A better interactive interpreter¶

Python now uses a newinteractive shell by default, based on codefrom thePyPy project.When the user starts theREPL from an interactive terminal,the following new features are now supported:

• Multiline editing with history preservation.

• Direct support for REPL-specific commands likehelp,exit,andquit, without the need to call them as functions.

• Prompts and tracebacks withcolor enabled by default.

• Interactive help browsing usingF1 with a separate commandhistory.

• History browsing usingF2 that skips output as well as the>>> and... prompts.

• "Paste mode" withF3 that makes pasting larger blocks of codeeasier (pressF3 again to return to the regular prompt).

To disable the new interactive shell,set thePYTHON_BASIC_REPL environment variable.For more on interactive mode, see互動模式.

(Contributed by Pablo Galindo Salgado, Łukasz Langa, andLysandros Nikolaou ingh-111201 based on code from the PyPy project.Windows support contributed by Dino Viehland and Anthony Shaw.)

改善錯誤訊息¶

• The interpreter now uses color by default when displaying tracebacks in theterminal. This featurecan be controlledvia the newPYTHON_COLORS environment variable as well asthe canonicalNO_COLOR andFORCE_COLOR environment variables.(Contributed by Pablo Galindo Salgado ingh-112730.)

• A common mistake is to write a script with the same name as astandard library module. When this results in errors, we nowdisplay a more helpful error message:

  $ python random.pyTraceback (most recent call last):  File"/home/me/random.py", line1, in<module>importrandom  File"/home/me/random.py", line3, in<module>print(random.randint(5))^^^^^^^^^^^^^^AttributeError:module 'random' has no attribute 'randint' (consider renaming '/home/me/random.py' since it has the same name as the standard library module named 'random' and prevents importing that standard library module)

  Similarly, if a script has the same name as a third-partymodule that it attempts to import and this results in errors,we also display a more helpful error message:

  $ python numpy.pyTraceback (most recent call last):  File"/home/me/numpy.py", line1, in<module>importnumpyasnp  File"/home/me/numpy.py", line3, in<module>np.array([1,2,3])^^^^^^^^AttributeError:module 'numpy' has no attribute 'array' (consider renaming '/home/me/numpy.py' if it has the same name as a library you intended to import)

  （由 Shantanu Jain 在gh-95754 中貢獻。）

• The error message now tries to suggest the correct keyword argumentwhen an incorrect keyword argument is passed to a function.

  >>>"Better error messages!".split(max_split=1)Traceback (most recent call last):  File"<python-input-0>", line1, in<module>"Better error messages!".split(max_split=1)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^TypeError:split() got an unexpected keyword argument 'max_split'. Did you mean 'maxsplit'?

  （由 Pablo Galindo Salgado 和 Shantanu Jain 於gh-107944 中貢獻。）

Free-threaded CPython¶

CPython now has experimental support for running in a free-threaded mode,with theglobal interpreter lock (GIL) disabled.This is an experimental feature and therefore is not enabled by default.The free-threaded mode requires a different executable,usually calledpython3.13t orpython3.13t.exe.Pre-built binaries marked asfree-threaded can be installed as part ofthe officialWindowsandmacOS installers,or CPython can be built from source with the--disable-gil option.

Free-threaded execution allows for full utilization of the availableprocessing power by running threads in parallel on available CPU cores.While not all software will benefit from this automatically, programsdesigned with threading in mind will run faster on multi-core hardware.The free-threaded mode is experimental and work is ongoing to improve it:expect some bugs and a substantial single-threaded performance hit.Free-threaded builds of CPython support optionally running with the GILenabled at runtime using the environment variablePYTHON_GIL orthe command-line option-Xgil=1.

To check if the current interpreter supports free-threading,python-VVandsys.version contain "experimental free-threading build".The newsys._is_gil_enabled() function can be used to check whetherthe GIL is actually disabled in the running process.

C-API extension modules need to be built specifically for the free-threadedbuild. Extensions that support running with theGIL disabled shoulduse thePy_mod_gil slot. Extensions using single-phase init shouldusePyUnstable_Module_SetGIL() to indicate whether they supportrunning with the GIL disabled. Importing C extensions that don't use thesemechanisms will cause the GIL to be enabled, unless the GIL was explicitlydisabled with thePYTHON_GIL environment variable or the-Xgil=0 option.pip 24.1 or newer is required to install packages with C extensions in thefree-threaded build.

This work was made possible thanks to many individuals andorganizations, including the large community of contributors to Pythonand third-party projects to test and enable free-threading support.Notable contributors include:Sam Gross, Ken Jin, Donghee Na, Itamar Oren, Matt Page, Brett Simmers,Dino Viehland, Carl Meyer, Nathan Goldbaum, Ralf Gommers,Lysandros Nikolaou, and many others.Many of these contributors are employed by Meta, which hasprovided significant engineering resources to support this project.

An experimental just-in-time (JIT) compiler¶

When CPython is configured and built usingthe--enable-experimental-jit option,a just-in-time (JIT) compiler is added which may speed up some Python programs.On Windows, usePCbuild/build.bat--experimental-jit to enable the JITor--experimental-jit-interpreter to enable the Tier 2 interpreter.Build requirements and further supporting informationare contained atTools/jit/README.md.

The--enable-experimental-jit option takes these (optional) values,defaulting toyes if--enable-experimental-jit is presentwithout the optional value.

• no: Disable the entire Tier 2 and JIT pipeline.

• yes: Enable the JIT.To disable the JIT at runtime, pass the environment variablePYTHON_JIT=0.

• yes-off: Build the JIT but disable it by default.To enable the JIT at runtime, pass the environment variablePYTHON_JIT=1.

• interpreter: Enable the Tier 2 interpreter but disable the JIT.The interpreter can be disabled by running withPYTHON_JIT=0.

The internal architecture is roughly as follows:

• We start with specializedTier 1 bytecode.SeeWhat's new in 3.11 for details.

• When the Tier 1 bytecode gets hot enough, it gets translatedto a new purely internal intermediate representation (IR),called theTier 2 IR, and sometimes referred to as micro-ops ("uops").

• The Tier 2 IR uses the same stack-based virtual machine as Tier 1,but the instruction format is better suited to translation to machine code.

• We have several optimization passes for Tier 2 IR, which are appliedbefore it is interpreted or translated to machine code.

• There is a Tier 2 interpreter, but it is mostly intended for debuggingthe earlier stages of the optimization pipeline.The Tier 2 interpreter can be enabled by configuring Pythonwith--enable-experimental-jit=interpreter.

• When the JIT is enabled, the optimizedTier 2 IR is translated to machine code, which is then executed.

• The machine code translation process uses a technique calledcopy-and-patch. It has no runtime dependencies, but there is a newbuild-time dependency on LLVM.

(JIT by Brandt Bucher, inspired by a paper by Haoran Xu and Fredrik Kjolstad.Tier 2 IR by Mark Shannon and Guido van Rossum.Tier 2 optimizer by Ken Jin.)

Defined mutation semantics forlocals()¶

Historically, the expected result of mutating the return value oflocals() has been left to individual Python implementations to define.Starting from Python 3.13,PEP 667 standardisesthe historical behavior of CPython for most code execution scopes,but changesoptimized scopes(functions, generators, coroutines, comprehensions, and generator expressions)to explicitly return independent snapshots of the currently assigned localvariables, including locally referenced nonlocal variables captured in closures.

This change to the semantics oflocals() in optimized scopes alsoaffects the default behavior of code execution functions that implicitlytargetlocals() if no explicit namespace is provided(such asexec() andeval()).In previous versions, whether or not changes could be accessed by callinglocals() after calling the code execution function wasimplementation-dependent. In CPython specifically, such code would typicallyappear to work as desired, but could sometimes fail in optimized scopes basedon other code (including debuggers and code execution tracing tools)potentially resetting the shared snapshot in that scope.Now, the code will always run against an independent snapshot ofthe local variables in optimized scopes, and hence the changes will neverbe visible in subsequent calls tolocals().To access the changes made in these cases, an explicit namespace referencemust now be passed to the relevant function.Alternatively, it may make sense to update affected code to use a higher levelcode execution API that returns the resulting code execution namespace(e.g.runpy.run_path() when executing Python files from disk).

To ensure debuggers and similar tools can reliably update local variables inscopes affected by this change,FrameType.f_locals nowreturns a write-through proxy to the frame's local and locally referencednonlocal variables in these scopes, rather than returning an inconsistentlyupdated shareddict instance with undefined runtime semantics.

SeePEP 667 for more details, including related C API changesand deprecations. Porting notes are also provided below for the affectedPython APIs andC APIs.

(PEP and implementation contributed by Mark Shannon and Tian Gao ingh-74929. Documentation updates provided by Guido van Rossum andAlyssa Coghlan.)

對行動平台的支援¶

PEP 730: iOS is now aPEP 11 supported platform, with thearm64-apple-ios andarm64-apple-ios-simulator targets at tier 3(iPhone and iPad devices released after 2013 and the Xcode iOS simulatorrunning on Apple silicon hardware, respectively).x86_64-apple-ios-simulator(the Xcode iOS simulator running on olderx86_64 hardware)is not a tier 3 supported platform, but will have best-effort support.(PEP written and implementation contributed by Russell Keith-Magee ingh-114099.)

PEP 738: Android is now aPEP 11 supported platform, with theaarch64-linux-android andx86_64-linux-android targets at tier 3.The 32-bit targetsarm-linux-androideabi andi686-linux-androidare not tier 3 supported platforms, but will have best-effort support.(PEP written and implementation contributed by Malcolm Smith ingh-116622.)

argparse¶

• Add thedeprecated parameter to theadd_argument()andadd_parser() methods, to enable deprecatingcommand-line options, positional arguments, and subcommands.(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka ingh-83648.)

array¶

• Add the'w' type code (Py_UCS4) for Unicode characters.It should be used instead of the deprecated'u' type code.(Contributed by Inada Naoki ingh-80480.)

• Registerarray.array as aMutableSequenceby implementing theclear() method.(Contributed by Mike Zimin ingh-114894.)

ast¶

• The constructors of node types in theast module are nowstricter in the arguments they accept,with more intuitive behavior when arguments are omitted.

  If an optional field on an AST node is not included as an argument whenconstructing an instance, the field will now be set toNone. Similarly,if a list field is omitted, that field will now be set to an empty list,and if anexpr_context field is omitted, it defaults toLoad().(Previously, in all cases, the attribute would be missing on the newlyconstructed AST node instance.)

