Quakerii sunt membriiSocietății Religioase a Prietenilor, denumită la început doar Societatea Prietenilor, o colecție deculte creștine(d)protestante. Membrii lor își spun unii altora „prieteni” după versetulIoan 15:14 din Biblie. Denumirea dequakers înseamnă „tremurătorii” și le-a fost dată de alții după ce fondatorul mișcării,George Fox(d), i-a spus unui judecător să „tremure în fața autorității lui Dumnezeu” (quake before the authority of God).[1]
Circa 89% din quakerii din toată lumea aparțin ramurilor „evanghelică” și „programată”, care țin slujbe cu cântece și un mesajbiblic pregătit, coordonat de un pastor (cel mai mare grup de quakeri fiind Evangelical Friends Church International).[10][11] Circa 11% practicăvenerația în așteptare sau „neprogramată”,[12] în care ordinea neplanificată a slujbei se desfășoară de obicei în tăcere și poate include luări de cuvânt nepregătite din partea celor prezenți. Unele întâlniri de ambele tipuri au desemnați pastori, membri ai comunității recunoscuți pentru darul cuvântului.[13]
Quakerismul este o mișcaremistică creștină descrisă și ca proto-evanghelică, dar și cauniversalistă(d),quietistă(d) șiprogresistă(d). Ea a apărut pe la jumătatea secolului al XVII-lea în Anglia dincăutători(d) și din altegrupări protestante disidente care s-au separat deBiserica oficială Anglicană.[14] Quakerii, în special grupareaValiant Sixty(d), doreau să-i convertească și pe alții călătorind prin Marea Britanie și peste mări predicând Evanghelia; printre primii pastori quakeri s-au numărat și femei.[15] Ei își întemeiau mesajul pe credința că „Hristos a venit să-și învețe el însuși poporul”, punând accent pe relația directă cu Dumnezeu prinIsus Hristos și pe credința în preoția universală a tuturor credincioșilor.[16] Această experiență religioasă personală a lui Hristos era, gândeau ei, dobândită prin experiență directă și prin citirea și studiul Bibliei.[17]
Quakerii își concentrau viețile private pe comportament și pe vorbire ce reflectă puritatea emoțională și lumina lui Dumnezeu, cu obiectivulperfecțiunii creștine(d).[18][19] Un text teologic important al Societății Religioase a Prietenilor esteCatehism și mărturisire de credință (1673), publicat de quakerulRobert Barclay(d).[20][21]Declarația de credință de la Richmond(d) (1887) a fost adoptată de mulți prieteni ortodocși și continuă să sluească drept afirmare doctrinară a multor întruniri anuale.[22][23]
Unii quakeri au fondat bănci și instituții financiare, între careBarclays,Lloyds, șiFriends Provident; companii manufacturiere ca firma de încălțăminteC. & J. Clark(d) și cei trei mari producători dedulciuri britanici,Cadbury, Rowntree și Fry; și eforturile filantropice, inclusiv pentru abolirea sclaviei, reforma penitenciarelor, șidreptatea socială.[25] În 1947, ca recunoaștere pentru devotamentul lor față de ideea de pace și bine comun, quakerii, reprezentați de principalele lor organizații britanică și americană, au primitPremiul Nobel pentru Pace.[26][27]
^„Where Did the Names "Quaker" and "Friends" Come From?” (în English). Walnut Creek Friends Church. Accesat în.They called themselves 'Friends' because of the words of Jesus recorded in John 15:14, 'You are my friends, if you do what I command you.' The early Friends were Christians who believed they could live like Jesus because Jesus lived in them. The name 'Quaker' was applied to the early Friends by their critics. The early Friends were so aware of the presence of God among them that they sometimes trembled with excitement. Upon being threatened by a judge to 'quake' before the authority of his court, George Fox told him to quake before the authority of God.Mentenanță CS1: Limbă nerecunoscută (link)
^„Where Did the Names "Quaker" and "Friends" Come From?” (în English). Walnut Creek Friends Church. Accesat în.They called themselves 'Friends' because of the words of Jesus recorded in John 15:14, 'You are my friends, if you do what I command you.' The early Friends were Christians who believed they could live like Jesus because Jesus lived in them. The name 'Quaker' was applied to the early Friends by their critics. The early Friends were so aware of the presence of God among them that they sometimes trembled with excitement. Upon being threatened by a judge to 'quake' before the authority of his court, George Fox told him to quake before the authority of God.Mentenanță CS1: Limbă nerecunoscută (link)
