Ah, the First Transcontinental Railroad!^{Largely built by underpaid Chinese immigrants who were the victims of harsh racism.} Oh, the modern industry!

God, guns, and freedom

Starting arguments over Thanksgiving dinner

Flag Police Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear Nelson Rockefeller Paul Broun 2016 Republican National Convention Michael Steele Jim Jordan

Persons of interest

Spiro T. Agnew Bob Barr Ralph Nader Ronald Reagan Chuck Colson J. D. Vance v -t -e

TheGilded Age is variously said to have begun around the end of theAmerican Civil War to the end ofReconstruction, and ended somewhere between 1893 (using the Panic of 1893 as a bookend) and 1900. While theIndustrial Revolution had already begun, it was during this period that theUSA truly moved toward an industrial manufacturing base rather than an agricultural one. Some of the famous people from this period should be familiar to people who have studied American history: Andrew Carnegie,^{[note 1]} John Rockefeller,^{[note 2]} Cornelius Vanderbilt,^{[note 3]} JP Morgan,^{[note 4]} and Samuel Gompers.^{[note 5]} It is also the time when the nation overtook theUnited Kingdom as the world's industrial powerhouse, in part due to the south finally being brought into the industrial age, and some of the South'sde facto slaves migrating to the less racist Northern cities.

The "Gilded Age" moniker comes from the title of the bookThe Gilded Age: A Tale of Today byMark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner, written in 1873. The "gilding" is supposed to represent the opulent "golden" facade of the era which hid the rotten core. It's common to portray the Gilded Age as agolden age (ironic considering what we just said) of magnificent technological advancement or a dark age of complete corruption. Like so many other eras, it had its ups and downs and the real picture lies somewhere between both of these caricatures. Carnegie, for one, was representative of the period in many ways. He was one of the most innovativebusinessmen in history but approved egregious anti-labor tactics behind closed doors as in theHomestead Strike.

Things we got[edit]

• "Captains of Industry" or "Robber Barons," depending on yourpolitical perspective.
• Trusts, also known as cartels. (Yay to thefree market!)
  • StandardOil - the largest of the trusts, whose descendants include ExxonMobil andChevron.
• Railways everywhere, and, as a result, modern timekeeping. To avoid collisions and increase efficiency, railroad companies introduced standardized time systems, then nicknamed railway time, and pushed the development of much more accurate timepieces (watches).
• The AFL (American Federation of Labor, not American Football League), and the birth of organized labor as a whole, perhaps as a response to the domination of theworking class by the Captains of Industry, which later became the AFL-CIO after it merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations.
• The Y.
• Social Darwinism.
• TheStarvation ArmySalvation Army.
• The fastest period of economic growth for the US,^[1] despite which parts of the era are now referred to as theLong Depression (see below).
• Urbanization.
• Taylorism.
• Private defense agencies.
• Changinggender roles.Women working in agriculture had been integrated into the workforce to some degree as they often worked alongside men on farms. With increasing industrialization, women stayed home while the men went out to work. However, the invention of the sewing machine made domestic work easier and more young women achieved financial independence due to newjob opportunities, most often at textile mills. It was in this milieu that thesuffrage and women's labor movement was born (many looked back to the similar experiences of the Lowell Mill Girls earlier in the century.^[2]) This did not really come into play untilWorld War I, when women went into factories to support the war effort, in the absence of the men (who were overseasdying in holes fighting in ditches).
• TheKlan.
• Sterilization in surgeries.

Libertarian crankery[edit]

"The Bosses of the Senate," an 1889 political cartoon whose message should be obvious.