  In all other cases, where a required argument is omitted,the node constructor will emit aDeprecationWarning.This will raise an exception in Python 3.15.Similarly, passing a keyword argument to the constructorthat does not map to a field on the AST node is now deprecated,and will raise an exception in Python 3.15.

  These changes do not apply to user-defined subclasses ofast.ASTunless the class opts in to the new behaviorby defining theAST._field_types mapping.

  (Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra ingh-105858,gh-117486, andgh-118851.)

• ast.parse() now accepts an optional argumentoptimizewhich is passed on tocompile().This makes it possible to obtain an optimized AST.(Contributed by Irit Katriel ingh-108113.)

asyncio¶

• asyncio.as_completed() now returns an object that is both anasynchronous iterator and a plainiteratorofawaitables.The awaitables yielded by asynchronous iteration include original taskor future objects that were passed in,making it easier to associate results with the tasks being completed.(Contributed by Justin Arthur ingh-77714.)

• asyncio.loop.create_unix_server() will now automatically removethe Unix socket when the server is closed.(Contributed by Pierre Ossman ingh-111246.)

• DatagramTransport.sendto() will now send zero-lengthdatagrams if called with an empty bytes object.The transport flow control also now accounts for the datagram headerwhen calculating the buffer size.(Contributed by Jamie Phan ingh-115199.)

• AddQueue.shutdownandQueueShutDown to manage queue termination.(Contributed by Laurie Opperman and Yves Duprat ingh-104228.)

• Add theServer.close_clients() andServer.abort_clients()methods, which more forcefully close an asyncio server.(Contributed by Pierre Ossman ingh-113538.)

• Accept a tuple of separators inStreamReader.readuntil(),stopping when any one of them is encountered.(Contributed by Bruce Merry ingh-81322.)

• Improve the behavior ofTaskGroup whenan external cancellation collides with an internal cancellation.For example, when two task groups are nestedand both experience an exception in a child task simultaneously,it was possible that the outer task group would hang,because its internal cancellation was swallowed by the inner task group.

  In the case where a task group is cancelled externallyand also must raise anExceptionGroup,it will now call the parent task'scancel() method.This ensures that aCancelledError will be raisedat the nextawait, so the cancellation is not lost.

  An added benefit of these changes is that task groups now preservethe cancellation count (cancelling()).

  In order to handle some corner cases,uncancel() may nowreset the undocumented_must_cancel flagwhen the cancellation count reaches zero.

  (Inspired by an issue reported by Arthur Tacca ingh-116720.)

• WhenTaskGroup.create_task() is called on an inactiveTaskGroup, the given coroutine will be closed (whichprevents aRuntimeWarning about the given coroutine beingnever awaited).(Contributed by Arthur Tacca and Jason Zhang ingh-115957.)

• The function and methods namedcreate_task have received a new**kwargs argument that is passed through to the task constructor.This change was accidentally added in 3.13.3,and broke the API contract for custom task factories.Several third-party task factories implemented workarounds for this.In 3.13.4 and later releases the old factory contract is honoredonce again (until 3.14).To keep the workarounds working, the extra**kwargs argument stillallows passing additional keyword arguments toTaskand to custom task factories.

  This affects the following function and methods:asyncio.create_task(),asyncio.loop.create_task(),asyncio.TaskGroup.create_task().(Contributed by Thomas Grainger ingh-128307.)

base64¶

• Addz85encode() andz85decode() functionsfor encodingbytes asZ85 dataand decoding Z85-encoded data tobytes.(Contributed by Matan Perelman ingh-75299.)

compileall¶

• The default number of worker threads and processes is now selected usingos.process_cpu_count() instead ofos.cpu_count().(Contributed by Victor Stinner ingh-109649.)

concurrent.futures¶

• The default number of worker threads and processes is now selected usingos.process_cpu_count() instead ofos.cpu_count().(Contributed by Victor Stinner ingh-109649.)

configparser¶

• ConfigParser now has support for unnamed sections,which allows for top-level key-value pairs.This can be enabled with the newallow_unnamed_section parameter.(Contributed by Pedro Sousa Lacerda ingh-66449.)

copy¶

• The newreplace() function and thereplaceprotocol make creating modified copies of objects much simpler.This is especially useful when working with immutable objects.The following types support thereplace() functionand implement the replace protocol:

  • collections.namedtuple()

  • dataclasses.dataclass

  • datetime.datetime、datetime.date、datetime.time

  • inspect.Signature、inspect.Parameter

  • types.SimpleNamespace

  • 程式碼物件

  Any user-defined class can also supportcopy.replace() by definingthe__replace__() method.(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka ingh-108751.)

ctypes¶

• As a consequence of necessary internal refactoring, initialization ofinternal metaclasses now happens in__init__ ratherthan in__new__. This affects projects that subclass these internalmetaclasses to provide custom initialization.Generally:

  • Custom logic that was done in__new__ after callingsuper().__new__should be moved to__init__.

  • To create a class, call the metaclass, not only the metaclass's__new__ method.

  Seegh-124520 for discussion and links to changes in some affectedprojects.

• ctypes.Structure objects have a new_align_attribute which allows the alignment of the structure being packed to/frommemory to be specified explicitly.(Contributed by Matt Sanderson ingh-112433)

dbm¶

• Adddbm.sqlite3, a new module which implements an SQLite backend,and make it the defaultdbm backend.(Contributed by Raymond Hettinger and Erlend E. Aasland ingh-100414.)

• Allow removing all items from the database throughthe newclear() methods of the GDBM and NDBM database objects.(Contributed by Donghee Na ingh-107122.)

dis¶

• Change the output ofdis module functions to show logicallabels for jump targets and exception handlers, rather than offsets.The offsets can be added with the new-O command-line optionor theshow_offsets argument.(Contributed by Irit Katriel ingh-112137.)

• get_instructions() no longer represents cache entriesas separate instructions.Instead, it returns them as part of theInstruction,in the newcache_info field.Theshow_caches argument toget_instructions() is deprecatedand no longer has any effect.(Contributed by Irit Katriel ingh-112962.)

doctest¶

• doctest output is now colored by default.This can be controlled via the newPYTHON_COLORS environmentvariable as well as the canonicalNO_COLORandFORCE_COLOR environment variables.See alsoControlling color.(Contributed by Hugo van Kemenade ingh-117225.)

• TheDocTestRunner.run() method now counts the number of skipped tests.Add theDocTestRunner.skips andTestResults.skipped attributes.(Contributed by Victor Stinner ingh-108794.)

email¶

• Headers with embedded newlines are now quoted on output.Thegenerator will now refuse to serialize (write) headersthat are improperly folded or delimited, such that they would be parsed asmultiple headers or joined with adjacent data.If you need to turn this safety feature off,setverify_generated_headers.(Contributed by Bas Bloemsaat and Petr Viktorin ingh-121650.)

• getaddresses() andparseaddr() nowreturn('','') pairs in more situations where invalid email addressesare encountered instead of potentially inaccurate values.The two functions have a new optionalstrict parameter (defaultTrue).To get the old behavior (accepting malformed input), usestrict=False.getattr(email.utils,'supports_strict_parsing',False) can be usedto check if thestrict parameter is available.(Contributed by Thomas Dwyer and Victor Stinner forgh-102988 to improvetheCVE 2023-27043 fix.)

enum¶

• 公開EnumDict 以更好地支援EnumType 的子類別。

fractions¶

• Fraction objects now support the standardformat specification mini-language rulesfor fill, alignment, sign handling, minimum width, and grouping.(Contributed by Mark Dickinson ingh-111320.)

glob¶

• Addtranslate(), a function to convert a path specificationwith shell-style wildcards to a regular expression.(Contributed by Barney Gale ingh-72904.)

importlib¶

• The following functions inimportlib.resources now allow accessinga directory (or tree) of resources, using multiple positional arguments(theencoding anderrors arguments in the text-reading functionsare now keyword-only):

  • is_resource()

  • open_binary()

  • open_text()

  • path()

  • read_binary()

  • read_text()

  These functions are no longer deprecated and are not scheduled for removal.(Contributed by Petr Viktorin ingh-116608.)

• contents() remains deprecated in favor ofthe fully-featuredTraversable API.However, there is now no plan to remove it.(Contributed by Petr Viktorin ingh-116608.)

io¶

• TheIOBase finalizer now logs any errors raised bytheclose() method withsys.unraisablehook.Previously, errors were ignored silently by default,and only logged inPython Development Modeor when using aPython debug build.(Contributed by Victor Stinner ingh-62948.)

ipaddress¶

• Add theIPv4Address.ipv6_mapped property,which returns the IPv4-mapped IPv6 address.(Contributed by Charles Machalow ingh-109466.)

• Fixis_global andis_private behavior inIPv4Address,IPv6Address,IPv4Network, andIPv6Network.(Contributed by Jakub Stasiak ingh-113171.)

itertools¶

• batched() has a newstrict parameter,which raises aValueError if the final batch is shorterthan the specified batch size.(Contributed by Raymond Hettinger ingh-113202.)

marshal¶

• Add theallow_code parameter in module functions.Passingallow_code=False prevents serialization and de-serializationof code objects which are incompatible between Python versions.(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka ingh-113626.)

math¶

• The new functionfma() performs fused multiply-add operations.This computesx*y+z with only a single round,and so avoids any intermediate loss of precision.It wraps thefma() function provided by C99,and follows the specification of the IEEE 754 "fusedMultiplyAdd" operationfor special cases.(Contributed by Mark Dickinson and Victor Stinner ingh-73468.)

mimetypes¶

• Add theguess_file_type() function to guess a MIME typefrom a filesystem path.Using paths withguess_type() is nowsoft deprecated.(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka ingh-66543.)

mmap¶

• mmap is now protected from crashing on Windows when themapped memory is inaccessible due to file system errors or access violations.(Contributed by Jannis Weigend ingh-118209.)

• mmap has a newseekable() methodthat can be used when a seekable file-like object is required.Theseek() method now returns the new absolute position.(Contributed by Donghee Na and Sylvie Liberman ingh-111835.)

• The new UNIX-onlytrackfd parameter formmap controlsfile descriptor duplication;if false, the file descriptor specified byfileno will not be duplicated.(Contributed by Zackery Spytz and Petr Viktorin ingh-78502.)

multiprocessing¶

• The default number of worker threads and processes is now selected usingos.process_cpu_count() instead ofos.cpu_count().(Contributed by Victor Stinner ingh-109649.)

os¶

• Addprocess_cpu_count() function to get the numberof logical CPU cores usable by the calling thread of the current process.(Contributed by Victor Stinner ingh-109649.)