^Hodge, Charles ().Systematic Theology (în engleză). Delmarva Publications, Inc. p. 137.This spiritual illumination is peculiar to the true people of God; the inward light, in which the Quakers believe, is common to all men. The design and effect of the "inward light" are the communication of new truth, or of truth not objectively revealed, as well as the spiritual discernment of the truths of Scripture. The design and effect of spiritual illumination are the proper apprehension of truth already speculatively known. Secondly. By the inner light the orthodox Quakers understand the supernatural influence of the Holy Spirit, concerning which they teach, – (1.) That it is given to all men. (2.) That it not only convinces of sin, and enables the soul to apprehend aright the truths of Scripture, but also communicates a knowledge of 'the mysteries of salvation.' ... The orthodox Friends teach concerning this inward light, as has been already shown, that it is subordinate to the Holy Scriptures, inasmuch as the Scriptures are the infallible rule of faith and practice, and everything contrary thereto is to be rejected as false and destructive.
^Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Britain ().Epistles and Testimonies(PDF).
^„Where Did the Names "Quaker" and "Friends" Come From?” (în English). Walnut Creek Friends Church. Accesat în.They called themselves 'Friends' because of the words of Jesus recorded in John 15:14, 'You are my friends, if you do what I command you.' The early Friends were Christians who believed they could live like Jesus because Jesus lived in them. The name 'Quaker' was applied to the early Friends by their critics. The early Friends were so aware of the presence of God among them that they sometimes trembled with excitement. Upon being threatened by a judge to 'quake' before the authority of his court, George Fox told him to quake before the authority of God.Mentenanță CS1: Limbă nerecunoscută (link)
^Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Britain ().Epistles and Testimonies(PDF). p. 7.
^„Where Did the Names "Quaker" and "Friends" Come From?” (în English). Walnut Creek Friends Church. Accesat în.They called themselves 'Friends' because of the words of Jesus recorded in John 15:14, 'You are my friends, if you do what I command you.' The early Friends were Christians who believed they could live like Jesus because Jesus lived in them. The name 'Quaker' was applied to the early Friends by their critics. The early Friends were so aware of the presence of God among them that they sometimes trembled with excitement. Upon being threatened by a judge to 'quake' before the authority of his court, George Fox told him to quake before the authority of God.Mentenanță CS1: Limbă nerecunoscută (link)
^Christian Scholar's Review, Volume 27 (în English).Hope College(d).. p. 205.This was especially true of proto-evangelical movements like the Quakers, organized as the Religious Society of Friends by George Fox in 1668 as a group of Christians who rejected clerical authority and taught that the Holy Spirit guidedMentenanță CS1: Limbă nerecunoscută (link)
^„Where Did the Names "Quaker" and "Friends" Come From?” (în English). Walnut Creek Friends Church. Accesat în.They called themselves 'Friends' because of the words of Jesus recorded in John 15:14, 'You are my friends, if you do what I command you.' The early Friends were Christians who believed they could live like Jesus because Jesus lived in them. The name 'Quaker' was applied to the early Friends by their critics. The early Friends were so aware of the presence of God among them that they sometimes trembled with excitement. Upon being threatened by a judge to 'quake' before the authority of his court, George Fox told him to quake before the authority of God.Mentenanță CS1: Limbă nerecunoscută (link)
^„Where Did the Names "Quaker" and "Friends" Come From?” (în English). Walnut Creek Friends Church. Accesat în.They called themselves 'Friends' because of the words of Jesus recorded in John 15:14, 'You are my friends, if you do what I command you.' The early Friends were Christians who believed they could live like Jesus because Jesus lived in them. The name 'Quaker' was applied to the early Friends by their critics. The early Friends were so aware of the presence of God among them that they sometimes trembled with excitement. Upon being threatened by a judge to 'quake' before the authority of his court, George Fox told him to quake before the authority of God.Mentenanță CS1: Limbă nerecunoscută (link)
^Stewart, Kathleen Anne ().The York Retreat in the Light of the Quaker Way: Moral Treatment Theory : Humane Therapy Or Mind Control? (în engleză). William Sessions.ISBN9781850720898.On the other hand, Fox believed that perfectionism and freedom from sin were possible in this world.