Because of the fact that the Gilded Age was one of lowtaxes andtariffs and little regulation, it is often brought up as a counter-example tolibertarian pipe dreams. Some libertarians will dismiss it as cronyism of thespoils system and political bribery,^{[note 6]} just as manycommies disownSoviet Russia. Others, again, recast the Gilded Age as a golden age.^{[note 7]} Of course, they always think they will be the next J.P. Morgan, rather than acoal miner or meat packer. Let's take a look at some ways in which the Gilded Age was not so pleasant:

• Labor wars.Strikes and outbreaks of violence became more common as a result of unsafe work conditions and low pay.^[3] In fact, times were such that employers could—and did—hire/bribe police to directly attack striking workers, sometimes even supplying axe handles to assist them (and leave no ambiguity about how they expected the strike to be broken).
• Jim Crow laws.
• Private defense agencies, a favorite "theoretical" means ofprivatizinglaw enforcement proposed bysome libertarians, actually existed during this period. They were mostly used as espionage agents to spy on and prevent the organization of labor as well as strikebreakers (i.e., private armies, "Pinkertons"). For the logical extension of the private law enforcement, see the Death Specials.^[4]
• While the period overall saw unprecedented economic growth, as aforementioned it also contained thelongest recorded economic contraction in UShistory. (65 months, to be exact. For comparison, the 1929-1933 contraction during theGreat Depression lasted "only" 43 months.)^[5] It was actually this depression, lasting from 1873-1879, that was originally called the "Great Depression," and subsequently renamed the "Long Depression."^{[note 8]} The Panic of 1873 was caused by abanking crisis inEurope, which spread its financial contagion to the US and popped a financial and railroad bubble, leading to the market crash.^[6] Some libertarians willcherry-pick statistics (such as the continuous decline in prices since the Civil War and expansion of monetary base) tobullshit the depression out of existence. However, theyignore the beating that wages took and the overall decline in growth during this period.^[7] The business cycle during this era became exceptionally harsh. While the economy generally boomed again in the US in the 1880s, it still suffered periods of contraction from 1883-1885 and 1887-1888. Two more large-scale bank panics would come in the 1890s, with the Panics of 1893 and 1896. This backdrop of wild economic swings (which hurt farmers especially) set the stage for the rise of theFree Silver movement,populist candidates likeWilliam Jennings Bryan, and eventual attempts at stabilization such as theFederal Reserve.
• Virtually non-existent safety laws and regulations.^[8] Got your legs chopped off in an industrial accident? There's no workman's compensation, so you most likely better get used to panhandling. Not to mention the progressive illnesses you might not even know you had until later in life, likephossy jaw. Oh boy! Also, you'd better hope your industrial accident didn't damage the machinery, or your (now erstwhile) employer was likely to bill you for the damage - and the courts would back him up.
• Child labor. Libertarians like to claim that increasing wealth caused child labor to disappear to a great extent during this period. However, to what extent the decline in child labor over the period of the 1880s to the 1920s was economic or social in nature is still in dispute (especially depending on the location and industry) and the Industrial Revolutionitself drove demand for child labor (kids could reach into the nooks and crannies, and you didn't have to pay 'em as much!). Child labor was not fully cracked down on until the Great Depression.^[9] Ironically, the free marketeers of the time argued that child labor was pretty damn awesome because it "built character" (though strangely, few of them put theirown children to work), and to restrict child labor would be aninfringement on their economic freedom, ultimately leading to economic doom!
• Company towns, which were often little more than shantytowns and tent cities where the company dictated everything: You were paid with company scrip, shopped at company stores, voted for the company-approved candidate, and, in some cases, were told when it was time for lights out at night.Sound familiar?
• The market did not, in fact, driveall economic growth. Railroads, those great hubs of industrialization, were built with the aid of federal land grants and subsidies such as those enacted by thePacific Railway Acts, not to mention large-scale interventionism abroad, especially in theCaribbean andCentral America, which literally gave the monopoly over lives and politics to a number of US-backed companies.

External links[edit]

• The Gilded Age, University of Houston

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

• Bronze-level articles
• United States politics
• United States history
• Economics
• Libertarianism

• Pages using DynamicPageList parser function