• cpu_count() andprocess_cpu_count() can be overriddenthrough the new environment variablePYTHON_CPU_COUNTor the new command-line option-Xcpu_count.This option is useful for users who need to limit CPU resourcesof a container system without having to modify application codeor the container itself.(Contributed by Donghee Na ingh-109595.)

• Add alow level interface to Linux'stimer file descriptorsviatimerfd_create(),timerfd_settime(),timerfd_settime_ns(),timerfd_gettime(),timerfd_gettime_ns(),TFD_NONBLOCK,TFD_CLOEXEC,TFD_TIMER_ABSTIME, andTFD_TIMER_CANCEL_ON_SET(Contributed by Masaru Tsuchiyama ingh-108277.)

• lchmod() and thefollow_symlinks argument ofchmod()are both now available on Windows.Note that the default value offollow_symlinksinlchmod() isFalse on Windows.(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka ingh-59616.)

• fchmod() and support for file descriptors inchmod()are both now available on Windows.(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka ingh-113191.)

• On Windows,mkdir() andmakedirs() now support passingamode value of0o700 to apply access control to the new directory.This implicitly affectstempfile.mkdtemp()and is a mitigation forCVE 2024-4030.Other values formode continue to be ignored.(Contributed by Steve Dower ingh-118486.)

• posix_spawn() now acceptsNone for theenv argument,which makes the newly spawned process use the current process environment.(Contributed by Jakub Kulik ingh-113119.)

• posix_spawn() can now use thePOSIX_SPAWN_CLOSEFROMattribute in thefile_actions parameter on platforms that supportposix_spawn_file_actions_addclosefrom_np().(Contributed by Jakub Kulik ingh-113117.)

os.path¶

• Addisreserved() to check if a path is reservedon the current system.This function is only available on Windows.(Contributed by Barney Gale ingh-88569.)

• On Windows,isabs() no longer considers pathsstarting with exactly one slash (\ or/) to be absolute.(Contributed by Barney Gale and Jon Foster ingh-44626.)

• realpath() now resolves MS-DOS style file nameseven if the file is not accessible.(Contributed by Moonsik Park ingh-82367.)

pathlib¶

• AddUnsupportedOperation, which is raised instead ofNotImplementedError when a path operation isn't supported.(Contributed by Barney Gale ingh-89812.)

• Add a new constructor for creatingPath objectsfrom 'file' URIs (file:///),Path.from_uri().(Contributed by Barney Gale ingh-107465.)

• AddPurePath.full_match() for matching paths withshell-style wildcards, including the recursive wildcard "**".(Contributed by Barney Gale ingh-73435.)

• Add thePurePath.parser class attribute to store theimplementation ofos.path usedfor low-level path parsing and joining.This will be eitherposixpath orntpath.

• Addrecurse_symlinks keyword-only argument toPath.glob() andrglob().(Contributed by Barney Gale ingh-77609.)

• Path.glob() andrglob()now return files and directories when given a pattern that ends with "**".Previously, only directories were returned.(Contributed by Barney Gale ingh-70303.)

• Add thefollow_symlinks keyword-only argument toPath.is_file,Path.is_dir,Path.owner(), andPath.group().(Contributed by Barney Gale ingh-105793 and Kamil Turek ingh-107962.)

pdb¶

• breakpoint() andset_trace() now enter the debugger immediatelyrather than on the next line of code to be executed. This change prevents thedebugger from breaking outside of the context whenbreakpoint() is positionedat the end of the context.(Contributed by Tian Gao ingh-118579.)

• sys.path[0] is no longer replaced by the directory of the scriptbeing debugged whensys.flags.safe_path is set.(Contributed by Tian Gao and Christian Walther ingh-111762.)

• zipapp is now supported as a debugging target.(Contributed by Tian Gao ingh-118501.)

• Add ability to move between chained exceptions duringpost-mortem debugging inpm() usingthe newexceptions[exc_number] command for Pdb.(Contributed by Matthias Bussonnier ingh-106676.)

• Expressions and statements whose prefix is a pdb command are now correctlyidentified and executed.(Contributed by Tian Gao ingh-108464.)

queue¶

• AddQueue.shutdown andShutDownto manage queue termination.(Contributed by Laurie Opperman and Yves Duprat ingh-104750.)

random¶

• Add acommand-line interface.(Contributed by Hugo van Kemenade ingh-118131.)

re¶

• Renamere.error toPatternError for improved clarity.re.error is kept for backward compatibility.

shutil¶

• Support thedir_fd andfollow_symlinks keyword argumentsinchown().(Contributed by Berker Peksag and Tahia K ingh-62308)

site¶

• .pth files are now decoded using UTF-8 first,and then with thelocale encoding if UTF-8 decoding fails.(Contributed by Inada Naoki ingh-117802.)

sqlite3¶

• AResourceWarning is now emitted if aConnectionobject is notclosed explicitly.(Contributed by Erlend E. Aasland ingh-105539.)

• Add thefilter keyword-only parameter toConnection.iterdump()for filtering database objects to dump.(Contributed by Mariusz Felisiak ingh-91602.)

ssl¶

• Thecreate_default_context() API now includesVERIFY_X509_PARTIAL_CHAIN andVERIFY_X509_STRICTin its default flags.

  備註

  VERIFY_X509_STRICT may reject pre-RFC 5280or malformed certificates that the underlying OpenSSL implementationmight otherwise accept.Whilst disabling this is not recommended, you can do so using:

  importsslctx=ssl.create_default_context()ctx.verify_flags&=~ssl.VERIFY_X509_STRICT

  （由 William Woodruff 在gh-112389 中貢獻。）

statistics¶

• Addkde() for kernel density estimation.This makes it possible to estimate a continuous probability density functionfrom a fixed number of discrete samples.(Contributed by Raymond Hettinger ingh-115863.)

• Addkde_random() for sampling from anestimated probability density function created bykde().(Contributed by Raymond Hettinger ingh-115863.)

subprocess¶

• Thesubprocess module now uses theposix_spawn() function inmore situations.

  Notably, whenclose_fds isTrue (the default),posix_spawn() will be used when the C library providesposix_spawn_file_actions_addclosefrom_np(),which includes recent versions of Linux, FreeBSD, and Solaris.On Linux, this should perform similarly to the existingLinuxvfork() based code.

  A private control knobsubprocess._USE_POSIX_SPAWN canbe set toFalse if you need to forcesubprocessto never useposix_spawn().Please report your reason and platform details intheissue tracker if you set thisso that we can improve our API selection logic for everyone.(Contributed by Jakub Kulik ingh-113117.)

sys¶

• Add the_is_interned() function to test if a string was interned.This function is not guaranteed to exist in all implementations of Python.(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka ingh-78573.)

tempfile¶

• On Windows, the default mode0o700 used bytempfile.mkdtemp() nowlimits access to the new directory due to changes toos.mkdir().This is a mitigation forCVE 2024-4030.(Contributed by Steve Dower ingh-118486.)

time¶

• On Windows,monotonic() now uses theQueryPerformanceCounter() clock for a resolution of 1 microsecond,instead of theGetTickCount64() clock which hasa resolution of 15.6 milliseconds.(Contributed by Victor Stinner ingh-88494.)

• On Windows,time() now uses theGetSystemTimePreciseAsFileTime() clock for a resolution of 1 microsecond,instead of theGetSystemTimeAsFileTime() clock which hasa resolution of 15.6 milliseconds.(Contributed by Victor Stinner ingh-63207.)

tkinter¶

• Addtkinter widget methods:tk_busy_hold(),tk_busy_configure(),tk_busy_cget(),tk_busy_forget(),tk_busy_current(), andtk_busy_status().(Contributed by Miguel, klappnase and Serhiy Storchaka ingh-72684.)

• Thetkinter widget methodwm_attributes() now acceptsthe attribute name without the minus prefix to get window attributes,for examplew.wm_attributes('alpha')and allows specifying attributes and values to set as keyword arguments,for examplew.wm_attributes(alpha=0.5).(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka ingh-43457.)

• wm_attributes() can now return attributes as adict,by using the new optional keyword-only parameterreturn_python_dict.(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka ingh-43457.)

• Text.count() can now return a simpleintwhen the new optional keyword-only parameterreturn_ints is used.Otherwise, the single count is returned as a 1-tuple orNone.(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka ingh-97928.)

• Support the "vsapi" element type intheelement_create() method oftkinter.ttk.Style.(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka ingh-68166.)

• Add theafter_info() method for Tkinter widgets.(Contributed by Cheryl Sabella ingh-77020.)

• Add a newcopy_replace() method toPhotoImageto copy a region from one image to another,possibly with pixel zooming, subsampling, or both.(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka ingh-118225.)

• Addfrom_coords parameter to thePhotoImage methodscopy(),zoom() andsubsample().Addzoom andsubsample parameters to thePhotoImage methodcopy().(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka ingh-118225.)

• Add thePhotoImage methodsread() to read an image from a fileanddata() to get the image data.Addbackground andgrayscale parameters to thewrite() method.(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka ingh-118271.)

traceback¶

• Add theexc_type_str attributetoTracebackException,which holds a string display of theexc_type.Deprecate theexc_type attribute,which holds the type object itself.Add parametersave_exc_type (defaultTrue)to indicate whetherexc_type should be saved.(Contributed by Irit Katriel ingh-112332.)

• Add a newshow_group keyword-only parameter toTracebackException.format_exception_only() to (recursively) formatthe nested exceptions of aBaseExceptionGroup instance.(Contributed by Irit Katriel ingh-105292.)

types¶

• SimpleNamespace can now take a single positional argumentto initialise the namespace's arguments.This argument must either be a mapping or an iterable of key-value pairs.(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka ingh-108191.)

typing¶

• PEP 705: AddReadOnly, a special typing constructto mark aTypedDict item as read-only for type checkers.

• PEP 742: AddTypeIs, a typing constructthat can be used to instruct a type checker how to narrow a type.

• AddNoDefault, a sentinel object used to representthe defaults of some parameters in thetyping module.(Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra ingh-116126.)

• Addget_protocol_members() to return the set of membersdefining atyping.Protocol.(Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra ingh-104873.)

• Addis_protocol() to check whether a classis aProtocol.(Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra ingh-104873.)