^„Where Did the Names "Quaker" and "Friends" Come From?” (în English). Walnut Creek Friends Church. Accesat în.They called themselves 'Friends' because of the words of Jesus recorded in John 15:14, 'You are my friends, if you do what I command you.' The early Friends were Christians who believed they could live like Jesus because Jesus lived in them. The name 'Quaker' was applied to the early Friends by their critics. The early Friends were so aware of the presence of God among them that they sometimes trembled with excitement. Upon being threatened by a judge to 'quake' before the authority of his court, George Fox told him to quake before the authority of God.Mentenanță CS1: Limbă nerecunoscută (link)
^Coffey, John ().The Oxford History of Protestant Dissenting Traditions, Volume I: The Post-Reformation Era, 1559-1689 (în engleză). Oxford University Press. p. 399.ISBN978-0-19-252098-2.
^„Where Did the Names "Quaker" and "Friends" Come From?” (în English). Walnut Creek Friends Church. Accesat în.They called themselves 'Friends' because of the words of Jesus recorded in John 15:14, 'You are my friends, if you do what I command you.' The early Friends were Christians who believed they could live like Jesus because Jesus lived in them. The name 'Quaker' was applied to the early Friends by their critics. The early Friends were so aware of the presence of God among them that they sometimes trembled with excitement. Upon being threatened by a judge to 'quake' before the authority of his court, George Fox told him to quake before the authority of God.Mentenanță CS1: Limbă nerecunoscută (link)
^Williams, Walter R. ().The Rich Heritage of Quakerism (în engleză). Pickle Partners Publishing.ISBN978-1-78912-341-8.From time to time, over the three centuries of their history, Friends have issued longer or shorter statements of belief. They earnestly seek to base these declarations of the essential truths of Christianity upon the clear teaching of the Holy Scriptures. The most detailed of these statements commonly held by orthodox Friends is known as the Richmond Declaration of Faith. This instrument was drawn up by ninety-nine representatives of ten American yearly meetings and of London and Dublin yearly meetings, assembled at Richmond, Indiana, in 1887.
^„Where Did the Names "Quaker" and "Friends" Come From?” (în English). Walnut Creek Friends Church. Accesat în.They called themselves 'Friends' because of the words of Jesus recorded in John 15:14, 'You are my friends, if you do what I command you.' The early Friends were Christians who believed they could live like Jesus because Jesus lived in them. The name 'Quaker' was applied to the early Friends by their critics. The early Friends were so aware of the presence of God among them that they sometimes trembled with excitement. Upon being threatened by a judge to 'quake' before the authority of his court, George Fox told him to quake before the authority of God.Mentenanță CS1: Limbă nerecunoscută (link)
^„Where Did the Names "Quaker" and "Friends" Come From?” (în English). Walnut Creek Friends Church. Accesat în.They called themselves 'Friends' because of the words of Jesus recorded in John 15:14, 'You are my friends, if you do what I command you.' The early Friends were Christians who believed they could live like Jesus because Jesus lived in them. The name 'Quaker' was applied to the early Friends by their critics. The early Friends were so aware of the presence of God among them that they sometimes trembled with excitement. Upon being threatened by a judge to 'quake' before the authority of his court, George Fox told him to quake before the authority of God.Mentenanță CS1: Limbă nerecunoscută (link)
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