFerrara, the main Este seat, fell tae the Pape in 1598.Francesco I d'Este, Duke o Modena (1629–1658) biggit the citadel an began the palace, which wis lairgely embellished biFrancesco II. In the 18t hunderyear,Rinaldo d'Este wis twice driven frae his ceety bi French invasions, anFrancesco III biggit mony o Modena's public buildings, but the Este picturs wur sauld an mony o thaim woond up inDresden.Ercole III dee'd in exile atTreviso, haein refused Napoleonic affers o compensation when Modena wis made pairt o the NapoleonicCispadane Republic. His anerly dochter,Maria Beatrice d'Este, marrietFerdinand I, Archduke o Austrick-Este, son o EmpressMaria Theresa o Austrick; an in 1814 thair eldest son,Francis IV, receivit back the estates o the Este. Quickly, in 1816, he dismantled the fortifications that micht well hae been uised against him an began Modena's years unner Austrian rule which, despite bein juist, constitutional an fair, nivertheless haed tae face anither foreign-inspired rebellion in 1830, this time happily unsuccessful.
His sonFrancis V wis a juist ruler an aw an famously tendit the victims o war ancholera wi his awn haund. Housomeivver, he haed tae face yet mair foreign-inspired revolutions an aw an wis temporarily expelled frae Modena in the EuropeanRevolutions o 1848. He wis restored, amidst wide popular acclaim, bi Austrian troops. Ten years later, on 20 August 1859, the revolutionars again invadit (this time the Piemontese), annexin Modena intae the revolutionar Savoyard naition o Italy as a territorial pairt o theKinrick o Italy.
Interior o the CathedralPiazza Grande, wi the Cathedral an the Communal Palace.The BaroqueDucal Palace o Modena (nou a militar academy)
TheCathedral o Modena an the annexed campanile are aUNESCOWarld Heritage Steid. Begun unner the direction o the CoontessMatilda o Tuscany wi its first stane laid 6 Juin 1099 an its crypt ready for the ceety's patron,Saunt Geminianus, an consecratit anerly sax years later, the Duomo o Modena wis feenished in 1184. The biggin o a great cathedral in this fluid-prone ravagit umwhile centre oArianism wis a act ourban renewal in itsel, an a expression o the fluid o piety that motivatit the contemporarFirst Crusade. Unuisually, the maister builder's name, Lanfranco, wis celebratit in his awn day: the ceety's chronicler expressed the popular confidence in the maister-mason fraeComo, Lanfranco: bi God's mercy the man wis foond (inventus est vir). The sculptor Wiligelmus who directit the mason's yard wis praised in the plaque that commemoratit the foondin. The program o the sculptur is no lost in a welter o detail: the wild dangerous universe o the exterior is mediatit bi the Biblical figurs o the portals leadin tae the Christian warld o the interior. In Wiligelmus' sculptur at Modena, the human bouk taks on a renewed pheesicality it haed lost in the schematic symbolic figurs o previous hunderyears. At the east end, threeapses reflect the diveesion o the bouk o the cathedral intae nave an wide aisles wi thair bauld, solit masses. Modena's Duomo inspired campaigns o cathedral an abbey biggin in emulation throu the valley o thePo.
The Ducal Palace, begun biFrancesco I d'Este in 1634 an feenished biFrancis V, wis the seat o the Este court frae the 17t tae 19t hunderyears. The palace occupees the steid o the umwhile Este Castle, ance locatit in the periphery o the ceety. Awtho generally creditit taeBartolomeo Avanzini, it haes been suggestit that advice an guidance in the design process haed been socht frae the contemporar luminaries,Cortona,Bernini, anBorromini.
The Palace haes a Baroque façade frae which the Honour Court, whaur the militar ceremonies are held, an the Honour Staircase can be accessed. The Central Haw haes a frescoed ceiling wi the 17t-hunderyearIncoronation o Bradamante biMarco Antonio Franceschini. TheSalottino d'Oro ("Gowden Haw"), covered wi gilted removable panels, wis uised bi Duke Francis III as his main cabinet o wirk.
Facin the Piazza Grande (a UNESCO Warld Heritage Steid), the Toun Haw o Modena wis put thegither in the 17t an 18t hunderyears frae several pre-existin edifices biggit frae 1046 as municipal offices.
It is characterisit bi a Clock Touer (Torre dell'Orologio, late 15t hunderyear), ance paired wi anither touer (Torre Civica) demolished efter a yirdquauk in 1671. In the interior, notewirthy is theSala del Fuoco ("Fire Hall"), wi a pentit frieze biNiccolò dell'Abbate (1546) portrayin famous characters frae Auncient Roum against a teepical Emilia backgrund. TheCamerino dei Confirmati ("Chamber o the Confirmed") hooses ane o the seembols o the ceety, theSecchia Rapita, a bucket kept in memory o the victoriousBattle o Zappolino (1325) againstBologna. This relic inspired the poem o the same title biAlessandro Tassoni. Anither relic frae the Middle Ages in Modena is thePreda Ringadora, a rectangular marble stane next tae the palace porch, uised as a speakers' platform, an the statue criedLa Bonissima ("The Vera Guid"): the latter, portrayin a female figur, wis erectit in the square in 1268 an later instawed ower the porch.
Modena haes a strang sportin tradeetion, linkit mainly taemotor racin as the birthplace oEnzo Ferrari, foonder o the eponymous motor racin team an caur manufacturer which is based in nearbiMaranello. TheFerrari 360 Modena wis namit efter the ceety. Indeed, Modena is kent as the Warld's 'Supercaur Caipital', bein the nearest lairge toun tae the hames oMaserati,Lamborghini,Pagani an previouslyBugatti anDe Tomaso an aw. The ceety's fitbaa club,Modena F.C., play inSerie B, the Italian seicont diveesion. Thay play at the 21,151-seaterStadio Alberto Braglia, which haes hostit internaitionalrugby union an aw.[1]Volleybaw plays a important role in Modena's sport history, wiPanini Modena haein wan 11 Naitional championships, 4 Champion's League saisons an a haundful o ither trophies.
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