• ClassVar can now be nested inFinal,and vice versa.(Contributed by Mehdi Drissi ingh-89547.)

unicodedata¶

• Update the Unicode database toversion 15.1.0.(Contributed by James Gerity ingh-109559.)

venv¶

• Add support for creating source control management (SCM) ignore filesin a virtual environment's directory.By default, Git is supported.This is implemented as opt-in via the API,which can be extended to support other SCMs(EnvBuilder andcreate()),and opt-out via the CLI, using--without-scm-ignore-files.(Contributed by Brett Cannon ingh-108125.)

warnings¶

• PEP 702: The newwarnings.deprecated() decorator provides a way tocommunicate deprecations to astatic type checkerand to warn on usage of deprecated classes and functions.ADeprecationWarning may also be emitted whena decorated function or class is used at runtime.(Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra ingh-104003.)

xml¶

• Allow controlling Expat >=2.6.0 reparse deferral (CVE 2023-52425)by adding five new methods:

  • xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser.flush()

  • xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLPullParser.flush()

  • xml.parsers.expat.xmlparser.GetReparseDeferralEnabled()

  • xml.parsers.expat.xmlparser.SetReparseDeferralEnabled()

  • xml.sax.expatreader.ExpatParser.flush()

  （由 Sebastian Pipping 在gh-115623 中貢獻。）

• Add theclose() method for the iterator returned byiterparse() for explicit cleanup.(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka ingh-69893.)

zipimport¶

• Add support forZIP64 format files.Everybody loves huge data, right?(Contributed by Tim Hatch ingh-94146.)

PEP 594：從標準函式庫中移除「用完的電池」¶

PEP 594 提議從標準函式庫中移除因為歷史、過時或不安全狀態而被稱為「用完的電池 (dead batteries)」的 19 個模組。以下所有模組在 Python 3.11 中已被棄用，現在已被移除：

• aifc

  • standard-aifc：PyPI 上的aifc 函式庫重新發布版。

• audioop

  • audioop-lts：PyPI 上的audioop-lts 函式庫。

• chunk

  • standard-chunk：PyPI 上的chunk 函式庫重新發布版。

• cgi 和cgitb

  • cgi.FieldStorage，在於GET 和HEAD 請求中通常可以被urllib.parse.parse_qsl() 取代，而在於POST 和PUT 請求中可以被email.message 模組或multipart 函式庫取代。

  • cgi.parse() 能夠以在所需的查詢字串上直接呼叫urllib.parse.parse_qs() 來取代，除非輸入為multipart/form-data，而這種情況則應該如下所述地將cgi.parse_multipart() 給替換掉。

  • cgi.parse_header() can be replaced with the functionalityin theemail package, which implements the same MIME RFCs.For example, withemail.message.EmailMessage:

    fromemail.messageimportEmailMessagemsg=EmailMessage()msg['content-type']='application/json; charset="utf8"'main,params=msg.get_content_type(),msg['content-type'].params

  • cgi.parse_multipart() 可以被email 函式庫中實作相同 MIME RFCs 的功能取代，或者可以被multipart 函式庫取代，例如email.message.EmailMessage 和email.message.Message 類別。

  • standard-cgi 和standard-cgitb：PyPI 上的cgi 和cgitb 函式庫重新發布版。

• crypt and the private_crypt extension.Thehashlib module may be an appropriate replacementwhen simply hashing a value is required.Otherwise, various third-party libraries on PyPI are available:

  • bcrypt：適用於你的軟體與伺服器的現代密碼雜湊演算法。

  • argon2-cffi：安全的 Argon2 密碼雜湊演算法。

  • legacycrypt：對 POSIX crypt 函式庫呼叫及相關功能的ctypes 包裝。

  • crypt_r：對crypt 模組的分支 (fork)，對crypt_r(3) 函式庫呼叫及相關功能的包裝。

  • standard-crypt 和deprecated-crypt-alternative：PyPI 上的crypt 函式庫重新發布版和_crypt 函式庫的重新實作。

• imghdr：請改用filetype、puremagic 或python-magic 函式庫。例如puremagic.what() 函式可以取代imghdr 過去所支援所有文件格式的imghdr.what() 函式。

  • standard-imghdr：PyPI 上的imghdr 函式庫重新發布版。

• mailcap：請改用mimetypes 模組。

  • standard-mailcap：PyPI 上的mailcap 函式庫重新發布版。

• msilib

• nis

• nntplib：請改用 PyPI 上的pynntp 函式庫。

  • standard-nntplib：PyPI 上的nntplib 函式庫重新發布版。

• ossaudiodev：音訊播放方面，請改用 PyPI 上的pygame 函式庫。

• pipes：請改用subprocess 模組。使用shlex.quote() 來取代未以文件紀錄的pipes.quote 函式。

  • standard-pipes：PyPI 上的pipes 函式庫重新發布版。

• sndhdr：請改用filetype、puremagic 或python-magic 函式庫。

  • standard-sndhdr：PyPI 上的sndhdr 函式庫重新發布版。

• spwd：請改用 PyPI 上的python-pam 函式庫。

• sunau

  • standard-sunau：PyPI 上的sunau 函式庫重新發布版。

• telnetlib：請改用 PyPI 上的telnetlib3 或Exscript 函式庫。

  • standard-telnetlib：PyPI 上的telnetlib 函式庫重新發布版。

• uu：請改用base64 模組來作為當代的替代方案。

  • standard-uu：PyPI 上的uu 函式庫重新發布版。

• xdrlib

  • standard-xdrlib：PyPI 上的xdrlib 函式庫重新發布版。

（由 Victor Stinner 和 Zachary Ware 在gh-104773 和gh-104780 中貢獻。）

2to3¶

• Remove the2to3 program and thelib2to3 module,previously deprecated in Python 3.11.(Contributed by Victor Stinner ingh-104780.)

builtins¶

• Remove support for chainedclassmethod descriptors(introduced ingh-63272).These can no longer be used to wrap other descriptors,such asproperty.The core design of this feature was flawed and led to several problems.To "pass-through" aclassmethod, consider usingthe__wrapped__ attribute that was added in Python 3.10.(Contributed by Raymond Hettinger ingh-89519.)

• Raise aRuntimeError when callingframe.clear()on a suspended frame (as has always been the case for an executing frame).(Contributed by Irit Katriel ingh-79932.)

configparser¶

• Remove the undocumentedLegacyInterpolation class,deprecated in the docstring since Python 3.2,and at runtime since Python 3.11.(Contributed by Hugo van Kemenade ingh-104886.)

importlib.metadata¶

• Remove deprecated subscript (__getitem__()) access forEntryPoint objects.(Contributed by Jason R. Coombs ingh-113175.)

locale¶

• Remove thelocale.resetlocale() function, deprecated in Python 3.11.Uselocale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL,"") instead.(Contributed by Victor Stinner ingh-104783.)

opcode¶

• Moveopcode.ENABLE_SPECIALIZATION to_opcode.ENABLE_SPECIALIZATION.This field was added in 3.12, it was never documented,and is not intended for external use.(Contributed by Irit Katriel ingh-105481.)

• Removeopcode.is_pseudo(),opcode.MIN_PSEUDO_OPCODE,andopcode.MAX_PSEUDO_OPCODE, which were added in Python 3.12,but were neither documented nor exposed throughdis,and were not intended to be used externally.(Contributed by Irit Katriel ingh-105481.)

optparse¶

• This module is no longer consideredsoft deprecated.Whileargparse remains preferred for new projects thataren't using a third party command line argument processinglibrary, there are aspects of the wayargparse works thatmean the lower leveloptparse module may provide a betterfoundation forwriting argument processing libraries, andfor implementing command line applications which adhere morestrictly thanargparse does to various Unix command lineprocessing conventions that originate in the behaviour of theCgetopt() function .(Contributed by Alyssa Coghlan and Serhiy Storchaka ingh-126180.)

pathlib¶

• Remove the ability to usePath objects as context managers.This functionality was deprecated and has had no effect since Python 3.9.(Contributed by Barney Gale ingh-83863.)

re¶

• Remove the undocumented, deprecated, and brokenre.template() function andre.TEMPLATE /re.T flag.(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka and Nikita Sobolev ingh-105687.)

tkinter.tix¶

• Remove thetkinter.tix module, deprecated in Python 3.6.The third-party Tix library which the module wrapped is unmaintained.(Contributed by Zachary Ware ingh-75552.)

turtle¶

• Remove theRawTurtle.settiltangle() method,deprecated in the documentation since Python 3.1and at runtime since Python 3.11.(Contributed by Hugo van Kemenade ingh-104876.)

typing¶

• Remove thetyping.io andtyping.re namespaces,deprecated since Python 3.8.The items in those namespaces can be imported directlyfrom thetyping module.(Contributed by Sebastian Rittau ingh-92871.)

• Remove the keyword-argument method of creatingTypedDict types, deprecated in Python 3.11.(Contributed by Tomas Roun ingh-104786.)

unittest¶

• 移除以下在 Python 3.11 中已被棄用的unittest 函式：

  • unittest.findTestCases()

  • unittest.makeSuite()

  • unittest.getTestCaseNames()

  改用TestLoader 方法：

  • loadTestsFromModule()

  • loadTestsFromTestCase()

  • getTestCaseNames()

  （由 Hugo van Kemenade 在gh-104835 中貢獻。）

• Remove the untested and undocumentedTestProgram.usageExit()method, deprecated in Python 3.11.(Contributed by Hugo van Kemenade ingh-104992.)

urllib¶

• Remove thecafile,capath, andcadefault parameters of theurllib.request.urlopen() function, deprecated in Python 3.6.Use thecontext parameter instead with anSSLContext instance.Thessl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain() functioncan be used to load specific certificates,or letssl.create_default_context() selectthe operating system's trusted certificate authority (CA) certificates.(Contributed by Victor Stinner ingh-105382.)

webbrowser¶

• Remove the untested and undocumentedMacOSX class,deprecated in Python 3.11.Use theMacOSXOSAScript class (introduced in Python 3.2) instead.(Contributed by Hugo van Kemenade ingh-104804.)

• Remove the deprecatedMacOSXOSAScript._name attribute.Use theMacOSXOSAScript.nameattribute instead.(Contributed by Nikita Sobolev ingh-105546.)

