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Review
.2024 May 24;16(11):1991.
doi: 10.3390/cancers16111991.

Metabolic Response to Androgen Deprivation Therapy of Prostate Cancer

Affiliations
Review

Metabolic Response to Androgen Deprivation Therapy of Prostate Cancer

Yubin Chen et al. Cancers (Basel)..

Abstract

Prostate cancer (PC) stands as the most frequently diagnosed non-skin cancer and ranks as the second highest cause of cancer-related deaths among men in the United States. For those facing non-metastatic PC necessitating intervention, solely local treatments may not suffice, leading to a possible transition toward systemic therapies, including androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), chemotherapy, and therapies targeting androgen. Yet, these systemic treatments often bring about considerable adverse effects. Additionally, it is observed that overweight men are at a higher risk of developing aggressive forms of PC, advancing to metastatic stages, and succumbing to the disease. Consequently, there is a pressing demand for new treatment options that carry fewer side effects and enhance the current standard treatments, particularly for the majority of American men who are overweight or obese. In this article, we will review the metabolic response to ADT and how lifestyle modulation can mitigate these ADT-associated metabolic responses with a particular focus on the two clinical trials, Carbohydrate and Prostate Study 1 (CAPS1) and Carbohydrate and Prostate Study 2 (CAPS2), which tested the effects of low-carbohydrate diets on the metabolic side effects of ADT and PC progression, respectively. Furthermore, we will summarize the findings of serum metabolomic studies to elucidate the potential mechanisms by which ADT and low-carbohydrate diets can affect the metabolic response to mitigate the metabolic side effects while maximizing therapeutic efficacy.

Keywords: ADT; diet; metabolic response; prostate cancer.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Heatmap showcasing the changes in metabolite levels induced by ADT within the control and LCD groups in the CAPS1 study. (A) This heatmap is generated by applying zero-transformation [59] to the changes in metabolite levels from baseline (BL) in response to ADT, organized through hierarchical clustering. Increases are represented by yellow, decreases by blue, and no change is indicated by black. (B) ADT decreased androsterone sulfate levels in both the control and LCD groups. (C) The ADT-related alterations in 3−hydroxybutyric acid levels at the third and sixth months (M3 and M6) within both control and LCD groups.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Summary of the serum metabolomic changes in PC undergoing ADT before and after LCD.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Metabolites that changed under LCD correlated with PSADT among subjects in CAPS2. Higher levels of (A) 3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyriuc acid (B) hydroxyl-butyryl-carnitine (C) 2-hydroxybutyric acid were significantly associated with longer PSADT at Month 6. (D) An increase in Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate was associated with shorter PSADT. These figures illustrate the association between alterations in selected metabolites, triggered by LCD with PSADT across both control and LCD study groups. It includes the presentation of statistical significance, depicted through p-values, underscoring the correlation strength between each identified metabolite and PSADT variations.
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