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Review
.2024 Feb 15:17:1057-1082.
doi: 10.2147/JIR.S441100. eCollection 2024.

Microbiome: Role in Inflammatory Skin Diseases

Affiliations
Review

Microbiome: Role in Inflammatory Skin Diseases

Xue-Er Zhang et al. J Inflamm Res..

Abstract

As the body's largest organ, the skin harbors a highly diverse microbiota, playing a crucial role in resisting foreign pathogens, nurturing the immune system, and metabolizing natural products. The dysregulation of human skin microbiota is implicated in immune dysregulation and inflammatory responses. This review delineates the microbial alterations and immune dysregulation features in common Inflammatory Skin Diseases (ISDs) such as psoriasis, rosacea, atopic dermatitis(AD), seborrheic dermatitis(SD), diaper dermatitis(DD), andMalassezia folliculitis(MF).The skin microbiota, a complex and evolving community, undergoes changes in composition and function that can compromise the skin microbial barrier. These alterations induce water loss and abnormal lipid metabolism, contributing to the onset of ISDs. Additionally, microorganisms release toxins, likeStaphylococcus aureus secreted α toxins and proteases, which may dissolve the stratum corneum, impairing skin barrier function and allowing entry into the bloodstream. Microbes entering the bloodstream activate molecular signals, leading to immune disorders and subsequent skin inflammatory responses. For instance,Malassezia stimulates dendritic cells(DCs) to release IL-12 and IL-23, differentiating into a Th17 cell population and producing proinflammatory mediators such as IL-17, IL-22, TNF-α, and IFN-α.This review offers new insights into the role of the human skin microbiota in ISDs, paving the way for future skin microbiome-specific targeted therapies.

Keywords: Malassezia folliculitis; acne; atopic dermatitis; diaper dermatitis; inflammatory skin diseases; psoriasis; rosacea; seborrheic dermatitis; skin microbiota.

© 2024 Zhang et al.

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Conflict of interest statement

All authors declare no conflicts of interest in this work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Crosstalk between the skin and the microbiome under conditions of pathogenic bacteria.
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Figure 2
Flow diagram of study selection.
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This work was supported by the Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine “Xinglin Scholars” Discipline Talent Research Improvement Program, Project Number: QJJJ2021001; Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine “Foundation Thickening” Action Plan (2023-42); Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital’s “Hundred Person Plan” (21-L03 and 22-B09). “Young Qihuang” Scholars of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2022-256)

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