Python 3.14 中待移除的項目¶

• argparse：argparse.BooleanOptionalAction 的type、choices 和metavar 參數已被棄用，將在 3.14 中移除。 (由 Nikita Sobolev 於gh-92248 貢獻。)

• ast：自 Python 3.8 起，下列功能已在文件中被棄用，現在在存取或使用時會於 runtime 發出DeprecationWarning，並將在 Python 3.14 中移除：

  • ast.Num

  • ast.Str

  • ast.Bytes

  • ast.NameConstant

  • ast.Ellipsis

  請改用ast.Constant。（由 Serhiy Storchaka 於gh-90953 貢獻。）

• asyncio：

  • 已棄用並將在 Python 3.14 中移除的 child watcher 類別：asyncio.MultiLoopChildWatcher、asyncio.FastChildWatcher、asyncio.AbstractChildWatcher 和asyncio.SafeChildWatcher。 (由 Kumar Aditya 於gh-94597 貢獻。)

  • asyncio.set_child_watcher()、asyncio.get_child_watcher()、asyncio.AbstractEventLoopPolicy.set_child_watcher() 和asyncio.AbstractEventLoopPolicy.get_child_watcher() 已被棄用並將在 Python 3.14 中移除。（由 Kumar Aditya 於gh-94597 貢獻。）

  • 預設事件迴圈策略的get_event_loop() 方法現在會在沒有設定目前事件迴圈且決定建立一個時發出DeprecationWarning。 (由 Serhiy Storchaka 和 Guido van Rossum 於gh-100160 貢獻。)

• email：已棄用email.utils.localtime() 中的isdst 參數。（由 Alan Williams 於gh-72346 貢獻。）

• importlib.abc 的已棄用類別：

  • importlib.abc.ResourceReader

  • importlib.abc.Traversable

  • importlib.abc.TraversableResources

  請改用importlib.resources.abc 類別：

  • importlib.resources.abc.Traversable

  • importlib.resources.abc.TraversableResources

  （由 Jason R. Coombs 和 Hugo van Kemenade 貢獻於gh-93963。）

• itertools 有不以文件記錄、效率低下、過去常有 bug 且不一致的 copy、deepcopy 和 pickle 操作支援。將在 3.14 中移除以大幅減少程式碼量和維護負擔。 (由 Raymond Hettinger 於gh-101588 貢獻。)

• multiprocessing：預設的啟動方法將在 Linux、BSD 和其他非 macOS POSIX 平台上更改為更安全的 方法，目前'fork' 是預設值 (gh-84559)。對此增加一個 runtime 警告被認為太過擾人，因為 大多數程式碼不會在意。請使用get_context() 或set_start_method() API 來明確指定你的程式碼何時需要'fork'。請參閱Contexts and start methods。

• pathlib：已棄用is_relative_to() 和relative_to()：額外引數的傳遞已被棄用。

• pkgutil：pkgutil.find_loader() 和pkgutil.get_loader() 現在會引發DeprecationWarning；請改用importlib.util.find_spec()。 (由 Nikita Sobolev 於gh-97850 貢獻。)

• pty：

  • master_open()：請用pty.openpty()。

  • slave_open()：請用pty.openpty()。

• sqlite3：

  • version 和version_info。

  • execute() 和executemany()，如果使用named placeholders 且parameters 是序列而不是dict。

• urllib：urllib.parse.Quoter 已被棄用：它並非預期的公開 API。(由 Gregory P. Smith 於gh-88168 貢獻。)

Python 3.15 中待移除的項目¶

• 引入系統 (import system)：

  • 在模組上設定__cached__ 而沒有設定__spec__.cached 的做法已被棄用。在 Python 3.15 中，引入系統或標準函式庫將不再設定或考慮__cached__。(gh-97879)

  • 在模組上設定__package__ 而沒有設定__spec__.parent 的做法已被棄用。在 Python 3.15 中，引入系統或標準函式庫將不再設定或考慮__package__。(gh-97879)

• ctypes：

  • 自 Python 3.13 起，未記錄的ctypes.SetPointerType() 函式已被棄用。

• http.server：

  • 過時且很少使用的CGIHTTPRequestHandler 自 Python 3.13 起已被棄用。不存在直接的替代。任何東西都比 CGI 更好地將 Web 伺服器與請求處理程序介接起來。

  • 自 Python 3.13 起，python -m http.server 命令列介面的--cgi 旗標已被棄用。

• importlib：

  • load_module() method：請改用exec_module()。

• locale：

  • getdefaultlocale() 已在 Python 3.11 中被棄用，原本計劃在 Python 3.13 中移除 (gh-90817)，但被延後至 Python 3.15。請改用getlocale()、setlocale() 和getencoding()。 (由 Hugo van Kemenade 於gh-111187 貢獻。)

• pathlib：

  • PurePath.is_reserved() 已自 Python 3.13 被棄用。請用os.path.isreserved() 來偵測 Windows 上的保留路徑。

• platform：

  • 自 Python 3.13 起，java_ver() 已被棄用。此函式僅對 Jython 支援有用，具有令人困惑的 API，基本上未經測試。

• sysconfig：

  • sysconfig.is_python_build() 的check_home 引數自 Python 3.12 起已被棄用。

• threading：

  • RLock() 在 Python 3.15 中將不接受任何引數。自 Python 3.14 起，傳遞任何引數的用法已被棄用，因為 Python 版本不允許任何引數，但 C 版本允許任意數量的位置或關鍵字引數，並忽略每個引數。

• types：

  • types.CodeType：自 3.10 起，存取co_lnotab 已在PEP 626 中被棄用，並計劃在 3.12 中移除，但只在 3.12 中於適當時發出DeprecationWarning。可能在 3.15 中移除。（由 Nikita Sobolev 於gh-101866 貢獻。）

• typing：

  • 用於建立NamedTuple 類別的未以文件記錄之關鍵字引數語法 (Point=NamedTuple("Point",x=int,y=int)) 已自 Python 3.13 棄用。請改用基於類別的語法或函式語法 (functional syntax)。

  • 當使用TypedDict 的函式語法時，未傳遞值給fields 參數 (TD=TypedDict("TD")) 或傳遞None (TD=TypedDict("TD",None)) 的做法自 Python 3.13 起已被棄用。請使用classTD(TypedDict):pass 或TD=TypedDict("TD",{}) 來建立具有零個欄位的 TypedDict。

  • 自 Python 3.13 起，typing.no_type_check_decorator() 裝飾器函式已被棄用。在typing 模組中使用了八年之後，它尚未得到任何主要型別檢查器的支援。

• wave：

  • 已棄用Wave_read 和Wave_write 類別的getmark()、setmark() 和getmarkers() 方法自 Python 3.13 被棄用。

• zipimport：

  • load_module() 自 Python 3.10 被棄用。請改用exec_module()。（由 Jiahao Li 於gh-125746 貢獻。）

Python 3.16 中待移除的項目¶

• 引入系統 (import system)：

  • 在模組上設定__loader__ 而沒有設定__spec__.loader 的做法將於 Python 3.16 被棄用。在 Python 3.16 中，引入系統或標準函式庫將不再設定或考慮__loader__。

• array：

  • 自 Python 3.3 起，'u' 格式碼 (wchar_t) 在文件中已被棄用，自 Python 3.13 起在 runtime 已被棄用。請使用'w' 格式碼 (Py_UCS4) 來取代 Unicode 字元。

• asyncio：

  • asyncio.iscoroutinefunction() 已被棄用並將在 Python 3.16 中移除；請改用inspect.iscoroutinefunction()。（由 Jiahao Li 和 Kumar Aditya 於gh-122875 貢獻。）

  • asyncio 策略系統已被棄用並將在 Python 3.16 中移除。特別是以下類別和函式已被棄用：

    • asyncio.AbstractEventLoopPolicy

    • asyncio.DefaultEventLoopPolicy

    • asyncio.WindowsSelectorEventLoopPolicy

    • asyncio.WindowsProactorEventLoopPolicy

    • asyncio.get_event_loop_policy()

    • asyncio.set_event_loop_policy()

    使用者應該使用asyncio.run() 或asyncio.Runner 搭配loop_factory 來使用所需的事件迴圈實作。

    例如在 Windows 上使用asyncio.SelectorEventLoop：

    importasyncioasyncdefmain():...asyncio.run(main(),loop_factory=asyncio.SelectorEventLoop)

    （由 Kumar Aditya 於gh-127949 貢獻。）

• builtins：

  • 自 Python 3.12 起，布林型別的位元反轉~True 或~False 已被棄用，因為它會產生不預期且不直觀的結果（-2 和-1）。使用notx 代替布林值的邏輯否定。在極少數情況下，你需要對底層的整數進行位元反轉，請明確轉換為~int(x) (~int(x))。

• functools：

  • 自 Python 3.14 起，使用function 或sequence 關鍵字引數呼叫functools.reduce() 的 Python 實作已被棄用。

• logging：

  對具有strm 引數的自訂日誌記錄處理函式的支援已被棄用，並計劃在 Python 3.16 中移除。請改用stream 引數。（由 Mariusz Felisiak 於gh-115032 貢獻。）

• mimetypes：

  • 有效的副檔名以 '.' 開頭或對mimetypes.MimeTypes.add_type() 為空字串。未加點的副檔名已被棄用，並將在 Python 3.16 中引發ValueError。（由 Hugo van Kemenade 於gh-75223 貢獻。）

• shutil：

  • 自 Python 3.14 起，ExecError 例外已被棄用。自 Python 3.4 以來，它尚未被shutil 中的任何函式使用，現在是RuntimeError 的別名。

• symtable：

  • 自 Python 3.14 起，Class.get_methods 方法已被棄用。

• sys：

  • 自 Python 3.13 起，_enablelegacywindowsfsencoding() 函式已被棄用。請改用PYTHONLEGACYWINDOWSFSENCODING 環境變數。

• sysconfig：

  • 自 Python 3.14 起，sysconfig.expand_makefile_vars() 函式已被棄用。請改用sysconfig.get_paths() 的vars 引數。

• tarfile：

  • 自 Python 3.13 起，未以文件記錄和未被使用的TarFile.tarfile 屬性已被棄用。

Python 3.17 中待移除的項目¶

• collections.abc：

  • collections.abc.ByteString 預計在 Python 3.17 中移除。

    使用isinstance(obj,collections.abc.Buffer) 來測試obj 是否在 runtime 實作了緩衝區協定。在型別註解的使用中，請用Buffer 或明確指定你的程式碼所支援型別的聯集（例如bytes|bytearray|memoryview）。

    ByteString 最初被設計為一個抽象類別，以作為bytes 和bytearray 的超型別 (supertype)。然而由於 ABC 從未擁有任何方法，知道一個物件是ByteString 的實例從未真正告訴你任何關於該物件的有用資訊。其他常見的緩衝區型別如memoryview 也從未被理解為ByteString 的子型別（無論是在 runtime 還是由靜態型別檢查器）。

    更多細節請見PEP 688。（由 Shantanu Jain 於gh-91896 貢獻。）

• typing：

  • 在 Python 3.14 之前，舊式聯集是使用私有類別typing._UnionGenericAlias 實作的。這個類別不再被需要，但為了向後相容性而保留，並計劃將在 Python 3.17 中移除。使用者應該改用文件中記錄的內省輔助函式，例如typing.get_origin() 和typing.get_args()，或者依賴私有實作細節。

