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.2024 Feb 1;14(1):531.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w.

Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death

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Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death

Kirsten M McMillan et al. Sci Rep..

Erratum in

Abstract

The companion dog is one of the most phenotypically diverse species. Variability between breeds extends not only to morphology and aspects of behaviour, but also to longevity. Despite this fact, little research has been devoted to assessing variation in life expectancy between breeds or evaluating the potential for phylogenetic characterisation of longevity. Using a dataset of 584,734 unique dogs located within the UK, including 284,734 deceased, we present variation in longevity estimates within the following: parental lineage (purebred = 1 breed, crossbred ≥ 2 breeds), breed (n = 155), body size (large, medium, small), sex (male, female) and cephalic index (brachycephalic, mesocephalic, dolichocephalic). Survival estimates were then partitioned amongst phylogenetic clades: providing evidence that canine evolutionary history (via domestication and associated artificial selection) is associated with breed lifespan. This information provides evidence to inform discussions regarding pedigree health, whilst helping current/prospective owners, breeders, policy makers, funding bodies and welfare organisations improve decision making regarding canine welfare.

© 2024. The Author(s).

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Distribution of deaths from the raw data, within age group, per sex (superimposed). Note higher density of deaths within ‘Puppies’ in comparison with ‘Juveniles’, and male skewed ratios for all age groupings excluding ‘Geriatric’, where ratio is 1:1.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Survival curves of pure (yellow) and cross (blue) bred individuals, faceted by sex. Survival functions based on Kaplan–Meier estimates by log rank test (p-value).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Survival curves for 8 purebreds: Border Collie (dark blue, x̃ = 13.1), Border Terrier (light blue, x̃ = 14.2), Bulldog (green, x̃ = 9.8), French Bulldog (red, x̃ = 9.8), Labrador Retriever (orange, x̃ = 13.1), Mastiff (purple, x̃ = 9.0), Miniature Dachshund (pink, x̃ = 14.0) and Pug (brown, x̃ = 11.6). All purebreds vary significantly from crossbreds (light purple, x̃ = 12.0, p < 0.001). Survival functions based on Kaplan–Meier estimates by log rank test (p-value). Longevity estimates for 155 recognised purebreds versus the crossbred group are presented in in Supplementary Table 3.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Survival curves of brachycephalic (red), mesocephalic (blue) and dolichocephalic (yellow) purebred individuals, faceted by size and sex, along with associated table. Survival functions based on Kaplan–Meier estimates by log rank test (p-value). Table reports Kaplan–Meier survival estimates and cox proportional hazards regression model outputs for size, by sex. All groupings are compared with small-dolichocephalic-female individuals, as these represent the longest living group. Includes the following statistics:NA i.e., total number of individuals still alive;ND i.e., total number of deaths; Median Survival i.e., median age of death; Lower 95% Confidence Interval (CI) and Upper 95% CI; Hazards Ratio (Lower 95% CI and Upper 95% CI) and p-value.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Circular phylogeny representing ancestor‐to‐descendant breed relationship, along with median lifespan (see Fig. S4 for flat phylogeny). Median lifespan for 148 purebreds, of which we had lifespan data, and could be assigned to tips of existing phylogenies,. Hotter colours represent lower median lifespans. The phylogenetic signal across the entire breed tree was very strong (Pagel’s Lambda = 0.808), suggesting that median lifespan was strongly affected by the evolutionary history of dog breeds.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Median lifespan of the lowest quartile of breeds plotted onto the breed phylogeny. Hotter colours represent lower median lifespans.
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