  • typing.ByteString 自 Python 3.9 起已被棄用，預計在 Python 3.17 中移除。

    使用isinstance(obj,collections.abc.Buffer) 來測試obj 是否在 runtime 實作了緩衝區協定。在型別註解的使用中，請用Buffer 或明確指定你的程式碼所支援型別的聯集（例如bytes|bytearray|memoryview）。

    ByteString 最初被設計為一個抽象類別，以作為bytes 和bytearray 的超型別 (supertype)。然而由於 ABC 從未擁有任何方法，知道一個物件是ByteString 的實例從未真正告訴你任何關於該物件的有用資訊。其他常見的緩衝區型別如memoryview 也從未被理解為ByteString 的子型別（無論是在 runtime 還是由靜態型別檢查器）。

    更多細節請見PEP 688。（由 Shantanu Jain 於gh-91896 貢獻。）

未來版本中的待移除項目¶

以下 API 將在未來被移除，雖然目前尚未安排移除日期。

• argparse：

  • 巢狀引數群組和巢狀互斥群組已被棄用。

  • 將未以文件記錄的關鍵字引數prefix_chars 傳遞給add_argument_group() 的做法現在已被棄用。

  • argparse.FileType 型別轉換器已被棄用。

• builtins：

  • 產生器：throw(type,exc,tb) 和athrow(type,exc,tb) 簽名已被棄用：請改用throw(exc) 和athrow(exc)，為單引數簽名。

  • 目前 Python 接受數值字面值後面立即接關鍵字，例如0inx、1orx、0if1else2。它讓運算式模糊且容易混淆，如[0x1forxiny]（可以解釋為[0x1forxiny] 或[0x1forxiny]）。如果數值字面值後立即接and、else、for、if、in、is 和or 之一的關鍵字，則會引發語法警告。在未來版本中，它將被更改為語法錯誤。(gh-87999)

  • __index__() 和__int__() 方法回傳非 int 型別的支援：這些方法將需要回傳int 的嚴格子類別實例。

  • 回傳float 嚴格子類別__float__() 方法的支援：這些方法將需要回傳float 的實例。

  • 回傳complex 嚴格子類別__complex__() 方法的支援：這些方法將需要回傳complex 的實例。

  • 將int() 委派給__trunc__() 方法。

  • 在complex() 建構子中將複數作為real 或imag 引數傳遞現在已被棄用；它應該只作為單個位置引數傳遞。 (由 Serhiy Storchaka 於gh-109218 貢獻。)

• calendar：calendar.January 和calendar.February 常數已被棄用並被calendar.JANUARY 和calendar.FEBRUARY 取代。 (由 Prince Roshan 於gh-103636 貢獻。)

• codecs：請改用open() 而非codecs.open()。(gh-133038)

• codeobject.co_lnotab：請改用codeobject.co_lines() 方法。

• datetime：

  • utcnow()：請改用datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.UTC)。

  • utcfromtimestamp()：請改用datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(timestamp,tz=datetime.UTC)。

• gettext：複數值必須是整數。

• importlib：

  • cache_from_source()debug_override 參數已被棄用：請改用optimization 參數。

• importlib.metadata：

  • EntryPoints 元組介面。

  • 回傳值上的隱式None。

• logging：自 Python 3.3 起，warn() 方法已被棄用，請改用warning()。

• mailbox：已棄用 StringIO 輸入和文本模式，請改用 BytesIO 和二進位模式。

• os：在多執行緒行程中呼叫os.register_at_fork()。

• pydoc.ErrorDuringImport：exc_info 參數的元組值已被棄用，請用例外實例。

• re：現在對正規表示式中的數值群組參照和群組名稱用了更嚴格的規則。現在只有 ASCII 數碼序列被接受作為數值參照。位元組模式和替換字串中的群組名稱現在只能包含 ASCII 字母、數碼和底線。（由 Serhiy Storchaka 於gh-91760 貢獻。）

• sre_compile、sre_constants 和sre_parse 模組。

• shutil：rmtree() 的onerror 參數在 Python 3.12 中已被棄用；請改用onexc 參數。

• ssl 選項和協定：

  • 不帶協定引數的ssl.SSLContext 已被棄用。

  • ssl.SSLContext：set_npn_protocols() 和selected_npn_protocol() 已被棄用：請改用 ALPN。

  • ssl.OP_NO_SSL* 選項

  • ssl.OP_NO_TLS* 選項

  • ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv3

  • ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS

  • ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1

  • ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1

  • ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2

  • ssl.TLSVersion.SSLv3

  • ssl.TLSVersion.TLSv1

  • ssl.TLSVersion.TLSv1_1

• threading 方法：

  • threading.Condition.notifyAll()：請用notify_all()。

  • threading.Event.isSet()：請用is_set()。

  • threading.Thread.isDaemon()、threading.Thread.setDaemon()：請用threading.Thread.daemon 屬性。

  • threading.Thread.getName()、threading.Thread.setName()：請用threading.Thread.name 屬性。

  • threading.currentThread()：請用threading.current_thread()。

  • threading.activeCount()：請用threading.active_count()。

• typing.Text (gh-92332)。

• 內部類別typing._UnionGenericAlias 不再用於實作typing.Union。為了保持與此私有類別使用者的相容性，直到至少 Python 3.17 都將提供一個相容性 shim。（由 Jelle Zijlstra 於gh-105499 貢獻。）

• unittest.IsolatedAsyncioTestCase：從測試案例中回傳非None 的值已被棄用。

• urllib.parse 已棄用函式：請改用urlparse()。

  • splitattr()

  • splithost()

  • splitnport()

  • splitpasswd()

  • splitport()

  • splitquery()

  • splittag()

  • splittype()

  • splituser()

  • splitvalue()

  • to_bytes()

• wsgiref：SimpleHandler.stdout.write() 不應該進行部分寫入。

• xml.etree.ElementTree：已棄用對Element 的真值測試。在未來版本中，它將始終回傳True。請改用明確的len(elem) 或elemisnotNone 測試。

• sys._clear_type_cache() 已被棄用：請改用sys._clear_internal_caches()。

新增功能¶

• Add thePyMonitoring C APIfor generatingPEP 669 monitoring events:

  • PyMonitoringState

  • PyMonitoring_FirePyStartEvent()

  • PyMonitoring_FirePyResumeEvent()

  • PyMonitoring_FirePyReturnEvent()

  • PyMonitoring_FirePyYieldEvent()

  • PyMonitoring_FireCallEvent()

  • PyMonitoring_FireLineEvent()

  • PyMonitoring_FireJumpEvent()

  • PyMonitoring_FireBranchEvent

  • PyMonitoring_FireCReturnEvent()

  • PyMonitoring_FirePyThrowEvent()

  • PyMonitoring_FireRaiseEvent()

  • PyMonitoring_FireCRaiseEvent()

  • PyMonitoring_FireReraiseEvent()

  • PyMonitoring_FireExceptionHandledEvent()

  • PyMonitoring_FirePyUnwindEvent()

  • PyMonitoring_FireStopIterationEvent()

  • PyMonitoring_EnterScope()

  • PyMonitoring_ExitScope()

  （由 Irit Katriel 在gh-111997 中貢獻。）

• AddPyMutex, a lightweight mutex that occupies a single byte,and the newPyMutex_Lock() andPyMutex_Unlock() functions.PyMutex_Lock() will release theGIL (if currently held)if the operation needs to block.(Contributed by Sam Gross ingh-108724.)

• Add thePyTime C API to provide access to system clocks:

  • PyTime_t。

  • PyTime_MIN 和PyTime_MAX。

  • PyTime_AsSecondsDouble()。

  • PyTime_Monotonic()。

  • PyTime_MonotonicRaw()。

  • PyTime_PerfCounter()。

  • PyTime_PerfCounterRaw()。

  • PyTime_Time()。

  • PyTime_TimeRaw()。

  （由 Victor Stinner 和 Petr Viktorin 在gh-110850 中貢獻。）

• Add thePyDict_ContainsString() functionwith the same behavior asPyDict_Contains(),butkey is specified as aconstchar* UTF-8 encoded bytes string,rather than aPyObject*.(Contributed by Victor Stinner ingh-108314.)

• Add thePyDict_GetItemRef() andPyDict_GetItemStringRef()functions,which behave similarly toPyDict_GetItemWithError(),but return astrong reference instead of aborrowed reference.Moreover, these functions return-1 on error,removing the need to checkPyErr_Occurred().(Contributed by Victor Stinner ingh-106004.)

• Add thePyDict_SetDefaultRef() function,which behaves similarly toPyDict_SetDefault(),but returns astrong reference instead of aborrowed reference.This function returns-1 on error,0 on insertion,and1 if the key was already present in the dictionary.(Contributed by Sam Gross ingh-112066.)

• Add thePyDict_Pop() andPyDict_PopString() functionsto remove a key from a dictionary and optionally return the removed value.This is similar todict.pop(),though there is no default value,andKeyError is not raised for missing keys.(Contributed by Stefan Behnel and Victor Stinner ingh-111262.)

• Add thePyMapping_GetOptionalItem()andPyMapping_GetOptionalItemString() functionsas alternatives toPyObject_GetItem()andPyMapping_GetItemString() respectively.The new functions do not raiseKeyErrorif the requested key is missing from the mapping.These variants are more convenient and fasterif a missing key should not be treated as a failure.(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka ingh-106307.)

• Add thePyObject_GetOptionalAttr()andPyObject_GetOptionalAttrString() functionsas alternatives toPyObject_GetAttr()andPyObject_GetAttrString() respectively.The new functions do not raiseAttributeErrorif the requested attribute is not found on the object.These variants are more convenient and fasterif the missing attribute should not be treated as a failure.(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka ingh-106521.)

• Add thePyErr_FormatUnraisable() functionas an extension toPyErr_WriteUnraisable()that allows customizing the warning message.(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka ingh-108082.)

• Add new functions that return astrong reference instead ofaborrowed reference for frame locals, globals, and builtins,as part ofPEP 667:

  • PyEval_GetFrameBuiltins() 取代PyEval_GetBuiltins()

  • PyEval_GetFrameGlobals() 取代PyEval_GetGlobals()

  • PyEval_GetFrameLocals() 取代PyEval_GetLocals()

  （由 Mark Shannon 和 Tian Gao 在gh-74929 中貢獻。）

• Add thePy_GetConstant() andPy_GetConstantBorrowed()functions to getstrongorborrowed references to constants.For example,Py_GetConstant(Py_CONSTANT_ZERO) returns a strong referenceto the constant zero.(Contributed by Victor Stinner ingh-115754.)

• Add thePyImport_AddModuleRef() functionas a replacement forPyImport_AddModule()that returns astrong reference instead of aborrowed reference.(Contributed by Victor Stinner ingh-105922.)

• Add thePy_IsFinalizing() function to checkwhether the main Python interpreter isshutting down.(Contributed by Victor Stinner ingh-108014.)

• Add thePyList_GetItemRef() functionas a replacement forPyList_GetItem()that returns astrong reference instead of aborrowed reference.(Contributed by Sam Gross ingh-114329.)

• Add thePyList_Extend() andPyList_Clear() functions,mirroring the Pythonlist.extend() andlist.clear() methods.(Contributed by Victor Stinner ingh-111138.)

• Add thePyLong_AsInt() function.It behaves similarly toPyLong_AsLong(),but stores the result in a Cint instead of a Clong.(Contributed by Victor Stinner ingh-108014.)

• Add thePyLong_AsNativeBytes(),PyLong_FromNativeBytes(),andPyLong_FromUnsignedNativeBytes() functionsto simplify converting between native integer typesand Pythonint objects.(Contributed by Steve Dower ingh-111140.)

• AddPyModule_Add() function, which is similar toPyModule_AddObjectRef() andPyModule_AddObject(),but always steals a reference to the value.(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka ingh-86493.)

• Add thePyObject_GenericHash() functionthat implements the default hashing function of a Python object.(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka ingh-113024.)

• Add thePy_HashPointer() function to hash a raw pointer.(Contributed by Victor Stinner ingh-111545.)

• Add thePyObject_VisitManagedDict() andPyObject_ClearManagedDict() functions.which must be called by the traverse and clear functions of a type usingthePy_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT flag.Thepythoncapi-compat project can be used touse these functions with Python 3.11 and 3.12.(Contributed by Victor Stinner ingh-107073.)

• Add thePyRefTracer_SetTracer()andPyRefTracer_GetTracer() functions,which enable tracking object creation and destructionin the same way that thetracemalloc module does.(Contributed by Pablo Galindo ingh-93502.)

• Add thePySys_AuditTuple() functionas an alternative toPySys_Audit()that takes event arguments as a Pythontuple object.(Contributed by Victor Stinner ingh-85283.)

• Add thePyThreadState_GetUnchecked() functionas an alternative toPyThreadState_Get()that doesn't kill the process with a fatal error if it isNULL.The caller is responsible for checking if the result isNULL.(Contributed by Victor Stinner ingh-108867.)

• Add thePyType_GetFullyQualifiedName() functionto get the type's fully qualified name.The module name is prepended iftype.__module__ isa string and is not equal to either'builtins' or'__main__'.(Contributed by Victor Stinner ingh-111696.)

• Add thePyType_GetModuleName() functionto get the type's module name. This is equivalent to getting thetype.__module__ attribute.(Contributed by Eric Snow and Victor Stinner ingh-111696.)

• Add thePyUnicode_EqualToUTF8AndSize()andPyUnicode_EqualToUTF8() functionsto compare a Unicode object with aconstchar* UTF-8 encoded stringand1 if they are equal or0 otherwise.These functions do not raise exceptions.(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka ingh-110289.)

• Add thePyWeakref_GetRef() functionas an alternative toPyWeakref_GetObject()that returns astrong referenceorNULL if the referent is no longer live.(Contributed by Victor Stinner ingh-105927.)

• Add fixed variants of functions which silently ignore errors:

  • PyObject_HasAttrWithError() 取代PyObject_HasAttr()。

  • PyObject_HasAttrStringWithError() 取代PyObject_HasAttrString()。

  • PyMapping_HasKeyWithError() 取代PyMapping_HasKey()。

  • PyMapping_HasKeyStringWithError() 取代PyMapping_HasKeyString()。

  The new functions return-1 for errorsand the standard1 for true and0 for false.

  （由 Serhiy Storchaka 在gh-108511 中貢獻。）

Changed C APIs¶

• Thekeywords parameter ofPyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords()andPyArg_VaParseTupleAndKeywords()now has typechar*const* in Candconstchar*const* in C++,instead ofchar**.In C++, this makes these functions compatible with argumentsof typeconstchar*const*,constchar**,orchar*const* without an explicit type cast.In C, the functions only support arguments of typechar*const*.This can be overridden with thePY_CXX_CONST macro.(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka ingh-65210.)

• PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords() now supportsnon-ASCII keyword parameter names.(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka ingh-110815.)

• ThePyCode_GetFirstFree() function is now unstable APIand is now namedPyUnstable_Code_GetFirstFree().(Contributed by Bogdan Romanyuk ingh-115781.)

• ThePyDict_GetItem(),PyDict_GetItemString(),PyMapping_HasKey(),PyMapping_HasKeyString(),PyObject_HasAttr(),PyObject_HasAttrString(),andPySys_GetObject() functions,each of which clears all errors which occurred when calling themnow reports these errors usingsys.unraisablehook().You may replace them with other functions as recommended in the documentation.(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka ingh-106672.)

• Add support for the%T,%#T,%N and%#N formatstoPyUnicode_FromFormat():

  • %T: Get the fully qualified name of an object type

  • %#T: As above, but use a colon as the separator

  • %N: Get the fully qualified name of a type

  • %#N: As above, but use a colon as the separator

  SeePEP 737 for more information.(Contributed by Victor Stinner ingh-111696.)

• You no longer have to define thePY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN macro beforeincludingPython.h when using# formats informat codes.APIs accepting the format codes always usePy_ssize_t for# formats.(Contributed by Inada Naoki ingh-104922.)

• If Python is built indebug modeorwithassertions,PyTuple_SET_ITEM() andPyList_SET_ITEM()now check the index argument with an assertion.(Contributed by Victor Stinner ingh-106168.)

Limited C API Changes¶

• The following functions are now included in the Limited C API:

  • PyMem_RawMalloc()

  • PyMem_RawCalloc()

  • PyMem_RawRealloc()

  • PyMem_RawFree()

  • PySys_Audit()

  • PySys_AuditTuple()

  • PyType_GetModuleByDef()

  （由 Victor Stinner 貢獻於gh-85283、gh-85283 和gh-116936。）

• Python built with--with-trace-refs (tracing references)now supports theLimited API.(Contributed by Victor Stinner ingh-108634.)

移除的 C API¶

• Remove several functions, macros, variables, etcwith names prefixed by_Py or_PY (which are considered private).If your project is affected by one of these removalsand you believe that the removed API should remain available,pleaseopen a new issue to request a public C APIand addcc:@vstinner to the issue to notify Victor Stinner.(Contributed by Victor Stinner ingh-106320.)

• Remove old buffer protocols deprecated in Python 3.0.Use緩衝協定 (Buffer Protocol) instead.

  • PyObject_CheckReadBuffer():UsePyObject_CheckBuffer() to testwhether the object supports the buffer protocol.Note thatPyObject_CheckBuffer() doesn't guaranteethatPyObject_GetBuffer() will succeed.To test if the object is actually readable,see the next example ofPyObject_GetBuffer().

  • PyObject_AsCharBuffer()、PyObject_AsReadBuffer()：請改用PyObject_GetBuffer() 和PyBuffer_Release()。

    Py_bufferview;if(PyObject_GetBuffer(obj,&view,PyBUF_SIMPLE)<0){returnNULL;}// Use `view.buf` and `view.len` to read from the buffer.// You may need to cast buf as `(const char*)view.buf`.PyBuffer_Release(&view);

  • PyObject_AsWriteBuffer()：請改用PyObject_GetBuffer() 和PyBuffer_Release()。

    Py_bufferview;if(PyObject_GetBuffer(obj,&view,PyBUF_WRITABLE)<0){returnNULL;}// Use `view.buf` and `view.len` to write to the buffer.PyBuffer_Release(&view);

  （由 Inada Naoki 貢獻於gh-85275。）

• Remove various functions deprecated in Python 3.9:

  • PyEval_CallObject()、PyEval_CallObjectWithKeywords()：請改用PyObject_CallNoArgs() 或PyObject_Call()。

    警告

    InPyObject_Call(), positional arguments must be atupleand must not beNULL,and keyword arguments must be adict orNULL,whereas the removed functions checked argument typesand acceptedNULL positional and keyword arguments.To replacePyEval_CallObjectWithKeywords(func,NULL,kwargs) withPyObject_Call(),pass an empty tuple as positional arguments usingPyTuple_New(0).

  • PyEval_CallFunction()：請改用PyObject_CallFunction()。

  • PyEval_CallMethod()：請改用PyObject_CallMethod()。

  • PyCFunction_Call()：請改用PyCFunction_Call()。

  （由 Victor Stinner 貢獻於gh-105107。）

• 移除以下設定 Python 初始化的舊函式，這些函式在 Python 3.11 中已被棄用：

  • PySys_AddWarnOptionUnicode()：請改用PyConfig.warnoptions。

  • PySys_AddWarnOption()：請改用PyConfig.warnoptions。

  • PySys_AddXOption()：請改用PyConfig.xoptions。

  • PySys_HasWarnOptions()：請改用PyConfig.xoptions。

  • PySys_SetPath()：請改用PyConfig.module_search_paths。

  • Py_SetPath()：請改用PyConfig.module_search_paths。

  • Py_SetStandardStreamEncoding()：請改用PyConfig.stdio_encoding 並設定可能的PyConfig.legacy_windows_stdio（在 Windows 上）。

  • _Py_SetProgramFullPath()：請改用PyConfig.executable。

  請改用Python 初始化設定的新PyConfig API (PEP 587)，這是在 Python 3.8 中新增的。（由 Victor Stinner 於gh-105145 貢獻。）

• 移除PyEval_AcquireLock() 和PyEval_ReleaseLock() 函式，這些函式在 Python 3.2 中已被廢棄。它們不會更新目前的執行緒狀態。可以用以下函式取代：

  • PyEval_SaveThread() 和PyEval_RestoreThread()；

  • 低階的PyEval_AcquireThread() 和PyEval_RestoreThread()；

  • 或PyGILState_Ensure() 與PyGILState_Release()。

  （由 Victor Stinner 貢獻於gh-105182。）

• 移除在 Python 3.9 中已被棄用的PyEval_ThreadsInitialized() 函式。自 Python 3.7 起，Py_Initialize() 總是會建立 GIL：呼叫PyEval_InitThreads() 不會有任何作用，而PyEval_ThreadsInitialized() 總是會回傳非零值。（由 Victor Stinner 於gh-105182 貢獻。）

• 移除_PyInterpreterState_Get() 這個對PyInterpreterState_Get() 的別名，這個別名是為了與 Python 3.8 的向後相容性而保留的。pythoncapi-compat 專案可以用於在 Python 3.8 和更舊的版本中取得PyInterpreterState_Get()。（由 Victor Stinner 於gh-106320 貢獻。）

• 移除私有的_PyObject_FastCall() 函式：請改用自 Python 3.8 起可用的PyObject_Vectorcall() 函式（PEP 590）。（由 Victor Stinner 於gh-106023 貢獻。）

• 移除只包含私有函式的cpython/pytime.h 標頭檔。（由 Victor Stinner 於gh-106316 貢獻。）

• Remove the undocumentedPY_TIMEOUT_MAX constant from the limited C API.(Contributed by Victor Stinner ingh-110014.)

• 移除舊的垃圾桶巨集Py_TRASHCAN_SAFE_BEGIN 和Py_TRASHCAN_SAFE_END。請將兩者都替換為新的巨集Py_TRASHCAN_BEGIN 和Py_TRASHCAN_END。（由 Irit Katriel 在gh-105111 中貢獻。）

器用的 C API¶

• 棄用舊的 Python 初始化函式：

  • PySys_ResetWarnOptions()：請改為清除sys.warnoptions 和warnings.filters。

  • Py_GetExecPrefix()：請改用sys.exec_prefix。

  • Py_GetPath()：請改用sys.path。

  • Py_GetPrefix()：請改用sys.prefix。

  • Py_GetProgramFullPath()：請改用sys.executable。

  • Py_GetProgramName()：請改用sys.executable。

  • Py_GetPythonHome()：請改用PyConfig.home 或PYTHONHOME 環境變數。

  （由 Victor Stinner 在gh-105145 中貢獻。）

• 軟性棄用PyEval_GetBuiltins()、PyEval_GetGlobals() 和PyEval_GetLocals() 函式，這些函式會回傳一個借用參照。（作為PEP 667 一部分的軟性棄用。）

• 棄用PyImport_ImportModuleNoBlock() 函式，這只是自 Python 3.3 起的PyImport_ImportModule() 的別名。（由 Victor Stinner 在gh-105396 中貢獻。）

• 軟性棄用PyModule_AddObject() 函式。應該改用PyModule_Add() 或PyModule_AddObjectRef()。（由 Serhiy Storchaka 在gh-86493 中貢獻。）

• 棄用舊的Py_UNICODE 和PY_UNICODE_TYPE 型別以及Py_UNICODE_WIDE 定義。請直接使用wchar_t 型別。自 Python 3.3 起，Py_UNICODE 和PY_UNICODE_TYPE 只是wchar_t 的別名。（由 Victor Stinner 在gh-105156 中貢獻。）

• 棄用PyWeakref_GetObject() 和PyWeakref_GET_OBJECT() 函式，這些函式會回傳一個借用參照。請改用新的PyWeakref_GetRef() 函式，這個函式會回傳一個強參照。pythoncapi-compat 專案可以用於在 Python 3.12 和更舊的版本中取得PyWeakref_GetRef()。（由 Victor Stinner 在gh-105927 中貢獻。）

Python API 的變更¶

• PEP 667 introduces several changesto the semantics oflocals() andf_locals:

  • Callinglocals() in anoptimized scope now produces anindependent snapshot on each call, and hence no longer implicitly updatespreviously returned references. Obtaining the legacy CPython behavior nowrequires explicit calls to update the initially returned dictionary with theresults of subsequent calls tolocals(). Code execution functions thatimplicitly targetlocals() (such asexec andeval) must bepassed an explicit namespace to access their results in an optimized scope.(Changed as part ofPEP 667.)

  • Callinglocals() from a comprehension at module or class scope(including viaexec oreval) once more behaves as if the comprehensionwere running as an independent nested function (i.e. the local variables fromthe containing scope are not included). In Python 3.12, this had changedto include the local variables from the containing scope when implementingPEP 709. (Changed as part ofPEP 667.)

  • AccessingFrameType.f_locals in anoptimized scope now returns a write-through proxy rather than asnapshot that gets updated at ill-specified times. If a snapshot is desired,it must be created explicitly withdict or the proxy's.copy() method.(Changed as part ofPEP 667.)

• functools.partial now emits aFutureWarningwhen used as a method.The behavior will change in future Python versions.Wrap it instaticmethod() if you want to preserve the old behavior.(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka ingh-121027.)

• AnOSError is now raised bygetpass.getuser()for any failure to retrieve a username,instead ofImportError on non-Unix platformsorKeyError on Unix platforms where the password database is empty.

• The value of themode attribute ofgzip.GzipFileis now a string ('rb' or'wb') instead of an integer (1 or2).The value of themode attribute of the readable file-like objectreturned byzipfile.ZipFile.open() is now'rb' instead of'r'.(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka ingh-115961.)

• mailbox.Maildir 現在會忽略以點號 (.) 開頭的檔案。 (由 Zackery Spytz 在gh-65559 貢獻。)

• pathlib.Path.glob() andrglob() now return bothfiles and directories if a pattern that ends with "**" is given,rather than directories only.Add a trailing slash to keep the previous behavior and only match directories.

• Thethreading module now expects the_thread moduleto have an_is_main_interpreter() function.This function takes no arguments and returnsTrueif the current interpreter is the main interpreter.

  Any library or application that provides a custom_thread modulemust provide_is_main_interpreter(),just like the module's other "private" attributes.(gh-112826.)

C API 中的改動¶

• Python.h no longer includes the<ieeefp.h> standard header. It wasincluded for thefinite() function which is now provided by the<math.h> header. It should now be included explicitly if needed. Removealso theHAVE_IEEEFP_H macro.(Contributed by Victor Stinner ingh-108765.)

• Python.h no longer includes these standard header files:<time.h>,<sys/select.h> and<sys/time.h>. If needed, they should now beincluded explicitly. For example,<time.h> provides theclock() andgmtime() functions,<sys/select.h> provides theselect()function, and<sys/time.h> provides thefutimes(),gettimeofday()andsetitimer() functions.(Contributed by Victor Stinner ingh-108765.)

• On Windows,Python.h no longer includes the<stddef.h> standardheader file. If needed, it should now be included explicitly. For example, itprovidesoffsetof() function, andsize_t andptrdiff_t types.Including<stddef.h> explicitly was already needed by all otherplatforms, theHAVE_STDDEF_H macro is only defined on Windows.(Contributed by Victor Stinner ingh-108765.)

• If thePy_LIMITED_API macro is defined,Py_BUILD_CORE,Py_BUILD_CORE_BUILTIN andPy_BUILD_CORE_MODULE macrosare now undefined by<Python.h>.(Contributed by Victor Stinner ingh-85283.)

• The old trashcan macrosPy_TRASHCAN_SAFE_BEGIN andPy_TRASHCAN_SAFE_ENDwere removed. They should be replaced by the new macrosPy_TRASHCAN_BEGINandPy_TRASHCAN_END.

  有舊巨集的tp_dealloc 函式，例如：

  staticvoidmytype_dealloc(mytype*p){PyObject_GC_UnTrack(p);Py_TRASHCAN_SAFE_BEGIN(p);...Py_TRASHCAN_SAFE_END}

  應該改為使用新的巨集，如下所示：

  staticvoidmytype_dealloc(mytype*p){PyObject_GC_UnTrack(p);Py_TRASHCAN_BEGIN(p,mytype_dealloc)...Py_TRASHCAN_END}

  Note thatPy_TRASHCAN_BEGIN has a second argument whichshould be the deallocation function it is in. The new macros wereadded in Python 3.8 and the old macros were deprecated in Python 3.11.(Contributed by Irit Katriel ingh-105111.)

• PEP 667 introduces several changesto frame-related functions:

  • The effects of mutating the dictionary returned fromPyEval_GetLocals() in anoptimized scope have changed.New dict entries added this way will nowonly be visible tosubsequentPyEval_GetLocals() calls in that frame,asPyFrame_GetLocals(),locals(),andFrameType.f_locals no longer accessthe same underlying cached dictionary.Changes made to entries for actual variable names and names added viathe write-through proxy interfaces will be overwritten on subsequent callstoPyEval_GetLocals() in that frame.The recommended code update depends on how the function was being used,so refer to the deprecation notice on the function for details.

  • CallingPyFrame_GetLocals() in anoptimized scopenow returns a write-through proxy rather than a snapshotthat gets updated at ill-specified times.If a snapshot is desired, it must be created explicitly(e.g. withPyDict_Copy()),or by calling the newPyEval_GetFrameLocals() API.

  • PyFrame_FastToLocals() andPyFrame_FastToLocalsWithError()no longer have any effect.Calling these functions has been redundant since Python 3.11,whenPyFrame_GetLocals() was first introduced.

  • PyFrame_LocalsToFast() no longer has any effect.Calling this function is redundant now thatPyFrame_GetLocals()returns a write-through proxy foroptimized scopes.

• Python 3.13 removed many private functions. Some of them can be replaced using thesealternatives:

  • _PyDict_Pop()：PyDict_Pop() 或PyDict_PopString()；

  • _PyDict_GetItemWithError()：PyDict_GetItemRef()；

  • _PyErr_WriteUnraisableMsg()：PyErr_FormatUnraisable()；

  • _PyEval_SetTrace()：PyEval_SetTrace() 或PyEval_SetTraceAllThreads()；

  • _PyList_Extend()：PyList_Extend()；

  • _PyLong_AsInt()：PyLong_AsInt()；

  • _PyMem_RawStrdup()：strdup()；

  • _PyMem_Strdup()：strdup()；

  • _PyObject_ClearManagedDict()：PyObject_ClearManagedDict()；

  • _PyObject_VisitManagedDict()：PyObject_VisitManagedDict()；

  • _PyThreadState_UncheckedGet()：PyThreadState_GetUnchecked()；

  • _PyTime_AsSecondsDouble()：PyTime_AsSecondsDouble()；

  • _PyTime_GetMonotonicClock()：PyTime_Monotonic() 或PyTime_MonotonicRaw()；

  • _PyTime_GetPerfCounter()：PyTime_PerfCounter() 或PyTime_PerfCounterRaw()；

  • _PyTime_GetSystemClock()：PyTime_Time() 或PyTime_TimeRaw()；

  • _PyTime_MAX：PyTime_MAX；

  • _PyTime_MIN：PyTime_MIN；

  • _PyTime_t：PyTime_t；

  • _Py_HashPointer()：Py_HashPointer()；

  • _Py_IsFinalizing()：Py_IsFinalizing()。

  可以使用pythoncapi-compat 專案來在 Python 3.12 及更舊的版本中取用大部分的這些新函式。